Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Oussama Jabrane, Ilias Obda, Driss El Azzab et al.

The detection of underground cavities and dissolution features is a critical component in assessing geohazards within karst terrains, particularly where natural processes interact with long-term human occupation. This study investigates two contrasting sites in the Sefrou region of northern Morocco: Binna, a rural travertine-dolomite system shaped by Quaternary karstification, and the urban Old Medina of Bhalil, where traditional cave dwellings are carved into carbonate formations. A combined geophysical and geological approach was applied to characterize subsurface heterogeneities and assess the extent of near-surface void development. Vertical electrical soundings (VES) at Binna site delineated high-resistivity anomalies consistent with air-filled cavities, dissolution conduits, and brecciated limestone horizons, all indicative of an active karst system. In the Bhalil old Medina site, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with low-frequency antennas revealed strong reflection contrasts and localized signal attenuation zones corresponding to shallow natural cavities and potential anthropogenic excavations beneath densely constructed areas. Geological observations, including lithostratigraphic logging and structural cross-sections, provided additional constraints on cavity geometry, depth, and spatial distribution. The integrated results highlight a high degree of subsurface karstification across both sites and underscore the associated geotechnical risks for infrastructure, cultural heritage, and land-use stability. This work demonstrates the value of combining electrical and radar methods with geological analysis for mapping hazardous subsurface voids in cavity-prone Quaternary landscapes, offering essential insights for risk mitigation and sustainable urban and rural planning.

Zdeněk Vašíček, Petr Skupien

Haploceratids from the Štramberk Limestones represent three genera Haploceras, Hypolissoceras, and Volanites. The most species reach genus is Haploceras. The semi-involute shells of the local haploceratids are almost smooth or only with a specific sculpture bound to the ventral region near the peristome. The whorls tend to be weakly arched or flat. Statistical elaboration of H/D, U/D and B/D values during shell growth shows no significant differences between these values, except perhaps for U/D. The external morphology plays a decisive role in the generic and species identification of haploceratids. It is known that haploceratids form dimorphic pairs, as evidenced by the differently shaped peristomes in addition to the different shell sizes. Dimorphic pairs have been demonstrated as new in the Štramberk material for the pairs Haploceras staszycii (microconch, m) and Haploceras elimatum (macroconch, M), as well as Hypolissoceras carachtheis (m) and Hypolissoceras woehleri (M). Haploceras tithonium and Volanites verrucosus possessed dimorphic pairs but their counterparts have not been found in the Štramberk Limestone. With the exception of Volanites verruciferus, the species described here are of no stratigraphical importance. Their stratigraphic range is from the lower Tithonian to the lower Berriasian.

Edgar P. Vidal, Alexander T. Gagliano, Carolina Cuesta-Lazaro

Time domain surveys such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory are projected to annually discover millions of astronomical transients. This and complementary programs demand fast, automated methods to constrain the physical properties of the most interesting objects for spectroscopic follow up. Traditional approaches to likelihood-based inference are computationally expensive and ignore the multi-component energy sources powering astrophysical phenomena. In this work, we present a hierarchical simulation-based inference model for multi-band light curves that 1) identifies the energy sources powering an event of interest, 2) infers the physical properties of each subclass, and 3) separates physical anomalies in the learned embedding space. Our architecture consists of a transformer-based light curve summarizer coupled to a flow-matching regression module and a categorical classifier for the physical components. We train and test our model on $\sim$150k synthetic light curves generated with $\texttt{MOSFiT}$. Our network achieves a 90% classification accuracy at identifying energy sources, yields well-calibrated posteriors for all active components, and detects rare anomalies such as tidal disruption events (TDEs) through the learned latent space. This work demonstrates a scalable joint framework for population studies of known transients and the discovery of novel populations in the era of Rubin.

Балахонова Е.И.

Введение. Юбилейный для антропологии 2023 год, когда отмечалось 180 лет со дня рождения Д.Н. Анучина (1843–1923) и 140 лет со дня основания Музея антропологии Московского университета – 4 октября (по ст. ст.) 1883 года – стал отправной точкой для данного исследования. В статье впервые в отечественной литературе сделана попытка воссоздать ряд и образы людей, принимавших самое деятельное участие в формировании этнографического собрания Музея антропологии Московского университета в период его становления, когда его директором был Д.Н. Анучин. Материалы и методы. Источниками для создания статьи послужили материалы Книг поступлений, сведения из коллекционных описей и научного архива НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ, а также данные литературы и других открытых источников. В работе использован хронологический метод. Результаты и обсуждение. Всего в статье приводятся данные о 17 собирателях, чьи имена расположены в хронологическом порядке. В статье приводятся данные о таких собирателях и дарителях, как антрополог и общественный деятель Н.Л. Гондатти (1861–1946); публицист, археолог и этнограф Н.М. Ядринцев (1842–1894); чрезвычайный посол в Бразилии, Аргентине и Уругвае А.С. Ионин (1837–1900); военный и дипломат В.Ф. Машков (1858–1932); военный, лингвист и этнограф С.Г. Леонтович (1862–?); географ и антрополог Е.И. Луценко (1876–1931); революционер и общественный деятель Ф.Я. Кон (1864–1941); энтомолог и генеалог Н.Ф. Иконников (1885–1970); собиратель коллекций, этнограф и музеевед Д.Т. Янович (1879–1940); зоолог и зоогеограф И.И. Пузанов (1885–1971); поэт К.Д. Бальмонт (1867–1942); антрополог, доктор биологических наук В.В. Троицкий (1885–1952); а также члены Второй русской экспедиции в Южную Америку (1914–1915): Г.Г. Манизер (1889–1917); Ф.А. Фиельструп (1889–1933); И.Д. Стрельников (1887–1981); Н.П. Танасийчук (1890–1960) и С.В. Гейман (1887–1975). К сожалению, размеры статьи позволяют привести лишь краткие сведения об этих людях, в то время как каждый из них достоин отдельного исследования. Заключение. В комплектовании этнографического отдела Антропологического музея в «анучинские» времена принимало участие множество людей, но, к сожалению, на сегодняшний день далеко не обо всех них удалось найти какую-либо информацию. Автор предполагает продолжить исследования.

Andrea Cucina

Occlusal wear has been present in humans since the beginning of our evolutionary journey. Even considering its intrinsic limitations, its study is central to estimating age at death, making inferences on diet, on the way food was prepared, and on cultural non-masticatory use of teeth. Its study allows us to understand how occlusal wear has responded to the evolutionary changes that characterized human beings from the onset of agriculture up to the more recent Industrial Revolution. This brief review paper focuses on the study of occlusal wear from an anthropological and bioarchaeological perspective. It discusses its importance for understanding past societies, its advantages, and its limitations in anthropological studies of skeletonized individuals, and how different fields of study in odontology, dental anthropology/bioarchaeology focus on occlusal wear from very distinctive and rarely overlapping perspectives, but that can significantly benefit from one another in a multidisciplinary approach.

Sachi D. Wong, Kenneth P. Wright, Robert L. Spencer et al.

Abstract In humans, an adaptable internal biological system generates circadian rhythms that maintain synchronicity of behavior and physiology with the changing demands of the 24-h environment. Development of the circadian system begins in utero and continues throughout the first few years of life. Maturation of the clock can be measured through sleep/wake patterns and hormone secretion. Circadian rhythms, by definition, can persist in the absence of environmental input; however, their ability to adjust to external time cues is vital for adaptation and entrainment to the environment. The significance of these external factors that influence the emergence of a stable circadian clock in the first years of life remain poorly understood. Infants raised in our post-modern world face adverse external circadian signals, such as artificial light and mistimed hormonal cues via breast milk, which may increase interference with the physiological mechanisms that promote circadian synchronization. This review describes the very early developmental stages of the clock and common circadian misalignment scenarios that make the developing circadian system more susceptible to conflicting time cues and temporal disorder between the maternal, fetal, infant, and peripheral clocks.

Patti Hamerski, Daryl McPadden, Marcos D. Caballero et al.

High school science classrooms across the United States are answering calls to make computation a part of science learning. The problem is that there is little known about the barriers to learning that computation might bring to a science classroom or about how to help students overcome these challenges. This case study explores these challenges from the perspectives of students in a high school physics classroom with a newly revamped, computation-integrated curriculum. Focusing mainly on interviews to center the perspectives of students, we found that computation is a double-edged sword: It can make science learning more authentic for students who are familiar with it, but it can also generate frustration and an aversion towards physics for students who are not.

Azarakhsh Keipour

The physical interaction of aerial robots with their environment has countless potential applications and is an emerging area with many open challenges. Fully-actuated multirotors have been introduced to tackle some of these challenges. They provide complete control over position and orientation and eliminate the need for attaching a multi-DoF manipulation arm to the robot. However, there are many open problems before they can be used in real-world applications. Researchers have introduced some methods for physical interaction in limited settings. Their experiments primarily use prototype-level software without an efficient path to integration with real-world applications. We describe a new cost-effective solution for integrating these robots with the existing software and hardware flight systems for real-world applications and expand it to physical interaction applications. On the other hand, the existing control approaches for fully-actuated robots assume conservative limits for the thrusts and moments available to the robot. Using conservative assumptions for these already-inefficient robots makes their interactions even less optimal and may even result in many feasible physical interaction applications becoming infeasible. This work proposes a real-time method for estimating the complete set of instantaneously available forces and moments that robots can use to optimize their physical interaction performance. Finally, many real-world applications where aerial robots can improve the existing manual solutions deal with deformable objects. However, the perception and planning for their manipulation is still challenging. This research explores how aerial physical interaction can be extended to deformable objects. It provides a detection method suitable for manipulating deformable one-dimensional objects and introduces a new perspective on planning the manipulation of these objects.

Lara Schleifenbaum, Julie C. Driebe, Tanja M. Gerlach et al.

How attractive we find ourselves decides who we target as potential partners and influences our reproductive fitness. Self-perceptions on women's fertile days could be particularly important. However, results on how self-perceived attractiveness changes across women's ovulatory cycles are inconsistent and research has seldomly assessed multiple attractiveness-related constructs simultaneously. Here, we give an overview of ovulatory cycle shifts in self-perceived attractiveness, sexual desirability, grooming, self-esteem and positive mood. We addressed previous methodological shortcomings by conducting a large, preregistered online diary study of 872 women (580 naturally cycling) across 70 consecutive days, applying several robustness analyses and comparing naturally cycling women with women using hormonal contraceptives. As expected, we found robust evidence for ovulatory increases in self-perceived attractiveness and sexual desirability in naturally cycling women. Unexpectedly, we found moderately robust evidence for smaller ovulatory increases in self-esteem and positive mood. Although grooming showed an ovulatory increase descriptively, the effect was small, failed to reach our strict significance level of .01 and was not robust to model variations. We discuss how these results could follow an ovulatory increase in sexual motivation while calling for more theoretical and causally informative research to uncover the nature of ovulatory cycle shifts in the future.

Aldo Benites-Palomino, Andres E. Reyes-Cespedes, Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández et al.

Abstract The dense Miocene record of cetaceans is known from localities along the coasts of all continents, mostly in the northern Atlantic or the eastern Pacific regions, but Antarctica. Fossils from the Caribbean region are few and include of a couple of findings from Panama and Venezuela. Here, we report a partly complete skull from the Caujarao Formation (middle Miocene), Falcon State, Caribbean region of Venezuela. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Caujarao specimen is a ‘stem delphinidan’, a group that includes several taxa of early diverging odontocetes whose phylogenetic affinities remain a matter of debate. The fossil record has shown that this group of stem delphinidans was taxonomically diverse, but displayed a somewhat homogeneous cranial patterning, with most of the variations being found within the mandible or tympanoperiotic characters. As other stem delphinidans the Caujarao odontocete displays an enlarged temporal fossa and a fairly symmetrical cranium. Because the skull is missing several key diagnostic characters due to the preservation state of the specimen, a more precise taxonomic identification is not possible. Despite this, the finding of this specimen highlights the importance of the fossil record from the Neogene of Venezuela, and the importance of the area to understand cetacean evolution in the proto-Caribbean.

Sergio Álvarez-Parra, Joaquín Albesa, Soledad Gouiric-Cavalli et al.

The Ribesalbes–Alcora Basin (Castelló Province, Spain) contains two lower Miocene units that are rich in fossils. The Unit B contains oil-shale and laminated bituminous dolomicrite related to a palaeolake, whereas the Unit C is composed of sandstone and mudstone beds from distal deltaic and shallow lacustrine environments. The La Rinconada and San Chils localities from the Unit B have yielded a fossil assemblage of plants, molluscs, arthropods, and vertebrates, while the localities from the Unit C in the Campisano ravine (Araia/Mas d’Antolino outcrop) are rich in mammalian record. Here we study a new palaeolake deposit of laminated lacustrine limestone beds in the Unit C named Foieta la Sarra-A. This new locality has provided an assemblage of charophytes, terrestrial plants, molluscs, arthropods, and teleosteans. The latter represent the only known fish record from the Ribesalbes–Alcora Basin to date. Although the specimens are generally poorly preserved, the presence of soft-body preservation due to the action of microbial mats at the lake bottom allows considering the Foieta la Sarra-A locality as a Konservat-Lagerstätte. The Foieta la Sarra-A palaeolake had a different water chemistry compared to that represented in the Unit B. Its depth was about a few metres and the water level suffered periodic fluctuations. This new locality sheds light on the palaeoenvironmental dynamics of the Ribesalbes–Alcora Basin during the early Miocene and provides a new approach to the palaeoecological reconstruction of the basin.

Yelin Ko, Seon-Hong Seol, Juho Kang et al.

Abstract Background While active heat acclimation strategies have been robustly explored, not many studies highlighted passive heat acclimation strategies. Particularly, little evidence demonstrated advantages of utilizing a water-perfused suit as a passive heating strategy. This study aimed to explore heat adaptive changes in physiological and perceptual responses during 10-day heat acclimation training using a water-perfused suit. Methods Nineteen young males were divided into three experimental groups: exercise condition (N = 6, HAEXE, 1-h exercise at 6 km h−1 followed by 1-h rest in a sitting position), exercise and passive heating condition (N = 6, HAEXE+SUIT, 1-h exercise at 6 km h−1 followed 1-h passive heating in a sitting position), and passive heating condition (N = 7, HASUIT, 2-h passive heating in a sitting position). All heating programs were conducted for 10 consecutive days in a climatic chamber maintained at 33 °C with 60% relative humidity. The passive heating was conducted using a newly developed water-perfused suit with 44 °C water. Results Greater whole-body sweat rate and alleviated perceptual strain were found in HASUIT and HAEXE+SUIT after 5 and/or 10 days (P < 0.05) but not in the exercise-only condition (HAEXE). Lower rectal temperature and heart rate were found in all conditions after the training (P < 0.05). Heat adaptive changes appeared earlier in HASUIT except for sweat responses. Conclusions For heat acclimation in hot humid environments, passive and post-exercise heat acclimation training using the suit (water inflow temperature 44 °C) were more effective than the mild exercise (1-h walking at 6 km h−1). This form of passive heating (HASUIT) may be an especially effective strategy for the elderly and the disabled who are not able to exercise in hot environments.

Tetsuo Katsuura, Soomin Lee

Abstract Here, we review the history and the trends in the research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology. Research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology was pioneered by Sato and colleagues in the early 1990s. These authors found that the color temperature of light affected physiological functions in humans. The groundbreaking event with regard to the study of nonvisual effects of light was the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian retina in the early 2000s. The interest of the physiological anthropology scientific community in the nonvisual effects of light has been increasing since then. A total of 61 papers on nonvisual effects of light were published in the Journal of Physiological Anthropology (including its predecessor journals) until October 2018, 14 papers (1.4/year) in the decade from 1992 to 2001, 45 papers (2.8/year) in the 16 years between 2002 and 2017, and two papers in 2018 (January–October). The number of papers on this topic has been increasing in recent years. We categorized all papers according to light conditions, such as color temperature of light, light intensity, and monochromatic light. Among the 61 papers, 11 papers were related to color temperature, 20 papers were related to light intensity, 18 papers were related to monochromatic light, and 12 papers were classified as others. We provide an overview of these papers and mention future research prospects.

H. Y. D. Sigaki, R. F. de Souza, R. T. de Souza et al.

Imaging techniques are essential tools for inquiring a number of properties from different materials. Liquid crystals are often investigated via optical and image processing methods. In spite of that, considerably less attention has been paid to the problem of extracting physical properties of liquid crystals directly from textures images of these materials. Here we present an approach that combines two physics-inspired image quantifiers (permutation entropy and statistical complexity) with machine learning techniques for extracting physical properties of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals directly from their textures images. We demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of our approach in a series of applications involving simulated and experimental textures, in which physical properties of these materials (namely: average order parameter, sample temperature, and cholesteric pitch length) are predicted with significant precision. Finally, we believe our approach can be useful in more complex liquid crystal experiments as well as for probing physical properties of other materials that are investigated via imaging techniques.

Taoli Cheng

Using deep neural networks for identifying physics objects at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has become a powerful alternative approach in recent years. After successful training of deep neural networks, examining the trained networks not only helps us understand the behaviour of neural networks, but also helps improve the performance of deep learning models through proper interpretation. We take jet tagging problem at the LHC as an example, using recursive neural networks as a starting point, aim at a thorough understanding of the behaviour of the physics-oriented DNNs and the information encoded in the embedding space. We make a comparative study on a series of different jet tagging tasks dominated by different underlying physics. Interesting observations on the latent space are obtained.

J. E. Gonzalez, H. H. B. Silva, R. Silva et al.

Physical limits on the equation-of-state (EoS) parameter of a dark energy component non-minimally coupled with the dark matter field are examined in light of the second law of thermodynamics and the positiveness of entropy. Such constraints are combined with observational data sets of type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations and the angular acoustic scale of the cosmic microwave background to impose restrictions on the behaviour of the dark matter/dark energy interaction. Considering two EoS parameterisations of the type $w = w_0 + w_aζ(z)$, we derive a general expression for the evolution of the dark energy density and show that the combination of thermodynamic limits and observational data provide tight bounds on the $w_0 - w_a$ parameter space.

Udit Raha, Yuki Kamiya, Shung-Ichi Ando et al.

We investigate the $s$-wave three-body system of two neutrons and one flavored meson with total spin-isospin $J=0,I=3/2$. The meson-neutron scattering length can become infinitely large in an unphysical region of the quark mass when extrapolated from strangeness to charm in the so-called zero coupling limit. Using a low-energy cluster effective field theory, we demonstrate that the Efimov effect is manifest in the three-body system when the meson-neutron scattering length is extrapolated to the unitary limit of the two-body interaction. We thereby discuss the consequence of universal physics in the physical $K^{-}nn$ and $D^{0}nn$ systems.

Thomas J. DeVries

Discoveries of new fossil Cenozoic crassatellines in Peru provide a new phylogenetic perspective on “large” Neogene genera, in which four lineages are considered to have arisen independently from different Paleogene Crassatella ancestors. Latest Oligocene and early Miocene species of the new genus Tilicrassatella gen. nov.―T. ponderosa, T. torrens sp. nov., and T. sanmartini sp. nov. from the East Pisco Basin―probably evolved from the late Eocene species, Crassatella rafaeli sp. nov., which itself differed in significant respects from slightly older species of the East Pisco Basin, C. neorhynchus and C. pedroi sp. nov. The paciphilic genus, Hybolophus, is raised to full generic status. Added to its ranks are the East Pisco Miocene species H. maleficae sp. nov., H. terrestris sp. nov., and the oldest species of the genus, the late Eocene or Oligocene H. disenum sp. nov. from the Talara Basin of northern Peru. Kalolophus gen. nov., encompassing circum-Caribbean fossil species, the extant species, K. speciosus, and the trans-isthmus species, K. antillarum, appears to have evolved from the early Oligocene Floridian species, Crassatella portelli sp. nov. The genus Marvacrassatella is a western Atlantic Miocene lineage most likely descended from Kalolophus. The genus Eucrassatella is restricted to Australian and New Zealand taxa. The Eocene New Zealand species, Spissatella media, is transferred to Eucrassatella and deemed a candidate for the most recent common ancestor of younger Eucrassatella and all Spissatella species. In the southern Pacific Ocean, the circum-Caribbean region, and tropical western America, crassatelline lineages developed one or more of the following characters: large resilifers, smooth ventral margins, and an extended left anterior cardinal tooth. Some of these late Paleogene convergent character changes might have countered increased shear forces exerted on the crassatelline valves while burrowing into finer-grained and more cohesive sediments in deeper or quieter water.

Y. H. Ahn

We construct a string-inspired model, motivated by the flavored Peccei-Quinn (PQ) axions, as a useful bridge between flavor physics and string theory. The key feature is two anomalous gauged $U(1)$ symmetries, responsible for both the fermion mass hierarchy problem of the standard model and the strong CP problem, that combine string theory with flavor physics and severely constrain the form of the F- and D-term contributions to the potential. In the context of supersymmetric moduli stabilization we stabilize the size moduli with positive masses while leaving two axions massless and one axion massive. We demonstrate that, while the massive gauge bosons eat the two axionic degrees of freedom, two axionic directions survive to low energies as the flavored PQ axions.

Ashutosh Kumar Alok, Dinesh Kumar, Suman Kumbhakar et al.

The confirmation of excess in $R_{D^*}$ at the LHCb is an indication of lepton flavor non-universality. Various different new physics operators and their coupling strengths, which provide a good fit to $R_D$, $R_{D^*}$ and $q^2$ spectra, were identfied previously. In this work, we try to find angular observables in $\bar{B} \to D^* τ\barν$ which enable us to distinguish between these new physics operators. We find that the $D^*$ polarization fraction $f_L(q^2)$ is a good discriminant of scalar and tensor new physics operators. The change in $\langle f_L(q^2) \rangle$, induced by scalar and tensor operators, is about three times larger than the expected uncertainty in the upcoming Belle measurement.