Authors/Task Force Members: François Mach* (Chairperson) (Switzerland), Colin Baigent* (Chairperson) (United Kingdom), Alberico L. Catapano* (Chairperson) (Italy), Konstantinos C. Koskinas (Switzerland), Manuela Casula (Italy), Lina Badimon (Spain), M. John Chapman (France), Guy G. De Backer (Belgium), Victoria Delgado (Netherlands), Brian A. Ference (United Kingdom), Ian M. Graham (Ireland), Alison Halliday (United Kingdom), Ulf Landmesser (Germany), Borislava Mihaylova (United Kingdom), Terje R. Pedersen (Norway), Gabriele Riccardi (Italy), Dimitrios J. Richter (Greece), Marc S. Sabatine (United States of America), Marja-Riitta Taskinen (Finland), Lale Tokgozoglu (Turkey), Olov Wiklund (Sweden)
Authors/Task Force Members: John J.V. McMurray (Chairperson) (UK)*, Stamatis Adamopoulos (Greece), Stefan D. Anker (Germany), Angelo Auricchio (Switzerland), Michael Bohm (Germany), Kenneth Dickstein (Norway), Volkmar Falk (Switzerland), Gerasimos Filippatos (Greece), Cândida Fonseca (Portugal), Miguel Angel Gomez-Sanchez (Spain), Tiny Jaarsma (Sweden), Lars Kober (Denmark), Gregory Y.H. Lip (UK), Aldo Pietro Maggioni (Italy), Alexander Parkhomenko (Ukraine), Burkert M. Pieske (Austria), Bogdan A. Popescu (Romania), Per K. Ronnevik (Norway), Frans H. Rutten (The Netherlands), Juerg Schwitter (Switzerland), Petar Seferovic (Serbia), Janina Stepinska (Poland), Pedro T. Trindade (Switzerland), Adriaan A. Voors (The Netherlands), Faiez Zannad (France), Andreas Zeiher (Germany).
ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), Silvia G. Priori (Chairperson) (Italy), Jean-Jacques Blanc (France), Andrzej Budaj (Poland), John Camm (UK), Veronica Dean (France), Jaap Deckers (The Netherlands), Kenneth Dickstein (Norway), John Lekakis (Greece), Keith McGregor (France), Marco Metra (Italy), Joao Morais (Portugal), Ady Osterspey (Germany), Juan Tamargo (Spain), Jose Luis Zamorano (Spain) Document Reviewers, Marco Metra (CPG Review Coordinator) (Italy), Michael Bohm (Germany), Alain Cohen-Solal (France), Martin Cowie (UK), Ulf Dahlstrom (Sweden), Kenneth Dickstein (Norway), Gerasimos S. Filippatos (Greece), Edoardo Gronda (Italy), Richard Hobbs (UK), John K. Kjekshus (Norway), John McMurray (UK), Lars Ryden (Sweden), Gianfranco Sinagra (Italy), Juan Tamargo (Spain), Michal Tendera (Poland), Dirk van Veldhuisen (The Netherlands), Faiez Zannad (France) Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents aim to present all the relevant evidence on a particular issue in order to help physicians to weigh the benefits and risks of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. They should be helpful in everyday clinical decision-making. A great number of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and by different organizations and other related societies. This profusion can put at stake the authority and validity of guidelines, which can only be guaranteed if they have been developed by an unquestionable decision-making process. This is one of the reasons why the ESC and others have issued recommendations for formulating and issuing Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents. In spite of the fact that standards for issuing good quality Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents are well defined, recent surveys of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents published in peer-reviewed journals between 1985 and 1998 have shown that methodological standards were not complied with in the vast majority of cases. It is therefore of great importance that guidelines and recommendations are presented in formats that are …
Argyris Kriezis, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Dennis Akos
et al.
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is increasingly vulnerable to radio frequency interference (RFI), including jamming and spoofing, which threaten the integrity of navigation and timing services. This paper presents a methodology for detecting and classifying RFI events using low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) GNSS receivers. By combining carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) measurements with a calibrated received power metric, a two-dimensional detection space is constructed to identify and distinguish nominal, jammed, spoofed, and blocked signal conditions. The method is validated through both controlled jamming tests in Norway and real-world deployments in Poland, and the Southeast Mediterranean which have experienced such conditions. Results demonstrate that COTS-based detection, when properly calibrated, offers a viable and effective approach for GNSS RFI monitoring.
A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) testbed serves as a powerful platform for testing and validating cyber intrusion detection and mitigation strategies in substations. This study presents the design and development of a CPS testbed that can effectively assess the real-time dynamics of a substation. Cyber attacks exploiting IEC 61850-based SV and GOOSE protocols are demonstrated using the testbed, along with an analysis on attack detection. Realistic timing measurements are obtained, and the time frames for deploying detection and mitigation strategies are evaluated.
Recent measurements of Norway spruce have revealed stress-state-dependent normalized creep behavior, highlighting a gap in our fundamental understanding. This study examines whether the anisotropic response originates from the micro-structural, cellular nature of composite cell walls with varying tracheid types. Cell wall creep parameters are identified via surrogate-based inverse parameter identification, applied to hierarchical micro-mechanical and FEM models of increasing topological complexity up to the growth ring scale. Despite microstructural disorder, simulated creep curves converge toward a universal set of proportionality factors. The results indicate that directional creep behavior cannot be attributed solely to tissue-scale topology, and that realistic predictions require the inclusion of non-linear material responses at stress concentration sites.
Céline Cunen, Thea Roksvåg, Claudio Heinrich-Mertsching
et al.
Combining forecasts from multiple numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have shown substantial benefit over the use of individual forecast products. Although combination, in a broad sense, is widely used in meteorological forecasting, systematic studies of combination methodology in meteorology are scarce. In this article, we study several combination methods, both state-of-the-art and of our own making, with a particular emphasis on situations where one seeks to predict when a particular event of interest will occur. Such time-to-event forecasts require particular methodology and care. We conduct a careful comparison of the different combination methods through an extensive simulation study, where we investigate the conditions under which the combined forecast will outperform the individual forecasting products. Further, we investigate the performance of the methods in a case-study modelling the time to first hard freeze in Norway and parts of Fennoscandia.
Vladislav Mikhailov, Petter Mæhlum, Victoria Ovedie Chruickshank Langø
et al.
This paper introduces a new suite of question answering datasets for Norwegian; NorOpenBookQA, NorCommonSenseQA, NorTruthfulQA, and NRK-Quiz-QA. The data covers a wide range of skills and knowledge domains, including world knowledge, commonsense reasoning, truthfulness, and knowledge about Norway. Covering both of the written standards of Norwegian - Bokmål and Nynorsk - our datasets comprise over 10k question-answer pairs, created by native speakers. We detail our dataset creation approach and present the results of evaluating 11 language models (LMs) in zero- and few-shot regimes. Most LMs perform better in Bokmål than Nynorsk, struggle most with commonsense reasoning, and are often untruthful in generating answers to questions. All our datasets and annotation materials are publicly available.
Tita Alissa Bach, Linn Pedersen, Maria Kinck Borén†
et al.
As cyber threats increasingly exploit human behaviour, technical controls alone cannot ensure organisational cybersecurity (CS). Strengthening cybersecurity culture (CSC) is vital in safety-critical industries, yet empirical research in real-world industrial setttings is scarce. This paper addresses this gap through a pilot mixed-methods CSC assessment in a global safety-critical organisation. We examined employees' CS knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, and organisational factors shaping them. A survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted at a global organisation in safety-critical industries, across two countries chosen for contrasting phishing simulation performance: Country 1 stronger, Country 2 weaker. In Country 1, 258 employees were invited (67%), in Country 2, 113 were invited (30%). Interviews included 20 and 10 participants respectively. Overall CSC profiles were similar but revealed distinct challenges. Both showed strong phishing awareness and prioritised CS, yet most viewed phishing as the main risk and lacked clarity on handling other incidents. Line managers were default contacts, but follow-up on reported concerns was unclear. Participants emphasized aligning CS expectations with job relevance and workflows. Key contributors to differences emerged: Country 1 had external employees with limited access to CS training and policies, highlighting monitoring gaps. In Country 2, low survey response stemmed from a "no-link in email" policy. While this policy may have boosted phishing performance, it also underscored inconsistencies in CS practices. Findings show that resilient CSC requires leadership involvement, targeted communication, tailored measures, policy-practice alignment, and regular assessments. Embedding these into strategy complements technical defences and strengthens sustainable CS in safety-critical settings.
Arsić Janko, Stojanović Marko, Horáček Petr
et al.
Droughts, amplified by climate change, pose a significant threat to the success of both artificially and naturally regenerated forests. Understanding how these changes affect the initial stages of saplings development is crucial for forest establishment, particularly for ecologically and economically important species like Norway spruce and sessile oak in Central Europe. This study investigated the impact of crown reduction (CR) by 50% of crown length on saplings of each species. Automatic dendrometers were installed on 24 saplings per species to precisely monitor growth and water-related stem changes. The main objective was to investigate the potential ameliorative effect of CR on water-stressed saplings during their initial development. Our study hypothesized that CR, by decreasing leaf area and consequently water use, would improve water availability and facilitate sapling growth. The results indicate that CR may enhance soil water availability thereby supporting the growth of water-stressed Norway spruce saplings but not those of sessile oak. The tree water deficit – an indicator of tree water status – significantly improves in Norway spruce saplings subjected to CR (p < 0.05). Conversely, this treatment resulted in the depletion of stem water status in sessile oak saplings. The species-specific growth phenology revealed that CR led to an increase in the number of growing days for Norway spruce compared to sessile oak saplings. In summary, CR may be considered a beneficial method for alleviating stress in Norway spruce saplings, especially during drought. In addition, further testing in field conditions is necessary to confirm these results.
Simon L. B. Fredriksen, The Tien Mai, Kevin Growe
et al.
Distributed acoustic sensing through fiber-optical cables can contribute to traffic monitoring systems. Using data from a day of field testing on a 50 km long fiber-optic cable along a railroad track in Norway, we detect and track cars and trains along a segment of the fiber-optic cable where the road runs parallel to the railroad tracks. We develop a method for automatic detection of events and then use these in a Kalman filter variant known as joint probabilistic data association for object tracking and classification. Model parameters are specified using in-situ log data along with the fiber-optic signals. Running the algorithm over an entire day, we highlight results of counting cars and trains over time and their estimated velocities.
There are great expectations for the use of AI in Norway. On the other hand, it is reported that the adoption of AI in Norway is slower than expected in both the private and public sectors. Using responses from NOKIOS Technology Radar 2017-2021, IT in Practice surveys conducted by Ramboll in 2021-2024, as well as another national survey as part of a five-year cycle, this article looks at reported and planned use of AI with a focus on local (municipalities) and national government agencies. IT in practice is distributed to a large number of Norwegian public agencies, with a response rate of over 5o percent. The most recent data (2024) presented in this article is based on responses from 335 public organizations, with 237 municipalities, and 98 public organizations at the national or regional level. The survey confirms that the use of AI is still at an early stage, although expectations are high for future use. -- Det er store forventninger til bruk av KI i Norge. På den annen side rapporteres det at adopsjonen av KI i Norge går tregere enn forventet både i privat og offentlig sektor. Ved hjelp av svar fra NOKIOS teknologiradar 2017-2021, IT i Praksis undersøkelser utført av Rambøll i 2021-2024, samt en annen nasjonal undersøkelse som en del av en femårig syklus, ser vi i denne artikkelen på rapportert og planlagt bruk av KI med fokus på lokale (kommuner) og nasjonale offentlige etater. IT i praksis distribueres til en lang rekke norske offentlige virksomheter, med en svarprosent på over 50 prosent. De nyeste dataene (2024) presentert i denne artikkelen er basert på svar fra 335 offentlige organisasjoner, med 237 kommuner, og 98 offentlige organisasjoner på nasjonalt eller regionalt nivå. Undersøkelsen bekrefter at bruken av KI fortsatt er på et tidlig stadium, selv om forventningene er høye til fremtidig bruk.
Holly K. Kindsvater, Maria‐José Juan‐Jordá, Nicholas K. Dulvy
et al.
Abstract Understanding how growth and reproduction will adapt to changing environmental conditions is a fundamental question in evolutionary ecology, but predicting the responses of specific taxa is challenging. Analyses of the physiological effects of climate change upon life history evolution rarely consider alternative hypothesized mechanisms, such as size‐dependent foraging and the risk of predation, simultaneously shaping optimal growth patterns. To test for interactions between these mechanisms, we embedded a state‐dependent energetic model in an ecosystem size‐spectrum to ask whether prey availability (foraging) and risk of predation experienced by individual fish can explain observed diversity in life histories of fishes. We found that asymptotic growth emerged from size‐based foraging and reproductive and mortality patterns in the context of ecosystem food web interactions. While more productive ecosystems led to larger body sizes, the effects of temperature on metabolic costs had only small effects on size. To validate our model, we ran it for abiotic scenarios corresponding to the ecological lifestyles of three tuna species, considering environments that included seasonal variation in temperature. We successfully predicted realistic patterns of growth, reproduction, and mortality of all three tuna species. We found that individuals grew larger when environmental conditions varied seasonally, and spawning was restricted to part of the year (corresponding to their migration from temperate to tropical waters). Growing larger was advantageous because foraging and spawning opportunities were seasonally constrained. This mechanism could explain the evolution of gigantism in temperate tunas. Our approach addresses variation in food availability and individual risk as well as metabolic processes and offers a promising approach to understand fish life‐history responses to changing ocean conditions.
Agnieszka Jasinska, Ketil Stoknes, Przemyslaw Niedzielski
et al.
Produced in the process of anaerobic digestion, the effluent called digestate is rich in nutrients and can be used as a growing media for mushrooms. However, it can also be rich in non-essential and trace elements, heavy metals, various organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and other unwanted compounds with potential negative effects. Therefore, two button mushroom species, Agaricus bisporus (brown cultivar) and Agaricus subrufescens, were cultivated on digestate based substrate. The mineral composition of the experimental mushroom compost (EMC), mushrooms (M), spent mushroom compost (SMC) and spent casing (SC) was evaluated by means of ICP OES. Mineral distribution and quantity were substrate dependent, digestate origin was determined for most of investigated elements, excluding Ca, Mo, Pb, Ce and Nd, where the source was straw. However, content of elements with high mobility such as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for EMC was low. Short composting method for mushroom compost preparation used in this study could be suitable method for reducing available Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and total As. For the casing material, bark was richer in major essential elements (MEE's) and essential trace elements (ETE's), besides Ca, where peat indicated higher content (1490 mg kg-1). From the trace elements with detrimental health effects (TEWDHE) group, bark was richer in Ba and Pb, but peat contained significant content of As (3.92 mg kg-1). The results clearly indicated both the studied mushrooms are valuable source of K, Na and Se, while A. subrufescens provided higher amounts of Cu and Zn. No threat for human consumption for Ni, Pb, As, and Cd, their content is under the limits and decreases with each subsequent mushroom yield. SMC and SC were nutrient rich especially for Fe, Mg, Mn, Si and Zn, giving them added value as biobased product for boosting vegetable crop yield. However, Cr and Ni, ETS's for plants in lower amounts, were elevated in SMC/SC, therefore the mineral composition should be monitored. Low concentration of hazardous elements in the spent substrates allows for subsequent use.
Agriculture (General), Nutrition. Foods and food supply
Harald Sæverud (1897–1992) var hele sitt liv en omdiskutert komponist, men ikke desto mindre en av Norges fremste. I denne artikkelen belyses hans siste store verk, nemlig Keiser og Galilæer (1986) for orkester og kor. Ettersom det bygger på Ibsens skuespill av samme navn, kastes det dessuten lys over musikkens rolle i Ibsens dramatikk. I motsetning til Ibsens mer populære skuespill er Kejser og Galilæer et anliggende for spesielt interesserte. Den som ikke har et visst kjennskap til stykket, forstår lite av Sæveruds musikk. Artikkelen inkluderer derfor en gjennomgang av handlingsforløpet med fokus på tekstens musikalske muligheter. I artikkelen blir det vist hvordan skuespillets bærende idé, kampen mellom kristendom og hedendom, uttrykkes gjennom klare musikalske kontraster. Det antydes videre hvordan Keiser og Galilæer avspeiler ulike sider ved Sæveruds eiendommelige, kunstneriske personlighet, og at verket av denne grunn kan betraktes som kronen på komponistens livsverk.