India has experienced an intricate pattern of political communication in times of popular leaders which has shaped larger political discourses and narratives on nationalism, secularism, caste and class. The increasingly mediatized political communication merits a comparative between the Nehruvian era (1947-1964) and the contemporary times (Modi, 2014 - till now) as both the eras are led by popular leaders. This research attempts to evaluate the contours of mediatised political communication in India, through a qualitative content analysis of the political communication of the two leaders. The research utilises historical speeches and media interactions of the two leaders, using the archival data such as historical records, speeches, writings, newspaper articles and television broadcasts. The political communication between the Nehruvian and contemporary era is crucial in terms of both traditional media and new media. Nehru relied on traditional media for his communication and used a public place to address the masses fundamental issues of the country. Modi’s communication strategies emphasised new sources of media such as social media and online news and is focused on the individual-centric and mediacentric communication shaping the political narrative in contemporary India.
This study aims to analyse the presentation of crime reports by newspapers in Bangladesh, emphasising the patterns, substance, and underlying factors influencing crime coverage. This study is directed by five research questions examining the portrayal of crime news and the calibre of reporting. The research employed a descriptive methodology, examining 42 issues from six leading Bangladeshi newspapers: Prothom Alo, Jugantor, Daily Ittefaq, Bangladesh Pratidin, The Daily Star, and The Daily Observer, published in October 2021. Qualitative and quantitative methods were employed, utilising structured content analysis and interviews to gather data on elements suca7h as diction, gender sensitivity, and image inclusion. The findings reveal inconsistencies in the reporting of crime news, characterised by sensationalism, inadequate follow-up, and stereotypical representations. The majority of respondents comprehended the overarching themes of crime news but expressed apprehensions about accuracy and the necessity for impartial reporting. Historically, newspapers have been essential in distributing information and shaping public opinion. Notwithstanding the proliferation of digital media, newspapers in Bangladesh remain a significant resource for comprehending crime reporting. The study seeks to identify deficiencies in coverage and offer solutions for raising the ethical standards of crime reporting, thus improving public awareness and informing crime prevention strategy.
ABSTRACT While some argue digital reading media may impair text comprehension, the empirical literature is ambiguous, in particular when it comes to the reading of narrative texts. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic meta-analysis of studies exploring the effect of screen reading media on reading comprehension of narrative texts was conducted (k = 32, N = 2239). Multimedia and interactive functions in general, the type of multimedia and interactive functions, the change in effect over time, and the type of digital reading device (computer, e-reader, and tablet) were explored as moderating variables. In general, the analyses did not reveal a significant impact of the reading medium (screen vs. paper) on the reading comprehension of a narrative text. Moreover, there does not seem to be a difference over time and between different types of digital reading devices. Also, the analysis of the subsample of studies using plain digital text without any additional functions in comparison to print showed no significant differences. In contrast, multimedia and interactive functions of digital texts affect reading comprehension positively, regardless of the type of additional function. In conclusion, the results do not suggest a negative effect of digital reading media on reading comprehension when reading narrative texts.
This publication on news writing television and radio is the fourth of a five-part series on news media writing. This series also covers an introduction to news media writing, news writing for print, grammar and punctuation, and interviews for news stories. Minor revision by Ricky Telg and Lisa Lundy. Published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication. 4pp.
Євгеній Васильович Штефан, Оксана Володимирівна Зоренко
Проаналізовано технологічні чинники впливу на якість обробки паперового полотна у папероробних машинах. Розглянуто теоретичні аспекти процесу пресування паперового полотна з позицій механіки дисперсних вологонасичених матеріалів. Запропоновано модель мікрофрагменту вологонасиченого пористого паперового матеріалу. Розроблено методику визначення технологічних параметрів механічного зневоднення паперової маси при виготовленні друкарського паперу. Математична модель процесу пресування паперового полотна дозволяє враховувати форму і розміри часток матеріалу та кінетику відокремлення води. Встановлено закономірності відокремлення рідкої фази та ущільнення твердого каркасу дисперсної системи на етапі пресування паперового полотна. Запропоновані моделі дозволяють визначити екологічні режими зневоднення паперових півфабрикатів шляхом зменшення використання води та викиди парникових газів.
Anton B. Geht, Daria A. Patrusheva, Bogdan K. Reznikov
et al.
This work is devoted to studying the issue of how the events of the political crisis of 2014-2016 in Ukraine were reflected in the UK media. The main features of the British print media are highlighted, the characteristic features of the British newspaper and journalistic discourse are revealed. The study was conducted on the basis of journalistic texts of 2014-2016. The appearance and transformation of the prevailing in the UK opinions about the Ukrainian crisis and its assessments in the press are shown. It raises the issue of coverage by the British media of a referendum on the entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation, the armed confrontation in the South-East of Ukraine and the conclusion of the Minsk agreements. The authors infer that over the course of two years there has been a noticeable change in the tone and rhetoric of newspaper publications in British press: if in 2014 the judgments of the journalists were mostly pronounced negative, then over time the estimates became more balanced and restrained. It is noted that by the end of 2015 there was a noticeable decline in interest from large British print media to cover the Ukrainian conflict, which was manifested in a noticeable reduction in publications affecting this topic.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
It is helpful to understand George Eliot as a ‘woman of letters’ whose literary work extends beyond the novel, even fiction. The considerable variety of formats and range of genres of which Marian Evans/George Eliot availed herself between 1840 and 1880 are directly related to the coincidence of her lifespan with the efflorescence of the press. This article examines the trajectory of her career through three networks of print production: that of the Brays in Coventry, including Charles Bray and his newspaper in which Marian Evans published early work, and his family, Cara Bray and Sara Hennell with whom she made close emotional and literary bonds; that of John Chapman and his publishing and periodical circles in London, where she was afforded a unique opportunity to edit in its office one of the famous quarterlies of the day, the Westminster Review, and to read, meet and edit its contributors and their work; and lastly, the network of George Henry Lewes, her partner in life and work, whose range of journalism and publications — including fiction, drama, science, and criticism of German literature offered her access to reliable advice, wide experience, and contacts with editors, publishers, and authors across the literary spectrum.
Unruly gestures presents a hybrid performative intervention by means of video, text, and still images. With this experimental essay we aspire to break down various preconceptions about reading/writing gestures. Breaking away from a narrative that sees these gestures foremost as passive entities – as either embodiments of pure subjective intentionality, or as bodily movements shaped and controlled by media technologies (enabling specific sensory engagements with texts) – we aim to reappraise them. Indeed, in this essay we identify numerous dominant narratives that relate to gestural agency, to the media-specificity of gestures, and to their (linear) historicity, naturalness and humanism. This essay disrupts these preconceptions, and by doing so, it unfolds an alternative genealogy of ‘unruly gestures.’ These are gestures that challenge gestural conditioning through particular media technologies, cultural power structures, hegemonic discourses, and the biopolitical self. We focus on reading/writing gestures that have disrupted gestural hegemonies and material-discursive forms of gestural control through time and across media. Informed by Tristan Tzara’s cut-up techniques, where through the gesture of cutting the Dadaists subverted established traditions of authorship, intentionality, and linearity, this essay has been cut-up into seven semi-autonomous cine-paragraphs (accessible in video and print). Each of these cine-paragraphs confronts specific gestural preconceptions while simultaneously showcasing various unruly gestures.
*Please note that the link http://www.cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/v11/a11/unruly_gestures.mp4 referred to in the article is no longer accessible, but the video is available for viewing under the link to the PDF on this page or at https://cultureunbound.ep.liu.se/article/view/255/2577.
The article describes the state of Czech textual criticism at the time of the publication of Editologie
(2018), a methodological compendium in which its main authors, Michal Kosák and Jiří Flaišman,
summarize, evaluate and elaborate procedures established by the handbook Editor and Text in 1971.
One of the characteristics of today’s situation in the field of textology is the existence of multiple
book series. The Variants series (Edice Varianty), which was launched in 2009, focuses on both original works and translations of textual criticism. The Hybrid Scholarly Edition series (Kritická hybridní
edice), starting in 2012, is released in both electronic and print media, allowing for scientific and
readership editions. The oldest series, The Czech Library (Česká knižnice), which began in 1997, provides a platform for the professional preparation of texts, from the earliest publications to living authors. The publishing industry has been simultaneously sidelining the textological profession, and
the contemporary reader is faced with an increasing number of unidentified editions.
У статті проведено ретроспективний аналіз видавничої діяльності Київської міської державної адміністрації, розглянуто програму «Київ інформаційний» у частині видавничої діяльності, роботу Видавничої ради Департаменту суспільних комунікацій Київської міської державної адміністрації.
The aim of the article is both in the system identification of the financial and economic features of supporting the scientific sphere and in the development of a management doctrine to increase the efficiency of activity of scientific workers in the global scientific space by combining publication openness, motivational levers, business and consumer interests based on foreign experience and strategiology of development in the realities of Ukraine. It is determined that the publication openness of a particular scientist depends on the scientific openness of publications in national print media, which are not always transparent for the global scientific space. The advantages and disadvantages of using scientometric databases as to editions that ensure the openness of scientific research results in terms of financial possibilities are considered. There singled out the managerial preference of the Information and analytical system “Bibliometrics of the Ukrainian Science”, which allows creating a bibliometric profile of a particular scientist through the environment of Google Scholar and improve the “visibility” ensuring both the improvement of his/her competitiveness and increase in the financial and economic support. There considered administrative advantages of associative complexes, similar to the Ivy League universities in America, and for the first time from the perspective of the strategiology of development there synthesized an approach regarding the creation of the given organizational structure, where the most famous classical universities would be concentrated, in Ukraine. The advantage and perspectivity of the proposed measures is the system formation of the management doctrine of financial and economic support for the scientific sphere, the optimization of using the scientific potential of the territory and ensuring its correspondence to the needs of consumers and business, the activization of publication openness and efficiency through managerial and motivational tools and effective use of taxpayers’ money.
Досліджено особливості переробки та утилізації полімерних паковань та їх вплив на навколишнє середовище. Висвітлено сучасні способи та методи вирішення проблеми утилізації полімерних паковань в Україні та світі з урахуванням економічних та екологічних аспектів та їх подальший розвиток.
Аналіз наведених класифікацій показує, що протягом наступних десяти років очікується продовження швидкого зростання глобального ринку пластикових матеріалів, що спостерігається протягом останніх 50 років.
Утилізація полімерних паковань — питання, що стоїть дуже гостро, саме тому біодеградуючі матеріали — найбільш перспективний на сьогодні напрям досліджень. Адже уведення різних добавок, що модифікуються у полімери може помітно збільшити або зменшити їх здатність до біорозкладання. Так складноефірні пластифікатори, як правило, підвищують біоруйнування ПВХ. Однак погана дифузія добре біорозкладного пластифікатора (дибутилфталат) для поверхні полімеру призводить врешті-решт до поганого біоруйнування ПВХ. Здатність полімерів розкладатися й засвоюватися мікроорганізмами залежить від ряду їх структурних характеристик: відповідна хімічна будова, відповідна фізична структура, менша молекулярна маса, більша водопоглинаюча здатність полімеру, відсутність сіткових зв’язків у полімері.
З екологічної точки зору проаналізовано застосування природних речовин для введення в структуру полімерного паковання з метою його подальшого розкладання без шкоди для навколишнього середовища.
Властивості біодеградуючих матеріалів постійно вдосконалюються, обсяги виробництва зростають, а тому ціни на сировину повинні поступово знижуватись, що призведе до утилізації більшого відсотку полімерів, ніж зараз.
Teguh Vicky Andrew, Riama Maslan Sihombing, Hafiz Aziz Ahmad
Abstrak
Tren musik populer dari tahun ke tahun semakin mengguntungkan aliran musik bawah tanah (underground). Infrastruktur musik yang mandiri dan fleksibel, baik dalam tataran produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi, menjadi kunci sukses aliran musik bawah tanah. Hal ini berlaku pula di Bandung. Namun pencapaian musik bawah tanah saat ini sebenarnya telah dirintis sejak 1970. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba menelaah rintisan infrastruktur musik bawah tanah yang memiliki kontribusi bagi generasi sekarang. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sejarah dengan pisau analisis skena musik dan musik bawah tanah. Berdasarkan telaah yang dilakukan, infrastrukstur musik yang dibangun pada periode 1967-1990 tidak saja terkait dengan aliran dan grup musik belaka, tetapi juga beragam media (cetak dan radio) dan album independen. Infrastruktur ini kemudian dijadikan model dan dikembangkan dalam sistem yang lebih kompleks sesuai dengan tren musik bawah tanah di Bandung.
Kata kunci: skena, musik, bawah tanah, infrastruktur
Abstract
Popular music trend from year to year more prospering for underground music. Independent and flexibel musical infrastructure, in term of production, distribution, and consumption, becomes key success for underground music. This also applies in Bandung. However, the current achievement of underground music acctually was began since 1970. Therefore, this research tries to analyze infrastructure formation in underground music that has contributed for the current generation. For that reason, this research was conducted by using historical method with music scene and underground music concept. Based on the analysis, the musical infrastructure that built in 1967-1990, not only related to the genre and music grup, but also various media (print and radio) and independent album. The infrastructure subsequently became raw model and developed in more complex system in accordance with the underground music trend in Bandung.
Keywords : scene, music, underground, infrastructure
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Manners and customs (General)
zahra takzare, hossein kermanian, omid ramezani
et al.
Abstract In this study, the liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that was extracted in the factory in Kerman province, pre-hydrolyzed and then chemical compositions (Extractives, Lignin content, Holocellulose percent), the hydrolysis process yield and weight loss of the waste was measured. Pre-hydrolysis process was done on the above mentioned waste by hot water, hot water followed by 0.5 percent sulfuric acid and also alone sulfuric acid with different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent) The samples were pre-hydrolyzed in hot water at 150 °C and 30, 60 and 90 minutes as well as in the mixture of hot water and 0.5 % sulfuric acid at 150 °C and 60 minutes and also in pure sulfuric acid, at 130 °C and at 60 minutes. The results showed that the pre-hydrolyzed treatment with hot water in 60 minutes had been favorable performance in the respect of weight loss, lignin content and holocellulose percent. Also, in the case of pre-treatment including sulfuric acid, 2% dose can be good selected option in term of maximum holocellulose percent and minimum lignin content so that it can be suggested to produce higher value-added products such as bioethanol from licorice root bid.
Marcello Martinelli, Elizabeth de Souza Machado-Hess
On the teaching and learning of Geography, at least in Europe, School Geographic Atlases have earned credit among the didactic materials since the early nineteenth century. The fi rst school atlas of the european continent was the germanic «Kleiner Atlas Scholasticus», concluded in 1710. Other similar atlases appeared, conceived as simplifi cations of the great General Reference Atlases. The «Atlas Général Vidal-Lablache: histoire et géographie» (1894) was a classic that inspired other derivations. The fi rst Brazilian School Atlas was the Atlas of the Empire of Brazil, by Cândido Mendes de Almeida, published in 1868. As a result of the evolution of cartography, a wide range of School atlases, not only global but also national, regional, state, provincial and even local atlases, are currently available in print, digital and electronic media. In order to develop a School Geographic Atlas, the initial step is the interlace of two basic guidelines in which space and time are present: fi rst, the teaching the map, considering the theoretical and methodological bases about the construction and representation of space in the child. This representation process in the child starts with its own spatial reality and later, it continues with the reality of other people; second, the teaching with the map, practiced in Geography to achieve the knowledge of the world, from the close and known experience (the place) to the distant unknown (the world space), not linearly, but going back and forth through the various levels of approach. Thus, there will be the understanding how the local reality has a strong relationship with the rest of the world. The student will be able to think on a particular context without having experienced it before. The next step deals with the defi nition of the Atlas contents and the delimitation of the spatial area, taking into account the methodological basis of the Geography. In addition, the Thematic Cartography can be considered as a monosemic language. As a consequence, the thematic maps can be constructed by applying various methods, with their own level of adequacy to represent the selected theme, in a static or dynamic appreciation. Moreover, the reality can be glimpsed inside an analytical or synthesis reasoning. Within the previous outlook, this speculation will give emphasis to the participation of maps, as the integral elements of school geographic atlas, constructed in accordance with a static or dynamic appreciation, developed following two distinct levels of reasoning, either analytical or even synthesis.
Editorial policies and lexicographic conventions have evolved over hundreds of years. They developed at a time when dictionaries were printed books of finite dimensions — as they have been for almost the whole of their history. In many cases, styles which we take for granted as "natural" features of dictionaries are in reality expedients designed to compress maxi-mum information into the limited space available. A simple example is the kind of "recursive" definition found in many English dictionaries where a nominalization (such as assimilation) is defined in terms of the related verb ("the act of assimilating or state of being assimilated"), and the user is required to make a second look-up (to the base word). Is this an ideal solution, or was it favoured simply as a less space-intensive alternative to a self-sufficient explanation?
As dictionaries gradually migrate from print to digital media, space constraints disappear. Some problems simply evaporate. To give a trivial example, the need for abbreviations, tildes and the like no longer exists (though a surprising number of dictionaries maintain these conventions even in their digital versions). So the question arises whether we need to revisit, and re-evaluate, the entire range of editorial policies and conventions in the light of changed circumstances. This paper looks at some familiar editorial and presentational conventions, and considers which are no longer appropriate in the digital medium — and what new policies might replace them.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Background Tobacco smoking is the cause of many preventable diseases and premature deaths in the UK and around the world. It poses enormous health- and non-health-related costs to the affected individuals, employers, and the society at large. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, globally, smoking causes over US$500 billion in economic damage each year. Objectives This paper examines global and UK evidence on the economic impact of smoking prevalence and evaluates the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of smoking cessation measures. Study Selection Search Methods We used two major health care/economic research databases, namely PubMed and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) database that contains the British National Health Service (NHS) Economic Evaluation Database; Cochrane Library of systematic reviews in health care and health policy; and other health-care-related bibliographic sources. We also performed hand searching of relevant articles, health reports, and white papers issued by government bodies, international health organizations, and health intervention campaign agencies. Selection Criteria The paper includes cost-effectiveness studies from medical journals, health reports, and white papers published between 1992 and July 2014, but included only eight relevant studies before 1992. Most of the papers reviewed reported outcomes on smoking prevalence, as well as the direct and indirect costs of smoking and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions. We excluded papers that merely described the effectiveness of an intervention without including economic or cost considerations. We also excluded papers that combine smoking cessation with the reduction in the risk of other diseases. Data Collection and Analysis The included studies were assessed against criteria indicated in the Cochrane Reviewers Handbook version 5.0.0. Outcomes Assessed in the Review Primary outcomes of the selected studies are smoking prevalence, direct and indirect costs of smoking, and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions (eg, “cost per quitter”, “cost per life year saved”, “cost per quality-adjusted life year gained,” “present value” or “net benefits” from smoking cessation, and “cost savings” from personal health care expenditure). Main Results The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. The costs of smoking can be classified into direct, indirect, and intangible costs. About 15% of the aggregate health care expenditure in high-income countries can be attributed to smoking. In the US, the proportion of health care expenditure attributable to smoking ranges between 6% and 18% across different states. In the UK, the direct costs of smoking to the NHS have been estimated at between £2.7 billion and £5.2 billion, which is equivalent to around 5% of the total NHS budget each year. The economic burden of smoking estimated in terms of GDP reveals that smoking accounts for approximately 0.7% of China's GDP and approximately 1% of US GDP. As part of the indirect (non-health-related) costs of smoking, the total productivity losses caused by smoking each year in the US have been estimated at US$151 billion. 2. The costs of smoking notwithstanding, it produces some potential economic benefits. The economic activities generated from the production and consumption of tobacco provides economic stimulus. It also produces huge tax revenues for most governments, especially in high-income countries, as well as employment in the tobacco industry. Income from the tobacco industry accounts for up to 7.4% of centrally collected government revenue in China. Smoking also yields cost savings in pension payments from the premature death of smokers. 3. Smoking cessation measures could range from pharmacological treatment interventions to policy-based measures, community-based interventions, telecoms, media, and technology (TMT)-based interventions, school-based interventions, and workplace interventions. 4. The cost per life year saved from the use of pharmacological treatment interventions ranged between US$128 and US$1,450 and up to US$4,400 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. The use of pharmacotherapies such as varenicline, NRT, and Bupropion, when combined with GP counseling or other behavioral treatment interventions (such as proactive telephone counseling and Web-based delivery), is both clinically effective and cost effective to primary health care providers. 5. Price-based policy measures such as increase in tobacco taxes are unarguably the most effective means of reducing the consumption of tobacco. A 10% tax-induced cigarette price increase anywhere in the world reduces smoking prevalence by between 4% and 8%. Net public benefits from tobacco tax, however, remain positive only when tax rates are between 42.9% and 91.1%. The cost effectiveness ratio of implementing non-price-based smoking cessation legislations (such as smoking restrictions in work places, public places, bans on tobacco advertisement, and raising the legal age of smokers) range from US$2 to US$112 per life year gained (LYG) while reducing smoking prevalence by up to 30%–82% in the long term (over a 50-year period). 6. Smoking cessation classes are known to be most effective among community-based measures, as they could lead to a quit rate of up to 35%, but they usually incur higher costs than other measures such as self-help quit-smoking kits. On average, community pharmacist-based smoking cessation programs yield cost savings to the health system of between US$500 and US$614 per LYG. 7. Advertising media, telecommunications, and other technology-based interventions (such as TV, radio, print, telephone, the Internet, PC, and other electronic media) usually have positive synergistic effects in reducing smoking prevalence especially when combined to deliver smoking cessation messages and counseling support. However, the outcomes on the cost effectiveness of TMT-based measures have been inconsistent, and this made it difficult to attribute results to specific media. The differences in reported cost effectiveness may be partly attributed to varying methodological approaches including varying parametric inputs, differences in national contexts, differences in advertising campaigns tested on different media, and disparate levels of resourcing between campaigns. Due to its universal reach and low implementation costs, online campaign appears to be substantially more cost effective than other media, though it may not be as effective in reducing smoking prevalence. 8. School-based smoking prevalence programs tend to reduce short-term smoking prevalence by between 30% and 70%. Total intervention costs could range from US$16,400 to US$580,000 depending on the scale and scope of intervention. The cost effectiveness of school-based programs show that one could expect a saving of approximately between US$2,000 and US$20,000 per QALY saved due to averted smoking after 2–4 years of follow-up. 9. Workplace-based interventions could represent a sound economic investment to both employers and the society at large, achieving a benefit–cost ratio of up to 8.75 and generating 12-month employer cost savings of between $150 and $540 per nonsmoking employee. Implementing smoke-free workplaces would also produce myriads of new quitters and reduce the amount of cigarette consumption, leading to cost savings in direct medical costs to primary health care providers. Workplace interventions are, however, likely to yield far greater economic benefits over the long term, as reduced prevalence will lead to a healthier and more productive workforce. Conclusions We conclude that the direct costs and externalities to society of smoking far outweigh any benefits that might be accruable at least when considered from the perspective of socially desirable outcomes (ie, in terms of a healthy population and a productive workforce). There are enormous differences in the application and economic measurement of smoking cessation measures across various types of interventions, methodologies, countries, economic settings, and health care systems, and these may have affected the comparability of the results of the studies reviewed. However, on the balance of probabilities, most of the cessation measures reviewed have not only proved effective but also cost effective in delivering the much desired cost savings and net gains to individuals and primary health care providers.