Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Pablo Pérez García

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Iulia-Marilena Sbarcea

Since its founding in 1990, the Venice Commission has advised post-communist states, including Romania, on constitutional reforms. Although Romania was not a full member initially, it received guidance during the drafting of its first democratic constitution. This research examines how well Romanian legislation aligns with the Commission's standards on democratic governance and political party regulation, identifying any gaps or inconsistencies. Given Romania's totalitarian past, special focus is placed on protecting political opposition, freedom of expression within parties, and the limits of imperative mandates. The study uses legal analysis, case studies on political controversies and Constitutional Court decisions, and reviews from think tanks-especially following the 2015 political party law reform. It concludes by proposing legislative directions to better align Romania with European democratic norms.

V. Shiltsev, F. Zimmermann

Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in high energy physics. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering colliders of the early 1960s. In addition, the field of colliders remains extremely dynamic and continues to develop many innovative approaches. Indeed, several novel concepts are currently being considered for designing and constructing even more powerful future colliders. In this paper, we first review the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, and then present the major achievements of operational machines and the key features of near-term collider projects that are currently under development. We conclude with an analysis of numerous proposals and studies for far-future colliders. The evaluation of their respective potentials reveals tantalizing prospects for further significant breakthroughs in the collider field.

F. Trivellato

This article discusses a number of scholarly trends that fall under the rubric of global history, with particular regard for those that address the early modern period (c.1400–1800). It stresses the rubric’s lack of coherence from both a methodological and ideological perspective. Most importantly, it revisits longstanding debates about the intersection of microanalysis and global history by assessing landmark works by Italian microhistorians, scholars of the so-called great divergence, and historians of climate and the environment. In so doing, it also asks how recent contributions build on insights that classic studies had already yielded – at least on the margins of the profession – beginning in the 1970s.

N. Dmitrieva

The article analyzes the financial component of Kaidalovskaya line construction of Trans-Baikal Railway that established access to the Chinese Eastern Railway from the West. Designed to connect the CER with Russian railway network, this line played a vital role during late 19th — early 20th century establishing a connection between Trans-Siberian Railway and Vladivostok. However, researchers have barely paid attention to it, which makes the study relevant. It is promising to study the history of the construction of Kaidalovkaya line using the modern approaches to the analysis of global connectivity. The construction of the line took place simultaneously with the construction of the other section of Trans-Siberian Railway, which required significant financial investment from the Russian Empire. The construction started on September 16, 1898, and was completed by October 11, 1901. The construction, which fell under the jurisdiction of the Committee of the Siberian Railway, was subject to regular audit supervision of the State Control. The preserved archival documents make it possible to identify key financial actors and determine priority areas for economic support. The construction of this rather short line in comparison with the CER and the Trans-Siberian Railway (321,3 versts, or 342,8 km) turned out to be a costly affair for the treasury. Having become, to a certain extent, a transboundary area, the territory adjacent to the line inhabited by representatives of various ethnic groups required additional investments to ensure its maintenance. The study of the financial aspect of the Kaidalovskaya line construction allows us to see how financial imperatives influenced the goals and mechanisms of the imperial policy on the development of the Far East and on building a system of interethnic and international relations in the region.

S. Marchand

This essay surveys the reception of Herodotus’s Histories from the later eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, showing how the increasingly vigorous critique of his first four “oriental” books made the continued practice of older forms of universal history embarrassing. Drawing a line between Herodotus’s opening and later books did not begin in the German states, but the distinction was fully developed there in the 1820s in the wake of a major debate over Friedrich Creuzer’s Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, besonders der Griechen. Creuzer’s work relied heavily on information in Herodotus’s first books to demonstrate its claims about the migration of ideas and symbols from ancient India and Egypt to Greece. The result of this debate, I argue, was not only to label Creuzerian universal histories speculative and reactionary but also to turn Herodotus—who in the eighteenth century had been treated as an essential, if ever problematic, interlocutor—into a naive and untrustworthy child. Those who wanted to be counted as “scientific” scholars were taught to avoid him, or simply to read his Histories as a heroic story of Greece’s defeat of the “slavish” Orient. Thucydides was to be preferred as the model for objective, “mature” historical writing. It is rare that we consider carefully the contributions of ancient historiography to our profession’s methods and norms. This essay, thus, seeks to break new ground by demonstrating just how critical this field has been in the making of what we regard today as modern historical scholarship.

Alejandro Santos Silva

Las minas de Riotinto, una referencia de la minería metálica en el Estado es­pañol, sufrió desde la década de 1980 un proceso de cierre paulatino. En 1993 la multinacional estadounidense Freeport McMoran anunció el cierre definitivo de las minas para 1996. La respuesta sindical fue la defensa de una alternativa para el mantenimiento del empleo y la actividad minera, que desembocó en un acuerdo por el que los trabajadores se hacían cargo de la propiedad de las instalaciones y constituían Minas de Río Tinto Sociedad Anónima Laboral, convirtiéndose así en la mayor sociedad laboral a nivel estatal en su periodo de existencia (1995-2001).

Aleksic Branko

V. Arthi, John M. Parman

How might COVID-19 affect human capital and wellbeing in the long run? The COVID-19 pandemic has already imposed a heavy human cost—taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. What evidence we do have about other modern pandemics is largely limited to short-run impacts. Consequently, recent experience can do little to help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19’s potential long-run impact on individuals over decades and even generations. History, however, offers a solution. Historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID-19 in each of its key dimensions—as a global pandemic, as a global recession—and offer the runway necessary to study the life-course and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19—helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now.

A. Moin

Abstract Sulh-i kull or ‘Total Peace’ with all religions was a policy introduced by the Mughal empire in South Asia in the late sixteenth century. It was a radically accommodative stance for its day, especially when compared to the intolerant manner in which other Muslim and Christian polities of the early modern world dealt with religious difference. This article introduces a new perspective on Mughal Total Peace by arguing that it was meant to solve a long-standing problem created by the monotheistic ban on oaths sworn on non-biblical deities. Such a ban restricted the ability of Muslim kings to solemnize peace treaties with their non-monotheist rivals and subjects. In the second half of the article, I examine two pre-Mughal cases, from the eleventh century (Mahmud of Ghazna) and the seventh century (the prophet Muhammad), respectively, to explore what other, less ‘total’, mechanisms were invented to suspend this ban and enable oath-taking and solemn peace-making between monotheist and non-monotheist. In effect, I use the Mughal case to highlight a specific issue that shaped political theology in Islam over the long term.

Tereza Ventura

O artigo aponta as tensões e continuidades entre os movimentos por justiça, verdade, responsabilização criminal e histórica do Estado Brasileiro e a permanência legítima dos atos de exceção cometidos por agentes públicos sobre a população afrodescendente. Mostra-se a participação do movimento negro no Congresso pela Anistia e a busca pelo reconhecimento dos afrodescendentes como vítimas da violência cotidiana praticada por agentes do Estado. Colocou-se em pauta neste Congresso, a relação entre a violência, o racismo e o apagamento histórico do legado da escravização do afrodescendente no Brasil. O artigo explora as iniciativas de reconhecimento de violação de direitos humanos conduzidas pelo poder público no curso da democracia e a luta por reparação ancorada no sentimento de indignação aliado ao discurso testemunhal das vítimas. Durante a democracia, as lutas por reparação preenchem novas formas de agência, que não apelam pela desconstrução dos arquivos do passado, mas por aquilo que Benjamin chamou de um passado permeado de “agoras” que não se restitui, mas que nem por isso se torna ausente. Mostramos que as iniciativas reparatórias do Estado legitimam uma relação meramente instrumental com as vítimas, reificando a história, a vulnerabilidade e a verdade dos vencido. Palavras-chave: reparação; racismo; justiça; direitos humanos; anistia.

Nina Parish

important, forward-looking English in the UK, is a call to action to scholars working in languages, Memory Studies, History and beyond to postcolonialise the lieu de mémoire . It is an ambitious project, seen as controversial by some, and the introduction therefore plays a significant role. The three lay out the aims and scope of the work, identifying the importance, influence and impact of Pierre Nora’s seven volume project, Les Lieux de Mémoire , on memory work in metropolitan France, but also its omissions and blind spots particularly with regard to colonial matters. This is not a new criticism of Nora’s work and the editors and some essays in the volume draw attention to the fact that empire is not entirely absent from the original volumes. The concern is rather that many essays in these volumes could have interrogated and engaged with the colonial, but chose to omit it. This is particularly surprising given the highly charged context of 1980’s France in which the volumes were conceived. The editors discuss the methodological challenges of choosing new realms and thereby expanding, adding to and correcting Nora’s original project. Essays on these new realms are grouped into seven sections: ‘Institutions’, ‘Territories’, ‘Monuments’, ‘Mobility/Displacement’, ‘Bodies’, ‘Words and Images’ and ‘The Everyday’. Each section has its own merits and together they cover a lot of ground in terms of content, form, history, memory, France and the colonies. The fifth section, ‘Bodies’, with chapters on colonial exhibitions, les tirailleurs sénégalais , colonial heroes, Jeanne Duval and women’s rights, is a particular highlight. The analysis by David Murphy of how Senegalese soldiers’ exploits in World War One are remembered in France using the example of Banania to explore French colonial nostalgia is enlightening and should be read in parallel with David Diop’s Frère d’âme .

Sofia Gustafsson

M. Fusaro

This article discusses the complex issues behind the relation between national and global economic histories and the challenges of a comparative approach. On examining different national approaches (Italian and English) to the management of the early modern maritime sector, it will argue that this comparison allows a privileged view into different varieties of capitalism, highlighting fundamental differences in attitudes toward wage labor and risk management that still influence different approaches to economic activities today.

Américo Freire, Geovanni Rocha Junior

Entrevista com Américo Freire

Secretaría de Redacción Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea

Claudio César Rizzuto

La dimensión religiosa de la revuelta de las Comunidades de Castilla (1520-1521) es a menudo ignorada entre los historiadores. No obstante, importantes estudios se han dedicado a las dimensiones mesiánicas y proféticas de la revuelta. Este artículo se ocupa de analizar otros aspectos que permiten reconstruir una dimensión religiosa de la revuelta y sus formas de legitimación a partir de ella. En primer lugar, se analizará el papel del término Santa para referirse a la Junta que reunía a las ciudades rebeldes. En segundo lugar, se destacará el rol del juramento en la construcción de la revuelta en el contexto de intentar «sacralizar» o «consagrar» la acción de los rebeldes. Por último, se examinarán distintos testimonios que colocan a la eucaristía como un aspecto de lucha y legitimación en la revuelta. De esta manera, pueden subrayarse algunos elementos religiosos de las Comunidades de Castilla. Abstract The religious dimension of the revolt of the Comunidades of Castile (1520-1521) is not always remarked by historians. Only messianic and prophetic aspects are normally pointed out in this sense. This paper analyses other problems for a religious dimension of the revolt and their relation to comuneros’ legitimation’s attempts. Firstly, it analyses the role of the term «Holy» (santa) to refer to the Junta where the rebelled cities were gathered. Secondly, it remarks the function of the oath in the construction of the revolt trying to «sacralise» or «consecrate» the action of the rebels. Lastly, it examines different testimonies that emphasises the Eucharist as an aspect of struggle and legitimation during the revolt. Then, some religious elements of the Comunidades of Castile can be remarked.  

Ofelia Rey Castelao

Eva María Flores Ruiz

Book review

Guy Ortolano