Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Mahfudz Al Faozi, Imam Ma’arif Hidayat, Imam Alfi

This study examines the Ro’an (community service) tradition in Islamic boarding schools as both a manifestation of Living Hadith values such as ta’awun (mutual help), sincerity, and thaharah (cleanliness) and as an arena of power relations among kiai, ustaz, and students. In the digital era, this noble practice faces the risk of meaning distortion and accusations of exploitation on social media, necessitating deeper academic analysis. Using a qualitative case study approach at Miftahul Huda Rawalo Banyumas Islamic Boarding School, data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving 58 purposively selected participants, consisting of active students and alumni. The two-month fieldwork generated rich textual and observational data, analyzed through stages of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing to identify patterns of meaning and power relations in the Ro’an tradition. The findings reveal that Ro’an serves as an effective medium for internalizing Living Hadith values, fostering spirituality, collective identity, and social discipline among students. However, it also reflects asymmetrical power structures in which institutional authority reinforces obedience and piety through disciplinary mechanisms. The study contributes theoretically by integrating Living Hadith perspectives with Foucault’s concept of power relations, offering insights into how Islamic boarding schools can sustain Ro’an through more humanistic and participatory frameworks in the digital age.

Iwan Williams, Ninell Oldenburg, Ruchira Dhar et al.

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to explain how neural networks work by uncovering their underlying causal mechanisms. As the field grows in influence, it is increasingly important to examine not just models themselves, but the assumptions, concepts and explanatory strategies implicit in MI research. We argue that mechanistic interpretability needs philosophy: not as an afterthought, but as an ongoing partner in clarifying its concepts, refining its methods, and assessing the epistemic and ethical stakes of interpreting AI systems. Taking three open problems from the MI literature as examples, this position paper illustrates the value philosophy can add to MI research, and outlines a path toward deeper interdisciplinary dialogue.

Jeremy Butterfield

This book is a philosopher's introduction to the idea that our universe is just one of many universes. I present and assess three versions of the idea: one version from philosophy, and two from physics. In short, they are: all the logically possible worlds; all the branches of the quantum state, in an Everettian interpretation of quantum theory; and all the bubbles of inflationary cosmology. For each proposal, I choose one main philosophical question to discuss in depth. They are, respectively: what is a possible world; what is chance; and what is explanation. But before treating these proposals and their associated questions, I set the stage by reviewing physics and philosophy from about 1600 to about 1900; and a final Chapter compares and contrasts the proposals.

Amr S. Mohamed, Emily Nguyen, Deepa Kundur

Amidst the growing demand for implementing advanced control and decision-making algorithms|to enhance the reliability, resilience, and stability of power systems|arises a crucial concern regarding the safety of employing machine learning techniques. While these methods can be applied to derive more optimal control decisions, they often lack safety assurances. This paper proposes a framework based on control barrier functions to facilitate safe learning and deployment of reinforcement learning agents for power system control applications, specifically in the context of automatic generation control. We develop the safety barriers and reinforcement learning framework necessary to establish trust in reinforcement learning as a safe option for automatic generation control - as foundation for future detailed verification and application studies.

Pedro G. Ferreira, William J. Wolf, James Read

The scientific status of physical cosmology has been the subject of philosophical debate ever since detailed mathematical models of the Universe emerged from Einstein's general theory of relativity. Such debates have revolved around whether and to what extent cosmology meets established demarcation criteria for a discipline to be scientific, as well as determining how to best characterize cosmology as a science, given the unique challenges and limitations faced by a discipline which aims to study the origin, composition, and fate of the Universe itself. The present article revisits, in light of the dramatic progress in cosmology in recent decades, an earlier debate held in the 1950s between Herman Bondi and Gerald Whitrow regarding the scientific status of cosmology. We analyse cosmology's transition from an emerging science to a cornerstone of modern physics, highlighting its empirical successes in establishing the $Λ$-Cold Dark Matter ($Λ$CDM) model and in its delivery of various successful novel predictions. Despite this remarkable scientific success and progress, we argue that modern cosmology faces a further profound challenge: the permanent underdetermination of the microphysical nature of its exotic energy components: inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. Drawing historical parallels with the role of spectroscopy in revealing the microphysical nature of atomic physics, we argue that the epistemic barriers obstructing us from ascertaining the microphysical nature of these exotic energy components are significant, in turn casting doubt upon whether cosmology can ever transcend these particular epistemic challenges. We conclude by reflecting on the prospects for future breakthroughs and/or non-empirical arguments which could decide this issue conclusively.

Chad R. Mangum

This article supports the epistemological claim that sound human reasoning about ultimate knowledge is either foundational or circularly justified. In particular, questions which naturally arise in theology, philosophy, and related disciplines, to the extent that they rationally treat ultimate knowledge, are necessarily supported in one of these ways. Comparisons with, contrasts to, and analogies from mathematics are given to illustrate and enhance this central claim.

Max Velthoven, Eric Marcus

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of today's most relevant emergent technologies. In view thereof, this paper proposes that more attention should be paid to the philosophical aspects of AI technology and its use. It is argued that this deficit is generally combined with philosophical misconceptions about the growth of knowledge. To identify these misconceptions, reference is made to the ideas of the philosopher of science Karl Popper and the physicist David Deutsch. The works of both thinkers aim against mistaken theories of knowledge, such as inductivism, empiricism, and instrumentalism. This paper shows that these theories bear similarities to how current AI technology operates. It also shows that these theories are very much alive in the (public) discourse on AI, often called Bayesianism. In line with Popper and Deutsch, it is proposed that all these theories are based on mistaken philosophies of knowledge. This includes an analysis of the implications of these mistaken philosophies for the use of AI in science and society, including some of the likely problem situations that will arise. This paper finally provides a realistic outlook on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and three propositions on A(G)I and philosophy (i.e., epistemology).

Abdulrazzaq Balaqrouz

افتتاحية العدد .. نحو إعادة الوصل بين علوم الوحي والدراسات الإنسانية

Cora Requena Hidalgo

Reseña del libro recientemente publicado de Jeffrey Raff en ediciones Atalanta, que se basa en el estudio analítico (en algunos capítulos comparativo) sobre el concepto del "sí mismo" en relación con el proceso alquímico. 

Jeffrey A. Barrett, Eddy Keming Chen

We apply recent ideas about complexity and randomness to the philosophy of laws and chances. We develop two ways to use algorithmic randomness to characterize probabilistic laws of nature. The first, a generative chance* law, employs a nonstandard notion of chance. The second, a probabilistic* constraining law, impose relative frequency and randomness constraints that every physically possible world must satisfy. The constraining notion removes a major obstacle to a unified governing account of non-Humean laws, on which laws govern by constraining physical possibilities; it also provides independently motivated solutions to familiar problems for the Humean best-system account (the Big Bad Bug and the zero-fit problem). On either approach, probabilistic laws are tied more tightly to corresponding sets of possible worlds: some histories permitted by traditional probabilistic laws are now ruled out as physically impossible. Consequently, the framework avoids one variety of empirical underdetermination while bringing to light others that are typically overlooked.

Eddy Keming Chen

Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws--simplicity, exactness, and objectivity--and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.

Anton N. Fortunatov

The article explores the hypothesis that modern communication is taking on a special form today. It can be called imitative communication, in which information processing technologies play a very important role. The author derives the origin of this communication from the commercial, consumer status of social information, which in the early stages of the emergence of media reality contributed to the development of market relations. Thanks to the development of technology, the quality of imitation of reality becomes an independent factor infl uencing the deconstruction of a person in the information process. In these conclusions, the author relies on his own long-term studies of the history of television. It was this mass media that laid the foundations of imitative reality, tearing off the perception of reality from its real development and laying the foundations for technological identifi cation of a person to the detriment of traditional personal efforts. Imitative reality has a connection with the phenomenon of the game. The author carries out a phenomenological rethinking of the game in comparison with its classical defi nitions. The game appears as a form of detection of ontological boundaries in which the personality is located. However, with today’s development of technology, the game is turning into a way to replace reality, losing its original status as an identifi er of social meanings. With this interpretation, many currently unresolved problems, for example, the problem of computer addiction, acquire the features of distinct social deviations that have specifi c ways of treatment. As a perspective for the development of the existing situation, the author calls the reditization (return) of the individual to reality, while virtual reality should acquire the status of another utopia in the history of mankind

Vladimer Luarsabishvili

This paper deals with the possible ways of understanding the relation between the reconstruction of history and literary fiction (postmemory and ectopic literature). The transmission of memory across generations – postmemory, and the composition of literary works out of the place of the origin – ectopic literature – facilitate the formation of historical discourse, which is inevitably accompanied by modern interpretation. As interpretation is understanding reality in a subjective manner, literary fiction takes its place in the reconstruction of historical events. And ectopic literature is one of the main narratives, which helps to understand the relation between facts and fantasy.

Mike D. Schneider

I provide some philosophical groundwork for the recently proposed 'trans-Planckian censorship' conjecture in theoretical physics. In particular, I argue that structure formation in early universe cosmology is, at least as we typically understand it, autonomous with regards to quantum gravity, the high energy physics that governs the Planck regime in our universe. Trans-Planckian censorship is then seen as a means of rendering this autonomy an empirical constraint within ongoing quantum gravity research.

Athanase Papadopoulos

I discuss Ren{é} Thom's approach to philosophy based on his mathematical background. At the same time, I will highlight his connection with Aristotle, his criticism of the modern view of science as a predictive process, his ideas on mathematical education, his position with respect to the French school of mathematics that was dominent in his time and his relationship with the philosophical community. I will also touch upon the connections between Thom's ideas and those of Leibniz, Riemann, Freud and others. The last version of this paper will appear as a chapter in the book Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice (ed. Bharath Sriraman), Springer.

Ihsan ur Rasheed, Dr Aman ullah

ABSTRACT The civilized and the cultured world today is facing a difficult time with the economy. Regardless of its success, every nation seems to be confused regarding this matter. The poor are increasing in their poverty and the rich are increasing in their wealth. Especially during this time of the pandemic (COVID-19), throughout the world you see poverty and economic depression becoming normalized. Furthermore, today’s leaders promise their people that they will make sure that not a single person will be deprived of receiving the necessary provisions. However, with the unequal distribution of wealth, the conditions that are coming forth are not worth talking about. The benefactor of every creation-be it a Muslim or Non-Muslim, a human being or or an animal, an Arab or a non-Arab, our beloved Prophet ﷺ has shown us the correct example of economy and also how to apply it in the world fourteen hundred years ago in such a way where no other example can match his example until the day of resurrection. Other religions and systems have directed mankind in one of two ways: either leading them to stay hungry and in poverty and promising them that this way is the epitome of monasticism thus bringing bright attention to monasticism, or luring them into saving money continuously after earning it. However, Islam is one of the only religions that motivates people to spend money on others more then hoarding it. This is to a point where hoarding money and being stingy with it is both a crime and blameworthy in Islam. Islam also cultivates such a desire in the people’s hearts where Muslims spending money in the path of Allah ﷻ consider it a means of success for themselves. The following lines will bring forth a discussion of general guardianship and serving the creation in Islam as well as other Abrahamic religions through the lens of a thoroughly researched and comparative paper.

Falaah Arif Khan, Eleni Manis, Julia Stoyanovich

Recent interest in codifying fairness in Automated Decision Systems (ADS) has resulted in a wide range of formulations of what it means for an algorithmic system to be fair. Most of these propositions are inspired by, but inadequately grounded in, political philosophy scholarship. This paper aims to correct that deficit. We introduce a taxonomy of fairness ideals using doctrines of Equality of Opportunity (EOP) from political philosophy, clarifying their conceptions in philosophy and the proposed codification in fair machine learning. We arrange these fairness ideals onto an EOP spectrum, which serves as a useful frame to guide the design of a fair ADS in a given context. We use our fairness-as-EOP framework to re-interpret the impossibility results from a philosophical perspective, as the in-compatibility between different value systems, and demonstrate the utility of the framework with several real-world and hypothetical examples. Through our EOP-framework we hope to answer what it means for an ADS to be fair from a moral and political philosophy standpoint, and to pave the way for similar scholarship from ethics and legal experts.

Jarosław Sobkowiak

e concept of the subjectivity of a person presented in this article has shown that man as a subject appears in constant references and relations in which his existence is embedded. On the one hand, it escapes the determinism of nature, on the other hand, it reveals a certain crack between its nature and action. is leads to the conclusion that even if a person is characterised by individuality, it is not a separate existence. It seems justified to return to the question of what makes a person, in spite of both external and internal variability; they remain the same or otherwise what builds and what destroys the subjectivity of the person? e question thus posed reveals the first threat to human subjectivity which is the fact of the existence of evil. For it is not only something external to man but also something that makes man both the “place” of the appearance of evil and responsible for evilB8. While staying in Ricoeur’s philosophy characterised by a dialectical movement one can already see in the language discussing evil a threat to certain “deposits of hope” present in his thoughtB<. For the religious language to which Ricoeur ultimately reduces the problem of evil is the language of hope and eschatology. Freedom also takes on a new meaning in this context. It is no longer just something that has been enslaved but above all something that is a “desire for the possible.” A possible freedom is the Resurrection. In this perspective, even evil and suffering can find their ultimate meaning, and the subjective character of morality does not threaten to fall into subjectivism. Moreover, it is in the name of such subjectivism that morality demands for the subject this “otherness,” the hope that comes from the Resurrection.

Leonardo Correia Bastos

Procura-se evidenciar a ligação existente entre a consciência de si e as relações intersubjetivas como principal elemento definidor do caráter humano em seus principais contornos. Com apoio na Dialética do Reconhecimento de Hegel, são buscados subsídios para indicar o fenômeno da aquisição da consciência de si como fruto de um impulso que se concretiza no encontro relacional entre sujeitos, numa dinâmica que se origina na busca de reconhecimento pelo sujeito individual (eu). As consequências obtidas pelo processo relacional vão criar, por meio da linguagem, as condições para um enorme desenvolvimento cognitivo do ser-humano, fruto do desenvolvimento de novas percepções e pensamentos. Característica singular que é fundamental para a compreensão das ações e comportamentos dos seres-humanos ao longo da sua existência, tanto individual quanto coletivamente.

Mahdi Ja&#039;afari, Abolfazl Shahabadi

Qardh al-hasan (or benevolent lending known as a form of interest-free loan), is introduced as a good tool to realize the general approach of "prohibition of Riba or usury". Also, the rights and privileges this contract provides to both parties make it attractive both for raising and saving funds and for the supplying of the invested funds; but the lender's complete confidence in the future purchasing power of the borrowed money is one of the key factors in people's decision to invest in Qardh al-hasan deposits, which depends on the quality of the economic environment. This paper examines the determinants of Qardh al-hasane deposits with emphasis on economic security in public and private Iranian banks over the period 1984-2016. The results show that economic security has a positive and significant effect on Qardh al-hasane deposits. Also other variables such as volume of liquidity and Qardh al-hasane deposits and savings have positive and significant effect on Qardh al-hasane deposits, while interest rate of bank deposits has negative and significant effect on Qardh al-hasane deposits.