Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Joshua Akingbade, Jianhua Yang, Mir Seyedebrahimi

Coding is a fundamental skill required in the engineering discipline, and much work exists exploring better ways of teaching coding in the higher education context. In particular, Code Snippets (CSs) are approved to be an effective way of introducing programming language units to students. CSs are portions of source code of varying size and content. They can be used in a myriad of ways, one of which is to teach the code they contain as well as its function. To further explore the use of CSs, a pedagogical summer internship project was set up at the Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG). The scope of the considerations for the study derives from an educational standpoint. Within the evaluations made, the focus was primarily given to pieces of information which proved to provide evidence pertaining to the methodology involved in either teaching or developing teaching materials. By taking the results produced into account from a pedagogical perspective, it was found that several qualities of popular code snippet tutorials which benefit or hinder the learning process, including code length, interactivity, further support, and quality of explanation. These qualities are then combined and used to present a plan for the design of an effective learning resource which makes use of code snippets.

Olha Nesterenko

Background. The understanding of language and literature contributes to effective intercultural communication. As is known, the epithet, as an implicit stylistic device, has a metaphorical and metonymic nature and possesses emotional-expressive potential. At the same time, color epithets encapsulate the features of the linguistic worldview. Since Mo Yan's novel "Red sorghum: a novel of China" is characterized by naturalistic details with expressive sound, color, and taste elements, it can serve as material for outlining the structural, semantic, and stylistic features of color epithets in the Chinese language. Methods. This study involved the application of a number of methods: theoretical analysis to process the scientific literature on the topic of the work, a complete sampling method to identify units (color epithets) for analysis, a descriptive method to interpret the symbolism of color terms in the Chinese language and culture, and a comparative method to find common and distinct features in the meanings of color epithets. Results. In the process of analyzing coloristic epithets in the Chinese language, it was found that based on structural-morphological characteristics, they can be classified into simple and complex. A simple coloristic epithet consists of a single-color morpheme, while complex epithets have at least two parts and can be formed using morphemes that indicate color saturation and other characteristics. Additionally, coloristic epithets in the Chinese language are accompanied by counting words and are characterized by the phenomenon of reduplication. The study pays special attention to epithets with the morphemes 红 (red), 白 (white), 黄 (yellow), 黑 (black), 青 (cyan), 绿 (green), and 蓝 (blue). It was established that the symbolism of colors in Mo Yan's novel "Red sorghum: a novel of China" sometimes deviates from traditional Chinese notions. For example, the red color is mostly associated with overwhelming life force, freedom, and death. Epithets with the morpheme 白 are used to describe appearance and physical closeness, while the color term 黄色 is combined with odoriferous epithets, adding an aromatic component to visual perception. The most common structure with the morpheme 黑 is 黑土 (black soil), while the green color in the novel has a predominantly negative connotation, expressing aversion to the environment. The color term 蓝 retains its traditional perception, associating with the sky and sea, freedom of thought, and the will to live. Conclusions. In conclusion, it is posited that color epithets are stylistically marked elements of the Chinese language, which not only serve the function of implicit visualization of the text's content but also create new symbolic structures.

Dmytro Andrianov

B a c k g r o u n d . From 1910 to 1945, Korea was under Japanese colonial rule, a period marked not only by political and economic control but also by cultural and linguistic suppression. The Japanese government implemented assimilation policies aimed at erasing Korean national identity, and language was a primary target. The use of the Korean language in schools, publications, and official settings was progressively restricted, and Japanese was enforced as the language of instruction and administration. This colonization period left a lasting impact on the structure, usage, and perception of the Korean language. Objectives. This study aims to examine the effects of Japanese colonial policies on the Korean language, focusing on three main areas: the suppression of Korean in public life, the influence of Japanese on Korean vocabulary and linguistic habits, and the post-liberation efforts to restore and purify the national language. The study also investigates how language functioned as both a tool of colonization and a medium of resistance. M e t h o d s . The research is based on a review of historical documents, educational policies, linguistic records, and previous scholarly works on Korean language history. Comparative analysis is used to trace the lexical and grammatical changes influenced by Japanese. The study also considers sociolinguistic responses during and after the occupation, including underground education efforts and post-1945 language reforms in South and North Korea. R e s u l t s . The findings indicate that Japanese colonial rule led to a significant reduction in the public and educational use of Korean, introduced a considerable number of Japanese loanwords, and created long-term effects on Korean linguistic identity. Despite the suppression, Koreans preserved their language through informal means and later engaged in national efforts to revive Hangul and remove colonial remnants. These outcomes highlight the resilience of linguistic identity and the powerful role of language in cultural preservation and post-colonial recovery. C o n c l u s i o n s . The linguistic oppression during the Japanese colonial period reveals the profound connection between language and national identity. The Korean language served not only as a target of colonization but also as a symbol of resistance and a core element of post-liberation cultural recovery. This study highlights the role of language policy as a tool of political control and the long-term effects of colonial interference on linguistic communities.

Gelson Peter, Dexter Sigan John, Feona Albert Abell et al.

This study aims to identify the language choices within interracial marriages, focusing specifically on Malay-Melanau families in Sarikei, Sarawak, East Malaysia. The primary objectives are (1) to investigate the language choices among Malay-Melanau families in Sarikei and (2) examine factors influencing their choices. A sample of 14 respondents, all hailing from Malay-Melanau backgrounds and married for over five years, was selected using purposive sampling methods. Employing a mixed-method approach, respondents completed a Google Form questionnaire comprising both open and close-ended queries. The findings underscore a prevailing inclination towards Malay as the preferred language within the household. This preference appears to be chiefly influenced by two key factors: parental guidance and immediate surroundings. Notably, the language predominantly spoken by the parents cohabiting with the couples significantly influences their linguistic selection. The study highlights the critical role of parental language choices and the immediate environment in shaping the language dynamics within these families. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of promoting awareness regarding language preservation, particularly the nurturing of less-dominant languages spoken within the home environment. Efforts in this direction are essential for fostering linguistic diversity and cultural vitality within mixed-ethnicity households. By understanding these dynamics, stakeholders can better support policies and initiatives that encourage the maintenance of linguistic heritage in multicultural contexts.

Salman Bin Ali Al-Amri

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة أسلوب النهي وإبراز أنماط التراكيب النحوية وخصائصها النحوية والدلالية، في شعر الشاعر العراقي عبد الرزاق عبد الواحد. ويتكون من مقدمة وتمهيد ومبحثين، والنتائج والتوصيات. أما البحث الأول، فعنوانه: الأنماط النحوية في أسلوب النهي في شعر عبد الرزاق عبد الواحد، فتناول صيغة النهي واختصاصها ودلالتها، والأنماط التي وردت فيها مع بيان موقعها الإعرابي في سياقها التركيبي، وأما المبحث الثاني، فعنوانه: خصائص أسلوب النهي النحوية والدلالية، وأبرز الخصيصة النحوية ثم أعقب بعدها الخصيصة الدلالية (البعد الدلالي) في الشاهد نفسه، وأحصى عدد مواضع أسلوب النهي في الأعمال الشعرية. وتوصل إلى نتائج، من أهمها: ورود أسلوب النهي في (265) مائتين وخمسة وستين موضعًا من شعره، يتصدرها مخاطبة المفردة. وعلى الرغم من أن أسلوب النهي تستعمل فيه صيغة واحدة (لا الناهية) إلا أن الشاعر استطاع أن يوظفها توظيفًا جيدًا في شعره، حيث استعمل له أربعة أنماط وكل نمط فيه العديد من السمات والخصائص النحوية والدلالية المعتبرة، التي تنم عن حسن تصرف الشاعر في استعماله أسلوب النهي.

Moh Nurul Huda, Misbahul Munir, Salsabila Salsabila et al.

Jafar Isbarov, Kavsar Huseynova, Elvin Mammadov et al.

The emergence of multilingual large language models has enabled the development of language understanding and generation systems in Azerbaijani. However, most of the production-grade systems rely on cloud solutions, such as GPT-4. While there have been several attempts to develop open foundation models for Azerbaijani, these works have not found their way into common use due to a lack of systemic benchmarking. This paper encompasses several lines of work that promote open-source foundation models for Azerbaijani. We introduce (1) a large text corpus for Azerbaijani, (2) a family of encoder-only language models trained on this dataset, (3) labeled datasets for evaluating these models, and (4) extensive evaluation that covers all major open-source models with Azerbaijani support.

Sina Bagheri Nezhad, Ameeta Agrawal, Rhitabrat Pokharel

Multilingual language models (MLLMs) are crucial for handling text across various languages, yet they often show performance disparities due to differences in resource availability and linguistic characteristics. While the impact of pre-train data percentage and model size on performance is well-known, our study reveals additional critical factors that significantly influence MLLM effectiveness. Analyzing a wide range of features, including geographical, linguistic, and resource-related aspects, we focus on the SIB-200 dataset for classification and the Flores-200 dataset for machine translation, using regression models and SHAP values across 204 languages. Our findings identify token similarity and country similarity as pivotal factors, alongside pre-train data and model size, in enhancing model performance. Token similarity facilitates cross-lingual transfer, while country similarity highlights the importance of shared cultural and linguistic contexts. These insights offer valuable guidance for developing more equitable and effective multilingual language models, particularly for underrepresented languages.

M. West

Abbreviations note on the transcription of Oriental languages note on chronologies Aegean and Orient ancient literatures of Western Asia of heaven and earth Ars Poetica a form of words Hesiod "The Iliad" "The Odyssey" myths and legends of heroes the Lyric Poets Aeschylus the question of transmission.

Mariacarmela Montesanto

The site of Alalakh is located in the modern province of Hatay, southern Turkey. The recent discovery of Iron Age levels at the site offered the perfect opportunity to shed new light on the Iron Age I and the beginning of the Iron Age II (12th-9th century BC). This paper will focus on the analysis of cooking vessels retrieved from the Iron Age levels of the site. Studies on cooking and food preparation activities represent a long-standing lacuna in the archaeology of the Ancient Near East. The analysis of cooking vessels’ typology and function can offer a deep understanding of social habits and cultural behaviours and add new data towards the interpretations of the Iron Age in the site and in the Northern Levant.

Parastoo Sanji, Sadeq Askari, Yadollah Shokri

Irony is an eloquent art that is known as a linguistic trick, and it states hidden communication between the creator & its recipient. Therefore, the structures of irony like language puzzles, need resolution and interpretation, and the skilled audience is responsible to cogitate in the meaning and interpretation of the text to obtain inner peace. The women poets in the contemporary period use this art tool as the most usable of the rhetorical techniques, because they suffer psychological and social turbulence. Forough farrokhzad & ghada Al-samman like these poets have allocated a considerable part of their poetry to express Women's problems in the society. Examining the use of irony in the poetry of forough farrokhzad & ghada Al-Samman by using Comparative literature, description and analytical method and receiving theory is the purpose of this research. The obtained findings express the irony role as an ambuscade for expression of the unsaid of two poets like lack of freedom in patriarchal society. The irony using in ghada Al-Samman’s poetry condemns arrogance of men against women and deception of women and their pessimism towards earthly love leading failure, wishing utopia and looking for true love between lover and beloved. The irony using in forough farrokhzad shows her protest towards strict and unchangeable laws, disappointment, death and joining eternal life, Spiritual love, reaching the highest level of humanity and blowing of the divine spirit in her essence.

محمد بن علي بن عايض بن درع

يهدف البحث إلى دراسة بلاغة النظم القرآني في الآيات المبدوءة بـ(أَلَمْ تَرَ) من سورة البقرة، وقد انتظم في تمهيد ومبحثين تسبقهما مقدمة وتتلوهما خاتمة، أما التمهيد فقد تناول التعريف بسورة البقرة، وكشفت المقدمة عن أهمية البحث وأسباب اختياره وأهدافه والدراسات السابقة له ومنهجه وخطته. وتناول المبحث الأول الدراسة التحليلية للآيات الثلاث بهدف فهم سياقها ودراستها وتوظيف فنون البلاغة وقيمها واستنباط خصائص النظم القرآني فيها، وتحليلها تحليلًا يكشف عن أسرارها. أما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول خصائص النظم الفني في مجال السرد القصصي للآيات الثلاث. وتوصل البحث إلى جملة من النتائج منها: ارتباط سياق الآيات الثلاث بالسياق العام للسورة، ممّا جعلها بنية متماسكة كالوحدة الواحدة. وأن الدقة في اختيار الألفاظ وجمال جرسها وقوته، واختلاف هيئتها هي من مظاهر الوضوح، وأن أساليب العدول عن الأصل كالتقديم والتأخير والتعريف والتنكير، والفصل والوصل، والقصر، والإيجاز وتنوع الآيات إلى جمل خبرية وإنشائية، واسمية وفعلية، وبروزها بشكل ملحوظ في الآيات هو من مظاهر القوة والجمال.    

Yongwang Zhao, David Sanan

The rely-guarantee approach is a promising way for compositional verification of concurrent reactive systems (CRSs), e.g. concurrent operating systems, interrupt-driven control systems and business process systems. However, specifications using heterogeneous reaction patterns, different abstraction levels, and the complexity of real-world CRSs are still challenging the rely-guarantee approach. This article proposes PiCore, a rely-guarantee reasoning framework for formal specification and verification of CRSs. We design an event specification language supporting complex reaction structures and its rely-guarantee proof system to detach the specification and logic of reactive aspects of CRSs from event behaviours. PiCore parametrizes the language and its rely-guarantee system for event behaviour using a rely-guarantee interface and allows to easily integrate 3rd-party languages via rely-guarantee adapters. By this design, we have successfully integrated two existing languages and their rely-guarantee proof systems without any change of their specification and proofs. PiCore has been applied to two real-world case studies, i.e. formal verification of concurrent memory management in Zephyr RTOS and a verified translation for a standardized Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) to PiCore.

Khalid Alnajjar, Mika Hämäläinen, Jack Rueter

In this paper, we present an approach for translating word embeddings from a majority language into 4 minority languages: Erzya, Moksha, Udmurt and Komi-Zyrian. Furthermore, we align these word embeddings and present a novel neural network model that is trained on English data to conduct sentiment analysis and then applied on endangered language data through the aligned word embeddings. To test our model, we annotated a small sentiment analysis corpus for the 4 endangered languages and Finnish. Our method reached at least 56\% accuracy for each endangered language. The models and the sentiment corpus will be released together with this paper. Our research shows that state-of-the-art neural models can be used with endangered languages with the only requirement being a dictionary between the endangered language and a majority language.

Marco T. Morazán

Regular expressions in an Automata Theory and Formal Languages course are mostly treated as a theoretical topic. That is, to some degree their mathematical properties and their role to describe languages is discussed. This approach fails to capture the interest of most Computer Science students. It is a missed opportunity to engage Computer Science students that are far more motivated by practical applications of theory. To this end, regular expressions may be discussed as the description of an algorithm to generate words in a language that is easily programmed. This article describes a programming-based methodology to introduce students to regular expressions in an Automata Theory and Formal Languages course. The language of instruction is FSM in which there is a regular expression type. Thus, facilitating the study of regular expressions and of algorithms based on regular expressions.

I. Levchyn, Veronika Petruk

Background. Slang, as a separate language layer, which is noticeably different from the standard literary language, in the modern era is noticeably spreading to various spheres of human existence. In Iran, slang penetrates the airwaves of radio and television, appears on the pages of print media, and is becoming more and more commonplace on the Internet. The lack of comprehensive studies of Persian youth slang in modern Iranian studies determines the relevance of this investigation, the purpose of which is to determine the structure of the lexical-semantic field "youth slang" in modern Persian based on the analysis of Persian-language forums and popular youth platforms. Methods. The following research methods were used: theoretical analysis and synthesis (study of scientific literature on the research topic); system analysis (selection of illustrative material and its grouping according to structure and semantics); field method (structuring of the lexical-semantic field), linguopragmatic analysis (features of the use of youth slang vocabulary by the Persian-speaking audience). Results. During the analysis of slang expressions on Persian-language forums and popular youth platforms, ten main thematic groups of the lexical-semantic field "youth slang" were identified according to the most popular communication topics among Iranian youth. Based on the results of the classification, a diagram was developed according to the frequency of functioning of each of the thematic groups. Conclusions. The main thematic groups of youth slang in the modern Persian language are: technology, humor and mockery, interpersonal relations, bad habits, culture, business, fashion, politics, sports and profanity. According to the results of the developed diagram, the most frequent topics for communication using slang on popular youth platforms are "Humor", "Technology", "Social networks", "Business", and the least common are "Politics" and "Sports".

T. Komarnytska

Background. The paper draws attention to the deviations from the syntactic norm in the sentences of the language of mass culture, in particular, the frequency of incomplete sentences that are not typical for literary language, on the example of the oral and written genres of modern mass culture of Japan. The main objective was to analyze, using quantitative and qualitative methods, the phenomena of ellipsis and nominative sentences, widely represented in the language of both written (fashion magazines, manga comics) and oral (lyrics of popular songs, the language of entertainment TV shows) genres of Japanese mass culture. Results. A so called “norm” for the language of mass culture is the production of entire texts that fully consist of ellipted and nominative sentences, that is, they do not contain a single complete one (such examples occur, in particular, in the language of magazine articles, song lyrics, or manga chapters). In incomplete sentences, the predicate is partially or completely removed, which sometimes makes it impossible to interpret the grammatical tense of one sentence or entire texts. The omission of the predicate, which is often accompanied by the introduction of an exclamation mark, that is not typical for Japanese text in general, shifts the emphasis from the action to the objects that are presented to the recipient in isolation, sort of careless manner, which, on the one hand, leads to easier perception of information, but, on the other hand, spreads mistaken samples of word usage due to the non-compliance of the structure of such messages with the syntactic norm. In addition to complete or partial removal of the predicate from the sentence, the language of mass culture is also characterized by sentences-words expressed by a single interjection; interjections often replace verbs in the predicate position. Conclusions. This overusing of ellipsis and nominative clauses in the language of mass culture seems to bring it closer to colloquial speech or spontaneous informal speech, which most likely aims to make the language of mass culture more accessible and the meanings it conveys “closer” to the consumer. The reproduction of colloquial speech in the syntactic structure of the language of mass culture seems to have a manipulative potential, as well as a destructive role in blurring literary norms and destructing the language “feeling” among the mass culture audience.

Beatriz Mangada Cañas

Contemporary French-speaking literatures are enriched by creative voices whose dif-ferent forms of expression show the renewal and permeability of literary and artistic genres. In this theoretical context, we frame our proposal which entails the analyze of the themes outlined in Le Piano oriental (2015) by Zeina Abirached (Beyrouth, 1981), a Franco Lebanese artist, living in Paris since 2004. This graphic novel explores the experience of exile and intercultur-ality by means of autofiction. Zeina Abirached discovers and accepts the coexistence of two languages and two cultures as elements of her social identity and the hybridization of drawings and words as a mark of her artistic identity.

Kamal Yusuf, Siti Ismu Wahyul Karimah, Syifauddin Haikal Khan et al.

Abdusselam Aksu

Farsça ve Türkçe geniş bir coğrafyada uzun bir tarihi süreci beraber geride bırakmış iki dildir. Bu süreç boyunca birçok farklı alanda etkileşimler meydana gelmiştir. Bir kısım etkileşimin varlığı günümüze kadar gelmiş ve o dilde kendine sağlam bir yer edinmiştir. Bu etkileşimlerden biri kelime ve ek alışverişi şeklinde gerçekleşmiş ve karşılıklı olarak pek çok farklı alanda bir dilden diğerine kelime geçişleri olmuştur. Karşı dilden alınan sözcüklerin bazıları zamanla kullanımdan düşmüş, bazıları günümüze kadar gelerek varlıklarını koruyabilmişlerdir. Bu sözcüklerin bir kısmı taşındığı dilin gramer özelliklerine göre türetilmiş, telaffuz edilmiş ve yeni anlamlar kazanmışlardır. Bugünkü Farsçada varlığını sürdüren pek çok kelime, ek, pekiştirme ve söz grubu bulunmaktadır. Bu Türkçe unsurlar günümüz Farsçasının neredeyse her alanında aktif bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bir kısmı geniş kullanıma sahip olmuş ve onlarca kez türetilmişken bir kısmı da dar bir alanda yaşamaktadır. Ferheng-i Rûz-i Suḫen günümüz Farsçasında kullanılan sözcükleri toplayan geniş kapsamlı ve güncel bir sözlüktür. Sözlük her bir maddenin kökenini belirtmiş, hangi dil veya dillerden alındığını veya meydana geldiğini açıklamıştır. Bu çalışmada sözlüğün Türkçe olarak verdiği unsurların sayısı belirlenmiş, Türkçenin günümüz Farsçasında hangi alanda ne kadar etkili olduğu, hangi sözcükleri ödünç verdiği ve hangi harflerden daha çok veya daha az sözcük geçtiği tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Farsçadaki bu unsurların kullanım biçimlerinin görülebilmesi için birtakım örnek cümleler verilmiştir. Kökeni Türkçe olan ancak başka bir dil olarak gösterilen kelimler belirlenip listelenmiştir. Türkçe ile Farsçanın müşterek bir tarih ve coğrafyayı paylaşmaları, bazı ortak kelimelerin kökenlerinin ihtilaflı veya belirlenemez olmasına neden olmuştur. Köken itibariyle Türkçe veya Farsça olduğu ihtilaflı olan kelimeler tespit edilip belirtilmiş, her iki dilde birbirine benzer veya yakın olan ancak kesin bir bağlantı kurulamayan sözcüklerin listesi de çalışmaya eklenmiştir.