Hasil untuk "Private international law. Conflict of laws"

Artur Pericles L. Monteiro

This article argues that security is not enough to fully capture what is at stake in government exceptional access to encrypted data. A conception of privacy as security has little to say about ``lawful-surveillance protocols'' -- an active research agenda in cryptography that aims to enable government exceptional access without compromising systemic security. But the limitations are not contingent on the success of this agenda. The normative landscape today cannot be explained if security is all there is to privacy. And fundamental objections to Apple's abandoned client-side scanning system gesture beyond security. This article's contribution is modest: to show that there must be more to privacy than the security mold it has taken. A richer understanding is needed both to assess policy and to guide research on lawful-surveillance protocols.

Abd Shomad, Sri Hajati

The issue of joint property or shared assets (harta gono-gini) is actually a legal area that has not been fully explored, a domain open to ijtihad. The concept of joint property and all its details are not found in the studies of medieval Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) or classical fiqh. The concepts surrounding joint property have continued to develop and are crucial to be discussed in contemporary studies. The urgent aspect to be researched is the model of managing marital property and the application of the principle of balanced justice in the distribution of marital property within the context of fiqh munakahat and marriage agreements in Islamic law. The research model used is normative juridical with a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. Thus, the result is that joint property, based on qiyas, can be managed through a marriage agreement. If not specified in the marriage agreement, then using the principle of balanced justice found in Islamic inheritance law.

Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Our society can benefit immensely from algorithmic decision-making and similar types of artificial intelligence. But algorithmic decision-making can also have discriminatory effects. This paper examines that problem, using online price differentiation as an example of algorithmic decision-making. With online price differentiation, a company charges different people different prices for identical products, based on information the company has about those people. The main question in this paper is: to what extent can non-discrimination law protect people against online price differentiation? The paper shows that online price differentiation and algorithmic decision-making could lead to indirect discrimination, for instance harming people with a certain ethnicity. Indirect discrimination occurs when a practice is neutral at first glance, but ends up discriminating against people with a protected characteristic, such as ethnicity. In principle, non-discrimination law prohibits indirect discrimination. The paper also shows, however, that non-discrimination law has flaws when applied to algorithmic decision-making. For instance, algorithmic discrimination can remain hidden: people may not realise that they are being discriminated against. And many types of unfair - some might say discriminatory - algorithmic decisions are outside the scope of current non-discrimination law.

Kamran Behnia, Shiyan Li, Johnpierre Paglione et al.

Recently, Wang et al. [1] reported on an unusual violation of Wiedemann-Franz law in three semimetals. We compare their observations to our observations in a variety of systems, where the apparent WF law violations in the same temperature range arise as a consequence of electron-phonon decoupling. Given the empirical similarity of their data with these cases, the most plausible explanation for the reported violation is an experimental artefact.

Simon Hofmann, Christoph Sommermann, Mathias Kraus et al.

This study explores the prevalence of hate speech (HS) and sentiment in YouTube video comments concerning the Israel-Palestine conflict by analyzing content from both public and private news sources. The research involved annotating 4983 comments for HS and sentiments (neutral, pro-Israel, and pro-Palestine). Subsequently, machine learning (ML) models were developed, demonstrating robust predictive capabilities with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) scores ranging from 0.83 to 0.90. These models were applied to the extracted comment sections of YouTube videos from public and private sources, uncovering a higher incidence of HS in public sources (40.4%) compared to private sources (31.6%). Sentiment analysis revealed a predominantly neutral stance in both source types, with more pronounced sentiments towards Israel and Palestine observed in public sources. This investigation highlights the dynamic nature of online discourse surrounding the Israel-Palestine conflict and underscores the potential of moderating content in a politically charged environment.

Michael Veale, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

This article discusses the troubled relationship between contemporary advertising technology (adtech) systems, in particular systems of real-time bidding (RTB, also known as programmatic advertising) underpinning much behavioral targeting on the web and through mobile applications. This article analyzes the extent to which practices of RTB are compatible with the requirements regarding a legal basis for processing, transparency, and security in European data protection law. We first introduce the technologies at play through explaining and analyzing the systems deployed online today. Following that, we turn to the law. Rather than analyze RTB against every provision of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we consider RTB in the context of the GDPR's requirement of a legal basis for processing and the GDPR's transparency and security requirements. We show, first, that the GDPR requires prior consent of the internet user for RTB, as other legal bases are not appropriate. Second, we show that it is difficult - and perhaps impossible - for website publishers and RTB companies to meet the GDPR's transparency requirements. Third, RTB incentivizes insecure data processing. We conclude that, in concept and in practice, RTB is structurally difficult to reconcile with European data protection law. Therefore, intervention by regulators is necessary.

Hao Zeng, Kangdao Liu, Bingyi Jing et al.

Conformal prediction is a popular framework of uncertainty quantification that constructs prediction sets with coverage guarantees. To uphold the exchangeability assumption, many conformal prediction methods necessitate an additional holdout set for parameter tuning. Yet, the impact of violating this principle on coverage remains underexplored, making it ambiguous in practical applications. In this work, we empirically find that the tuning bias - the coverage gap introduced by leveraging the same dataset for tuning and calibration, is negligible for simple parameter tuning in many conformal prediction methods. In particular, we observe the scaling law of the tuning bias: this bias increases with parameter space complexity and decreases with calibration set size. Formally, we establish a theoretical framework to quantify the tuning bias and provide rigorous proof for the scaling law of the tuning bias by deriving its upper bound. In the end, we discuss how to reduce the tuning bias, guided by the theories we developed.

Leonardo Iurada, Simone Bombari, Tatiana Tommasi et al.

Large-scale deep learning models are known to memorize parts of the training set. In machine learning theory, memorization is often framed as interpolation or label fitting, and classical results show that this can be achieved when the number of parameters $p$ in the model is larger than the number of training samples $n$. In this work, we consider memorization from the perspective of data reconstruction, demonstrating that this can be achieved when $p$ is larger than $dn$, where $d$ is the dimensionality of the data. More specifically, we show that, in the random features model, when $p \gg dn$, the subspace spanned by the training samples in feature space gives sufficient information to identify the individual samples in input space. Our analysis suggests an optimization method to reconstruct the dataset from the model parameters, and we demonstrate that this method performs well on various architectures (random features, two-layer fully-connected and deep residual networks). Our results reveal a law of data reconstruction, according to which the entire training dataset can be recovered as $p$ exceeds the threshold $dn$.

Teng Berlianty, Yosia Hetharie, Putri Anggia

This study aims to examine the bambu gila dance as a potential intellectual property for traditional cultural expressions in Maluku which should receive legal protection as part of efforts to defend cultural heritage from claims of ownership by other parties or other countries. Bambu Gila Dance is one of the famous traditional arts from Maluku. The traditional cultural expression in the form of the Bambu Gila dance is expressly protected by the Indonesian intellectual property rights system. However, protection for Bambu Gila Dance as a traditional cultural expression cannot be realized so that it can only be used by other parties illegally. This research is a normative juridical research supported by primary legal materials and secondary legal materials with a conceptual approach and statutory approach. Legal protection for the traditional Bambu Gila dance from Maluku Province has not been effectively implemented, both based on Article 38 of Law Number 28 of 2014 Concerning Copyright, as well as in terms of the actions of government officials who have not been able to inventory traditional dance performance artworks as an expression traditional culture in Maluku including the Bambu Gila Dance. The role of the Provincial and Regency Governments in Maluku is crucial in realizing legal protection for traditional dances, including the Bambu Gila Dance, as intangible cultural heritage through the establishment of regional regulations. These regulations serve as legal basic to provide legal certainty as part of efforts for preventive legal protection for the Bambu Gila Dance.

Robert Law, David Chandler, Phillip Voigt et al.

Glacier and ice-sheet motion is fundamental to glaciology. However, we still lack a consensus for the optimal way to relate basal velocity to basal traction for large-scale glacier and ice-sheet models (the 'sliding relationship'). Typically, a single tunable coefficient loosely connected to one or a limited number of physical processes is varied spatially to reconcile model output with observations. Yet, process-agnostic studies indicate that the suitability of a given sliding relationship depends on the setting. Here, we suggest that this arises from myriad overlapping setting- and scale-dependent sliding sub-processes, including complicated near-basal stress states not captured by large-scale models, reviewed here as comprising a basal 'sliding layer'. A corresponding 'bulk layer' then accounts for ice deformation only minimally influenced by bed properties. We provide a framework for incorporating arbitrarily many sub-processes within a given region -- separated into normal ('form drag') and tangential ('slip') resistance at the ice-bed interface, stressing that the maximum scale of cavitation is an important contributor to the division between the two. Under reasonable assumptions, our framework implies that sliding relationships should fall within a sum of regularised-Coulomb and power-law components, with a rough-smooth distinction proving more consequential in dictating sliding behaviour than a traditional hard-soft transition.

Yin-Ting Zhang, Mu-Yao Li, Wei-Xing Zhou

The Russia-Ukraine conflict is a growing concern worldwide and poses serious threats to regional and global food security. Using monthly trade data for maize, rice, and wheat from 2016/1 to 2022/12, this paper constructs three international crop trade networks (iCTNs) and an aggregate international food trade network (iFTN). We aim to examine the structural changes following the occurrence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. We find significant shifts in the number of edges, average degree, density, efficiency, and natural connectivity in the third quarter of 2022, particularly in the international wheat trade network. Additionally, we have shown that political reasons have caused more pronounced changes in the trade connections between the economies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Russia than with Ukraine. This paper could provide insights into the negative impact of geopolitical conflicts on the global food system and encourage a series of effective strategies to mitigate the negative impact of the conflict on global food trade.

سیدنصرالله ابراهیمی, حمیدرضا عباسی

صنعت نفت و گاز با بیش از یک قرن فعالیت در جامعۀ بین‌الملل به علت دارابودن ویژگی‌ها و بازیگران خاص خود، برای تنظیم روابط میان اعضا، حقوق فراملی نفت را وضع کرده است. پژوهشگران حوزۀ حقوق فراملی نفت معتقدند که قراردادهای بین‌المللی یکی از منابع حقوق فراملی نفت هستند که از پیدایش صنعت نفت بر شکل‌گیری، توسعه و رشد حقوق فراملی نفت تأثیرگذار بوده‌اند. آنچه توجه ذهن را به خود جلب می‌کند این است که چگونه حقوق فراملی نفت بر قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفتی تأثیرگذار است؟ در پاسخ به این سؤال، این مقاله با بررسی اسناد، قوانین و آرای داوری بین‌المللی نفتی منتشرشده بیان می‌کند هرچند قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفتی، خود یکی از منابع حقوق فراملی نفت هستند، حقوق فراملی نفت از طریق منابع دیگر مانند قوانین موضوعه، اصول کلی حقوقی، عرف صنعت نفت، آرای داوری بین‌المللی نفتی و حتی دکترین حقوقی نفت و گاز بر قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفتی تأثیر می‌گذارد؛ این تأثیرات مؤید آن است که حقوق فراملی نفت، بدون درج در قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفتی بر آن‌ها حاکم است و حتی موجب توسعۀ شروط و مدل‌های قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفتی نیز می‌شود.

Seyyed Hosein Safaii, Mohammad Hadi Javaherkalam,

In this article, the conditions and effects of the force majeure in the amendments to the French Civil Code adopted in 2016, in order to use the solutions of the French legislature to eliminate the shortcomings of the Iranian legal system have been studied by descriptive-analytical research method. The main question is what are the conditions and characteristics of the force majeure and what is the criterion for distinguishing them, either personal or relative, and what effect does force majeure have on contracts, contractual obligations and contractual liability? A comparative study of Iranian and French law shows that the inevitability (impossibility of eliminating and repelling the accident) and the unpredictability of the accident, with a kind of relative criterion, and also the impossibility of executing the contract, with an objective criterion, are conditions for the realization of force majeure; But the externality of the accident is not an independent condition and refers to the same impossibility of preventing the accident (not being avoidable). Also, contrary to French law, the Iranian legislature did not anticipate the effects of the force majeure on the contract itself and the contractual obligations, and the effect of force majeure on contractual liability was also incompletely stated, which has led to differences between judicial decisions. Therefore, it is suggested that the legislator, in the form of a Civil Act amendment plan, in Article 227 stipulates the conditions for the realization (characteristics and criteria of distinction) of force majeure and in Article 229, the effects of force majeure on the contract and contractual obligations and compensation for non-implementation or Specify the delay in fulfilling the obligation.

Jack Murdoch Moore, Gang Yan, Eduardo G. Altmann

Power-law distributions are essential in computational and statistical investigations of extreme events and complex systems. The usual technique to generate power-law distributed data is to first infer the scale exponent $α$ using the observed data of interest and then sample from the associated distribution. This approach has important limitations because it relies on a fixed $α$ (e.g., it has limited applicability in testing the {\it family} of power-law distributions) and on the hypothesis of independent observations (e.g., it ignores temporal correlations and other constraints typically present in complex systems data). Here we propose a constrained surrogate method that overcomes these limitations by choosing uniformly at random from a set of sequences exactly as likely to be observed under a discrete power-law as the original sequence (i.e., regardless of $α$) and by showing how additional constraints can be imposed in the sequence (e.g., the Markov transition probability between states). This non-parametric approach involves redistributing observed prime factors to randomize values in accordance with a power-law model but without restricting ourselves to independent observations or to a particular $α$. We test our results in simulated and real data, ranging from the intensity of earthquakes to the number of fatalities in disasters.

مهدی کیخسروی, سید یاسر ضیایی

تلاش­های دیپلماتیک پنج­ جانبة دولت­های ساحلی دریای خزر به منظور تعیین رژیم حقوقی این دریا پس از 27 سال در 12 اوت 2018 (برابر با 21 مرداد 1397) با انعقاد «کنوانسیون وضعیت حقوقی دریای خزر» در شهر آکتائو قزاقستان به ثمر نشست. هرچند این کنوانسیون با تقسیم دریای خزر به مناطق دریایی مختلف ازجمله منطقة آب­های سرزمینی در راستای تعیین صلاحیت دولت­های ساحلی گام برداشته، تأمل در مفاد این کنوانسیون، شاهدی بر این مدعاست که در خصوص بسیاری از موضوع ­های صلاحیتی در منطقة آب­های سرزمینی این دریا مقرره‌ای وجود ندارد. بدون تردید، وجود چنین خلأهای معاهداتی می تواند دولت­های ساحلی خزر به‌ویژه دولت ایران را در مرحلة اجرا با مشکلات جدی مواجه کند. نتایج این نوشتار نشان می ­دهد که مطابق حقوق بین­ الملل، دولت‌های ساحلی در رابطه با طیف گسترد‌ه‌ای از موضوع ­ها از صلاحیت­ های تقنینی، قضایی و اجرایی در منطقة آب­های سرزمینی برخوردارند و تسرّی مقررات مزبور توسط پنج دولت ساحلی به دریای خزر، بهترین راهکار جهت حل‌و‌فصل چالش‌های صلاحیتی آتی است.

mortaza hajipour

In the sale contract, primary obligation of the parties is the duty to perform in accordance with the contract. In the event of failure to fulfill obligations by the seller, the buyer may avoid the contract. However, non-performing party may be willing to remedy and repair existing defects. The willingness to cure defects poses the question of whether non-performing party has a right to remedy and repair and if yes, how a balance can be struck between right to cure and right to avoid the contract. This research aims to examine this topic by analysing Vienna Sale Convention, UNIDROIT Principles and Iranian law. It can be said that the right to cure has expressly been recognized by Vienna Sale Convention, even though there is uncertainty between this notion and its connection with the right to terminate. In UNIDRIOT Principles, the right to cure is precedent on the right to avoid the contract. In Iranian law, there is no provision in relation to the right to cure. As a whole, the recognition of the right to cure and repair defects accords with the principle of preservation of contract, good faith and fair dealing, and duty to cooperate in mitigation of damages.

آرش بهزادی پارسی, جمال سیفی

امروزه حمایت از سرمایه‌گذار خارجی، ابزاری برای رسیدن به رشد و توسعه اقتصادی در برنامه توسعه کشورها، به‌ویژه کشورهای درحال­توسعه است. توجه به انتظارات معقول سرمایه‌گذار، میل به سرمایه‌گذاری در کشورهای دیگر را افزایش داده است. از طرف دیگر و به‌طور هم‌زمان، حمایت از حقوق بشر یکی از تعهدات اصلی دولت‌ها شناخته می‌شود. در پاره‌ای از موارد، ملاحظات حقوق‌بشری و زیست‌محیطی، به‌ویژه حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی با تعهد دولت میزبان به حمایت از سرمایه‌گذار خارجی برخورد پیدا می‌کند. سؤال این است که چه سازوکار حقوقی‌ای می‌تواند از به‌وجودآمدن این تنش جلوگیری کند؟ رویه داوری سرمایه‌گذاری نشان می‌دهد که داوران از پرداختن به این تعارض امتناع کرده و آن را خارج از حیطه صلاحیتی داوری سرمایه‌گذاری می‌دانند. این در حالی است که در عصر حاضر، نیاز به تلاش متعارف برای درج تعهدات حقوق‌بشری در معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری از طریق بازنگری در آن‌ها بیش از پیش احساس می‌شود.

Stephen C. Anco, M. L. Gandarias, Elena Recio

A family of modified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations (mKP) in 2+1 dimensions is studied. This family includes the integrable mKP equation when the coefficients of the nonlinear terms and the transverse dispersion term satisfy an algebraic condition. The explicit line soliton solution and all conservation laws of low order are derived for all equations in the family and compared to their counterparts in the integrable case.

Giovanni Iorio

Il Codice del Terzo settore ha lasciato pressoché inalterata la disciplina civilistica delle associazioni di diritto privato. Eppure il d.lgs. 3 luglio 2017 n. 117 possiede una vis attractiva e una vis expansiva in grado di incidere sulla soluzione di diverse questioni interpretative che, fino ad oggi, si sono ricercate all’interno del primo Libro del codice civile. La nuova disciplina, anzi, costituisce un punto di riferimento necessario affinché si voglia riprendere il discorso sulla riforma organica delle associazioni e, più in generale, degli enti non lucrativi. / 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 (“𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒”) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟’𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑤. 𝑁𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑.𝑙𝑔𝑠. 3 𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑜 2017 𝑛. 117 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒, ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒’𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛-𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.

Hamidreza Holumi yazdi, Hamid Derakhshan nia

In the current system of global arbitration, the complete independence envisaged for the arbitration. Nevertheless, it does not mean that the arbitration is completely needless of the court. Misunderstanding of the ‘basis’ and ‘limits’ of the court’s intervention or assistance in the arbitral process will be the most substantial threatening factor in the formation of an independent and efficient arbitration system in Iran. In practice, one factor behind the role of the courts, as supportive or interventionist, is the issue of assigning an arbitrator by the court. The current study shows that the relevant statutes and the judicial cases to the court’s intervention in the process of appointing a judge is imperfect. This article seeks to present an efficient pattern depicting the court’s intervention in the arbitral process based on the division of arbitral process and its various stages. In this regard, arbitration process can be divided into two parts: First, the court’s intervention in the formation and continuation of arbitration tribunal. Second, the court’s intervention in dealing with substantive issues. In the former, the principle is an interventionist role, and the latter is based on non-interventionist role. This is quite contrary to what is deemed as appropriate.