Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)"

G. Khafiz, Duman Kusbekov, Maira Kozhamzharova et al.

The main objective is to study the trends in the transformation of the religious worldview in the contemporary Kazakhstani society and to explain them using the theoretical Dual-circuit Model of Religious World Formation. The application of interdisciplinary approaches enabled a quantitative analysis of the trends in the formation of the religious worldview, while a qualitative analysis revealed how those trends influenced various spheres of public life, including social relations, politics and cultural practices. Data were gathered from a survey of 1,500 respondents as part of the Central Asia Barometer Data waves 1–7 spanning the years 2017–2020, and an analysis of national statistics. Logit regression was utilised for data analysis. The findings of the study demonstrate that in the modern society, the influence of religious and secular aspects of worldview manifests in different ways, shaping civilisational trajectories and determining the future course of development. For numerous years, the Kazakhstani society has remained multicultural and interfaith. Islam is the predominant religion, followed by 69.3% of the population, followed by Christianity at 17.2%. Other religious affiliations are represented by less than 0.1% of the populace, while approximately 2.3% identify as non-believers. Employing a cultural-sociological approach, a bi-contour model of religious worldview formation in the contemporary Kazakhstani society has been developed. The findings of this study hold applicability not only to Kazakhstan but to numerous countries, given their universal nature. The essence lies in the application of universally recognised principles in balancing interests between religion and secularism: a secular form of governance, constitutionally enshrined rights to religious tolerance and freedom of belief, religious institutions and spiritual values.

David Bashiel Kolleh, Jiang Chen

In the past thirty years, the Chinese government has significantly increased development financing to countries in the Global South—Africa, parts of Asia, and Latin America, where 1.1 billion people of the world's poorest, accounting for 18% of the world's population, have received financing for development by tenfold in the form of aid assistance, loans, and grants. Countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Eritrea, Liberia, Nigeria, Ghana, and those in Southern Africa, including South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia, are practical examples. This has sparked interest in understanding the impact of China's development models and financial aid. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the impact of Chinese development policies on patterns and outcomes in recipient countries. Methodologically, this paper employs a mix of analytical and qualitative approaches, utilizing official reports from multilateral organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, OECD Countries, Think Tanks, online publications related to development financing, and other scholarly works to provide a deeper insight and understanding as the thrust of this paper. This shift enables more profound insights into various realities, motivations, and understandings of different perspectives related to this topic. This paper critically reviews the existing literature, focusing on how China has become an alternative to official development financing provided by the Bretton Woods institutions—the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB)—counterbalancing United States-led Western alternatives for development financing in poor countries. Although there are claims and counterclaims that Chinese funding is less politically motivated than Western development assistance, empirical studies suggest that the One China Policy plays a significant role in explaining Chinese development financing. Findings of this paper suggest that the Chinese model of development financing has increased public and private sector investments in the global south, including Africa, creating thousands of new jobs. So far, China has given more than 2,151 loans from 1950 to 2018, including 2,824 grants made by China's state-owned creditors to 146 emerging or developing countries, with total commitments of $564 billion. The impact of China's development financing is seen in critical sectors such as rail, telecommunication, roads, agro-processing, hotel and tourism, and the construction industries. Additionally, there is evidence that over the last two decades, China's development financing has surpassed the traditional development financing institutions, breaching a major void that usually bedevils countries in the global south. This paper presents China not only as a normative power but also as a beacon of hope, an alternative for global financing development, and a new path for the future.

A. Mankov

The publication examines certain aspects of the activities carried out by Leningrad Order of Lenin State Conservatory in the early years of the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the topic is dictated by the 80th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet state in the confrontation with Germany and its allies, as well as the ongoing special military operation. The beginning of the fight against fascism in higher educational institution coincided with the traditional summer examination session. What changed in the work of the Conservatory administration and teachers as well as in the studies of students and graduate students in connection with the German attack? Where and how did the music institution function during the city blockade? The purpose of the study is to identify the main transformations in the organizational, creative and educational activities of the conservatory, as well as those in military patronage work related to the beginning and course of the war against fascism (1941–1942). Materials and methods. The author uses chronological and problem-analytical methods. The source base of the research is based on archival materials. Results. With the beginning of the German invasion to the Soviet Union and the front’s approach to Leningrad in summer and autumn of 1941, by decision of the authorities many large cultural and art objects were moved from the city to the country’s regions remote from the theater of military operations. This process of organized transportation of people, institutions, and businesses from one area to another is called “evacuation”. The Leningrad State Conservatory turned out to be one of the first evacuated institutions under the jurisdiction of the Department of Arts. In August 1941, this higher musical educational institution was relocated from Leningrad, where it had been continuously operating since its foundation in Imperial St. Petersburg in 1861, to one of the centers for moving similar organizations from all over the country – the Central Asia. The conservatory began the new academic year under evacuation conditions in the largest city in the region, Tashkent, the capital of the Uzbek SSR. From autumn of 1941 to autumn of 1942, in addition to conducting the educational process with students and postgraduates, the institution organized almost a thousand concerts, primarily in hospitals and military units of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army. At the same time, increased attention was paid to work in the units of the Central Asian Military District. At the same time, large concert brigades were created, traveling to the front; they formed from among teachers and students, as well as the Uzbek SSR artists. Students of the Conservatory performed in labor collectives during the construction of the Northern Tashkent Canal. On June 22, 1942, the Conservatory Symphony Orchestra performed D.D. Shostakovich’s famous 7th Symphony in Tashkent. Some of the conservatory’s teachers and students remained in Leningrad in the fall of 1941 and continued their work and studies under siege, while many musicians joined the army and the People’s militia. In September 1942, the pre-war naval faculty of the educational institution was recreated in Tashkent from among the cadets of the Conservatory who survived the battles near Leningrad. Conclusions. During the Great Patriotic War, such a social phenomenon as “mobilization of Soviet culture” took place in the cultural space of the country. Its essence was that, along with a number of the most important state institutions, cultural and artistic institutions, including educational institutions that trained personnel for them, were transferred to work in wartime conditions. In particular, in Leningrad, for this purpose, the process of evacuating the leading organizations in this sphere of life from the city was launched, primarily to the eastern regions of the country, where they continued their activities. Along with this among them there were not only famous Leningrad theaters, but also lesser-known musical institutions, which included, for example, the Leningrad Conservatory. Since September 1941, the higher educational institution turned out to be divided into two parts. Most of the staff left for the Uzbek SSR, but a group of teachers and students remained in Leningrad. In the context of moving to Tashkent, the conservatory was characterized by significant changes in all types of activities. At this, along with traditional training of specialists in musical professions, including military conductors, military patronage work in the interests of cultural services for the Red Army soldiers, political workers and the Red Army commanders took an important place in the conservatory’s practice in 1941–1942. Thus concert brigades created at the conservatory traveled from Tashkent to the front. A special place in the staff’s creative activity was occupied by the performance of D.D. Shostakovich’s Leningrad Symphony by the Conservatory Symphony Orchestra on the first anniversary of the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, which became its third performance in the USSR.

A. Mankov

The article analyzes the activities of Leningrad State Academic Chapel on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the study is due to the approaching 80th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet Union and its people in the confrontation with Germany. The Nazi invasion caught the band of the chapel on a tour by the cities of the European part of the country. And what is known about its work during the war? What was the specific nature of the repertoire? The purpose of the work is to study the changes associated with the beginning and the course of the war (1941–1944) in the organizational and artistic activities of Leningrad State Academic Chapel. Materials and methods. The publication is based on the materials of St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Literature and Art. The author uses problem-analytical and chronological methods. Research results. The outbreak of the war brought about serious changes in the life of organizations. In 1941–1942, many large cultural institutions of Leningrad were relocated from the city on the Neva River by decision of the authorities. Among them were Leningrad State Academic Chapel and the Choral School closely associated with it, which moved to Kirov region (Vyatka Krai). In August 1941, the country’s oldest musical institution was transported by train from Leningrad, where it functioned after its foundation in St. Petersburg in 1713, to Kirov, and the college to the village of Arbazh. In addition, many employees and performing artists of the chapel went to the front: to the the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and the militia, and some workers died in besieged Leningrad. Leningrad performing artists stayed in Kirov Region from August 1941 to autumn 1943, giving concerts at the Regional Drama Theater and the library named after A.I. Herzen, the House of the Red Army, hospitals and military units. Thus, the first concert for the Red Army soldiers was given “from the wheels” already on August 30, 1941. In the autumn of 1942, the artists began to travel from Kirov to various regions of the country on tour (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Siberia). At the same time, facts having signs of scientific novelty have been established that the location of the chapel’s core changed during the war, while most of the chapel’s staff remained in Leningrad and continued their concert activities there, each of the parts had its own directors and artistic directors. So, at the beginning of 1944, the base of the Chapel core moved to Moscow, and then to Gorky, while continuing long tours, for example, in the cities of the Volga region. In October 1944 Leningrad State Academic Chapel returned to Leningrad in the order of re-evacuation, where it began to work at the old base. In 1941–1944, the repertoire of the chapel was expanded with a number of new works, mainly by Soviet composers S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin and A. Khachaturian. Conclusions. The changes in the activities of Leningrad State Academic Chapel were the result of the fact that during the period under study a new phenomenon appeared in the cultural life of the country, which the author defines as “mobilization of the Soviet culture.” Similarly to the political administration bodies of the Soviet Union, the Red Army and Navy, the economy and the country’s rear in summer and autumn of 1941, the largest cultural institutions switched to work in wartime conditions. Thus, evacuation of not only industrial enterprises and a huge number of residents, but also relocation of theaters, music and concert organizations to the east of the country became an integral part of the Battle for Leningrad (1941-1944). Relocation of their teams led to organizational changes and a restructuring of artistic activities. In particular, the composition of the chapel was divided into several almost independent parts. At this, from August 1941 to July 1943, the artists’ main attention was paid to the cultural service of the Red Army soldiers, political workers and commanders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army located in Kirov region. With this purpose, the “First Russian Choir” prepared more than 500 concerts, which were held not only on the stages of cultural institutions, but in military units of the Red Army and hospitals as well. At that time, its repertoire began to be based on works created by Russian composers on patriotic and Soviet themes. For example, Prokofiev’s cantata “Alexander Nevsky” became a musical symbol of heroism and patriotism, embodying the spirit of the nation, as well as admiration for the Russian history and culture. In winter 1942, the artists who remained in Leningrad performed concerts in the besieged city. In autumn 1942, the chapel resumed touring the cities of the country, primarily the Asian part of the USSR. Tours in 1943-1944 became the main form of activity; in particular, one of the longest was a trip to the cities of the Volga region, lasting more than 90 days, from July 12 to October 18, 1944. From the Volga, the chapel returned to the city on the Neva.

A. Adedeji

Conflict is inseparable part of human being, and an attempt to ignore it will lead to tragedy. The history of conflict in Nigeria and its resolution dated with the birth of the country. The study did a critical analysis of modern conflict management approaches in the contemporary Nigeria. The study is historical in nature relying mainly on secondary source of data collection. The work found that conflict in Nigeria is caused by multiplicity of factors such as colonial legacy, ethnic identity, religious affiliation, land and ecology factor, worsening economic conditions, and discrimination and neglect among others. Suppression, judicial process, state creation, creation of specialized ministry, synergistic approach and interfaith peacemaking among various approaches have been employed to manage the conflict in the country. The study discovered among proliferation of institutions, unclear legal and policy framework, primordial factor, financial constraints, lack of political will, and weak administration of justice as factors hindering the effectiveness of the approaches. The paper concluded by recommending combine participation, inclusion of expert in formulation of strategies, capacity building, enactment of legal frameworks and arms control. Judicial and security sectors reformed is also fundamental to the effective conflict management in Nigeria. References Abdul-Rafiu, A. (2015). The Institution and Challenges of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in West Africa: The Case of Ghana. (Doctoral dissertation, Master Dissertation, Department of International Affairs, University of Ghana, Legion). Abdulrahman, I., & Tar, U. A. (2008). Conflict management and peacebuilding in Africa: The roles of state and non-state agencies. Information, Society and Justice, 1(2). Adedeji, A. O. (2021). 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Trystanto Trystanto

Hong Kong has seen an upheaval in recent years. From the protests over the extradition law to the protests over the National Security Law, these protests are a response to the ever-encroaching hand of Beijing on political rights in Hong Kong. After the National Security Law was implemented, Hong Kong’s freedom was almost gone. One by one, pro-democracy protesters, opposition parliament members, and opposition media are being targeted and repressed. Despite the numerous protests and riots, the Hong Kong SAR government perseveres with little concession to the protesters. Why does the government of Hong Kong decided not to respect Hong Kong’s unique democratic system in China, arguably the system that has brought Hong Kong to one of the most prominent cities in the world for global interactions, and instead wish to turn it into another normal Chinese city? Why does the Hong Kong SAR government almost completely ignore the voice of the Hong Kong people? Using the framework developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith in The Dictator’s Handbook, I argue that the small size of Hong Kong’s governing coalition (i.e., the minimum amount of support required for the leader to stay in power) and the ease in which the Chief Executive of Hong Kong rewards her allies play a significant role in this democratic backsliding. Furthermore, while the Western World reacted in outrage over this undemocratic encroachment of Beijing on Hong Kong, I argue that their sanctions on Hong Kong leaders will not play a significant role as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong does not need their support.  Keywords: Hong Kong; democracy; protests; governing coalition;sanctions REFERENCES   Allison, Graham. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape the Thucydides’s Trap? 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M. Suhail, Mohammed Altaf Khan

In terms of South Asian institutions, SAARC is crucial. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a political and economic group in the region. It is founding members-Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan-made it the largest regional organization on December 8, 1985. It has played a significant part in fostering closer ties between its member countries by organizing summits and conferences at a variety of levels. India plays a significant role as a SAARC member. Geographically and economically, India controls 70 percent of the SAARC region, while the other six member nations share borders only with India. In this study researcher highlights Indias trade relations with other SAARC economies. Researcher also examines India commercial ties to the other SAARC nations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data used in this article was collected from yearly reports made public by SAARC secretaries, which included numerical data acquired from those reports. The results indicate that during the Covid-19 outbreak, trade between India with the other SAARC members fall. The research indicates that the future has opportunities that are favorable for the progress of nations. KEYWORDS: SAARC Countries, South Asia, Covid-19, SAARC secretaries.

Tim A. Mau, Richard F. Callahan, F. Ohemeng

In early 2020 just as the crisis was unfolding, this journal, like many others, attempted to expedite research related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our concern was to draw some early lessons about how public leaders across the globe were leading andmanaging their countries through the crisis because, as Boin and ’t Hart (2003, p. 544) noted, “Crisis and leadership are closely intertwined phenomena.” Moreover, we know that in crisis situations, leadership, in varied forms and addressing myriad questions, is critical (’t Hart and Tummers, 2019; Hartley, 2018; Boin et al., 2017). The result was a very successful special issue published last year (Vol. 17, No. 1) entitled, “Public Leadership in Times of Crisis –Viewpoints on Political and Administrative Leadership in Response to COVID-19.” At the time that this special issue of the International Journal of Public Leadership in the time of COVID-19 issue was developed, we optimistically looked ahead to a time when this global pandemic would be behind us and simultaneously put out a call for a second special issue that would examine public leadership in response to crisis situations other than the one presented by the coronavirus pandemic. Specifically, we were interested in receiving in-depth, theoretically oriented research studies that addressed how politicians, public servants and civil society actors provide leadership in response to different kinds of crises –be they political (for example, responding to and preparing for Brexit), social and economic (such as a famine or drought in Africa or an Asian tsunami) or health-related (including the global severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] crisis, or the avian flu). The crisis responses to the pandemic have uncovered the limits of our understanding and practice of public leadership. The varied ranges of responses and effectiveness nationally, in the contrasts between New Zealand, China, the USA, South Korea and South Africa, to name but a few, call for more robust ways of researching public leadership across significantly different societal and institutional contexts. Moreover, even within the same nation, such as the USA, the intergovernmental dimension of relations and authorities across federal, state, county and city governments calls for research specific to intergovernmental dimensions (Kizer and Callahan, 2021). The intergovernmental research begins to find varied leadership emphasis and divergent approaches even within the same level of government, such as counties (National Academy of Public Administration, 2021). The challenges of leaders responding to the pandemic suggest the limits of our current understanding of public leadership. The traditional politics-administration dichotomy provides very little traction in explaining public leadership in governance structures that are “messy, disorganized, disconnected and unwieldy” and with significant power in informal networks (Abramson, 2021). The research utility of the political-administrative dichotomy breaks down in explaining the nearly 30 public health directors who resigned or were forced to resign in the USA in the first three months of the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as when administrators are not simply questioned but also threatened verbally and physically both by elected officials and the general public (Mello et al., 2020). Research has revealed that crises, whatever their origin, have the potential to transform “leaders into statesmen” when successfully handled or “obvious scapegoats” if it is not resolved and a return to normalcy is delayed or prevented altogether (Boin and ’t Hart, 2003, Guest editorial

Tsymzhit P. Vanchikova, Nomin D. Tsyrenova

Introduction. The article summarizes the history of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery (Mongolia). Goals. It aims at revealing the latter’s place and role in the history of Buddhism nationwide. Insights into the history and functioning structures of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery reveal certain historical links between Buddhist centers of Mongolia and Buryatia. Being a stronghold of Buddhist education, Gandantegchenlin has made (and still does) its essential impacts on the shaping and development of religious and philosophical educational systems among Mongolic peoples — and contributed to the dissemination of Tibetan Buddhist culture. Methods. The study employs tools of factor analysis (characterizing the place and role in historical reality), the historical/genetic and retrospective research methods. Results. The retrospective analysis reveals key stages in the development of the monastery — from its earliest activities, closure, and restoration in the 1940s–1960s to present days witnessing a gradual revival of Buddhist traditions in Russia and Mongolia.

J. Pieterse, H. Lim, H. Khondker

Covid-19 and Governance focuses on the relationship between governance institutions and approaches to Covid-19 and health outcomes. Bringing together analyses of Covid-19 developments in countries and regions across the world with a wide-angle lens on governance, this volume asks: what works, what hasn't and isn't, and why? Organized by region, the book is structured to follow the spread of Covid-19 in the course of 2020, through Asia, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas, and Africa. The analyses explore a number of key themes, including public health systems, government capability, and trust in government-as well as underlying variables of social cohesion and inequality. This volume combines governance, policies, and politics to bring wide international scope and analytical depth to the study of the Covid-19 pandemic. Together the authors represent a diverse and formidable database of experience and understanding. They include sociologists, anthropologists, scholars of development studies and public administration, as well as MD specialists in public health and epidemiology. Engaged and free of jargon, this book speaks to a wide global public-including scholars, students, and policymakers-on a topic that has profound and broad appeal. © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Haeran Lim and Habibul Khondker;individual chapters, the contributors.

Netina Tan

Women’s descriptive representation in East and Southeast Asia remains lower than global average. Apart from Timor-Leste and Taiwan, no country has achieved the 30 percent “critical mass” of women parliamentarians—a number seen as the minimum proportion necessary to influence policies. East and Southeast Asia is a diverse region where, unlike in South Asia, the rise of powerful women leaders came about only in recent decades. With the rise of prominent women leaders, such as Corazon Aquino, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Yingluck Shinawatra, Park Geun-hye, and Aung San Suu Kyi, studies on dynastic or familial ties have become more prominent, and political science and area studies journals now publish frequently on gender and politics in Asia. Previously, qualitative, descriptive work based on historical archives, ethnography, or elite interviews has dominated. With more cross-country and public opinion data sets, however, quantitative studies have flourished. Similar to those dealing with the Global North, theories to explain the supply and demand of women in politics in Asia include: (1) international factors and diffusion theory, (2) women’s activism and mass movements, (3) institutional designs (e.g., quotas, electoral systems, candidate selection, party politics), and (4) culture and religion. Beyond the literature that theorizes how women engage in politics, another body of literature explores the experiences of women in politics. Who wins in elections? What are the experiences of women candidates and politicians? What are the barriers to substantively representing women? Findings demonstrate that highly educated, professional elite women win elections, while women in cabinet tend to hold “soft” and lower profile portfolios. Moreover, many prominent female state and party leaders come to power through their connection with prominent male leaders. The experiences of female politicians also differ depending on the level of politics, namely, local or national level. The status of women’s representation is further impacted by the regime type. A striking anomaly is the higher number of women politicians in authoritarian, one-party states than in established democracies in the region. Yet do authoritarian regimes with high numbers of female representatives better serve women’s interests? What is the relationship between women and democratic revolutions? In the Philippines, Taiwan, and South Korea, women’s activism and women leaders played key roles in democratic revolutions. More research is needed on assessing women’s substantive representation in both regimes. While it is important to examine politics through the lens of gender, it is equally important to understand how gender inequality intersects with ethnic minority and religious identities. Thus far, few researchers have adopted intersectional approaches in examining how women in politics can be disadvantaged by multiple sources of oppression.

Redaksi Redaksi

Semangat kehidupan demokrasi di Indonesia direspon dan dilaksanakan dengan cepat oleh pemerintah dan rakyat Indonesia. Setelah cukup sukses menyelenggarakan Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu) untuk memilih wakil rakyat, dilanjutkan dengan Pemilihan Presiden secara langsung. Artinya rakyat secara lansgung memilih calon presidennya dan tidak lagi melalui Parlemen. Walaupun hal ini bukan suatu yang baru terjadi karena sudah sejak lama pemilihan Kepala Desa dilaksanakan melalui pemilihan langsung, tak urung juga merupakan suatu kejutan karena dianggap terlalu cepat dilaksanakan

Sutarto Mochtar

This article is aimed for seeking the influence of training and education for structural positions after completing such programme. The influence of training and education programme can be measured easily in terms of achievement of work performance they obtain in the organisation. Furthermore, the length of time is another matter. The changes of the current situation and condition both internal and outside of the organisation have been undergone significantly.

Sedarmayanti Sedarmayanti

Perubahan yang terjadi begitu cepat dan tidak terduga telah membuka pandangan dan pikiran atas tuntutan adanya paradigma baru yang menghantarkan perjalanan menuju milenium baru berciri good governance atau kepemerintahan yang baik, bebas korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme. Perwujudan cita-cita tersebut berimplikasi terhadap upaya untuk membangun sistem manajemen kinerja guna meningkatkan produktivitas menuju good governance. Peningkatan produktivitas kerja sumber daya manusia stratejik merupakan syarat utama dalam era globalisasi untuk mewujudkan kemampuan bersaing dan kemandirian. Sejalan dengan itu, visi dan misi dalam kaitan membangun sistem manajemen kinerja di masa yang akan datang diharapkan dapat mempersiapkan sumber daya manusia profesional, berkinerja tinggi, mampu bersaing dan mengantisipasi perkembangan dunia yang pesat di berbagai aspek kehidupan sehingga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas guna mewujudkan good governance.

Sedarmayanti Sedarmayanti

Kepemerintahan yang baik (good governance) merupkan issue yang paling mengemuka pengelolaan administarsi publik dewasa ini. Tuntutan gencar yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat kepada pemerinta untuk melaksanakn penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang baik adlah sejalan dengan meningkatnya tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat, di samping adanya pengarugh globalisasi. Pola lama penyelengagaraan pemerintahan tidak sesuai lagi dengan tatanan masyarakat yang telah berubah, oleh karena itu, tuntutan ini merupakan hal yang wajar dan sudh seharusnya diresponsoleh pemerintah dengan melakukan perubahan yang terarah pada terwujudnya penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang baik.

Deddy Mulyadi

Small and medium enterprises which dominate the economy activities in Indonesia, are continously developing behind large entreprises that grow faster. The imbalanced growth result in bigger gaps between small, medium and large-scale business. One of the alternative solutions for bridging the gaps is through partnership between two or more entreprises that have different scale of business. This partnership is important for the enterprises comparative advantages so as to support strategic effort in strengthening national economy. The partnership should be developed not only by the enterprises themselves but also by the government through appropriate role playing, as well as by non-governmental organization.

Muhadjir Suni, Muh. Zainuddin Badollahi

This study aims to determine and analyze the Diversification Strategy of Cultural Attractions in Support of Tourism Development in Wakatobi Village. This research method is qualitative research. The determination of the informants in this study was obtained by purposive sampling. The informants are community leaders and traditional leaders who are key informants. The results show that the opportunity for Wakatobi Regency to become a cultural tourism destination can be opened, because it is supported by the exoticism of local communities with their cultural diversity. The strategy that can be prioritized in the development of Wakatobi village tourism is the diversification of cultural attractions that are organized through institutions or Tourism Awareness Groups initiated by the community and funded by the local government and acting as an active facilitator. It seems that the political will and political commitment of leaders to maximize local government efforts need to be supported by tourism stakeholders from the government, private sector and the wider community, this is a weakness that needs to be covered so that the strategy in developing Community Base Tourism (CBT) tourism in Wakatobi provides a diversification of attractions. tour which is actually quite interesting to witness.   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa Strategi Diversifikasi Atraksi Budaya Dalam Mendukung Pengembangan Wisata Desa Wakatobi. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Penentuan informan penelitian ini diperoleh secara Purposive sampling. Adapun informan yaitu tokoh masyarakat dan tokoh adat yang merupakan informan kunci. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peluang kabupaten wakatobi menjadi destinasi wisata budaya dapat terbuka, karena didukung oleh eksotisme komunitas lokal dengan keberagaman budaya yang mereka miliki. Strategi yang dapat diprioritas dapat dalam pengembangan wisata desa Wakatobi adalah  diversifikasi atraksi budaya yang terorganisasi melalui kelembagaan atau Kelompok Sadar Wisata yang diprakarsai masyarakat dan didanai oleh pemerintah daerah serta berperan sebagai fasilitator yang aktif. Tampaknya political will dan political comitment pemimpin untuk memaksimalkan upaya pemerintah daerah perlu di dukung oleh stekholder pariwisata dari pihak jajaran pemerintah, swasta dan masyarakat luas hal merupakan kelemahan yang perlu ditutupi agar strategi dalam pengembangan wisata Community Base Tourism (CBT) di Wakatobi menyajikan adanya diversifikasi atraksi wisata yang sesungguhnya cukup menarik untuk disaksikan.

Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard

Arip Rahman Sudrajat, Asep Sumaryana, Raden Ahmad Buchari et al.

This research is about observing the environment in managing Traditional Markets in Sumedang Regency. Problems involving external analysis are characterized by a lack of representation of facilities and infrastructure and limited storage of work documents, while internal analysis is characterized by assigning tasks to employees that are not based on the competencies of each employee. The theory used refers to the stages in strategic management that refer to one element of the four basic elements of strategic management, namely environmental observation. The method in this study uses a qualitative approach. The results showed that in the external analysis aspect carried out by the Department of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises, Trade and Industry of Sumedang Regency, not yet fully able to analyze the external conditions, namely the work environment and social environment in the Cooperative, Small and Medium Enterprises, Trade and Industry Sumedang Regency is to be used as a strength or carrying capacity in the implementation of strategic management of Traditional Market management in Sumedang Regency, marked by facilities and infrastructure to support a limited working environment and social environment that still leaves social problems from the weak handling of garbage and placement of street vendors. While internal analysis on cultural aspects must be improved in terms of employee work discipline and human resource competencies must be improved according to work completion requirements.

N. Bauer