Hasil untuk "Modern"

Michael A. McDonald

R. McGibbon, Kyle A. Beauchamp, Christian Schwantes et al.

E. Jarvis, S. Mirarab, A. Aberer et al.

To better determine the history of modern birds, we performed a genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of Neoaves using phylogenomic methods created to handle genome-scale data. We recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships. We identified the first divergence in Neoaves, two groups we named Passerea and Columbea, representing independent lineages of diverse and convergently evolved land and water bird species. Among Passerea, we infer the common ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal learning. Among Columbea, we identify pigeons and flamingoes as belonging to sister clades. Even with whole genomes, some of the earliest branches in Neoaves proved challenging to resolve, which was best explained by massive protein-coding sequence convergence and high levels of incomplete lineage sorting that occurred during a rapid radiation after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event about 66 million years ago.

S. Kwak, Jong Hae Kim

According to the central limit theorem, the means of a random sample of size, n, from a population with mean, µ, and variance, σ2, distribute normally with mean, µ, and variance, σ2n. Using the central limit theorem, a variety of parametric tests have been developed under assumptions about the parameters that determine the population probability distribution. Compared to non-parametric tests, which do not require any assumptions about the population probability distribution, parametric tests produce more accurate and precise estimates with higher statistical powers. However, many medical researchers use parametric tests to present their data without knowledge of the contribution of the central limit theorem to the development of such tests. Thus, this review presents the basic concepts of the central limit theorem and its role in binomial distributions and the Student's t-test, and provides an example of the sampling distributions of small populations. A proof of the central limit theorem is also described with the mathematical concepts required for its near-complete understanding.

F. Carmignani

J. D. Elsas, J. Trevors, J. Jansson et al.

Soil Environment, D. Standing and K. Killham Microbial Phylogeny and Diversity in Soil, V. Torsvik and L. Ovreas Horizontal Gene Transfer and Microevolution in Soil, K.M. Nielsen, Pal Johnsen, and J.D. van Elsas Bacteria and Archaea in Soil, J. D. van Elsas, V. Torsvik, A. Hartmann, L. Ovreas, and J.K. Jansson Fungi in Soil, R.D. Finlay Protozoa and Other Protista in Soil, M. Clarholm, M. Bonkowsk, and B. Griffiths Microbial Interactions in Soil, J.D. van Elsas, L. Tam, R.D. Finlay, K. Killham, and J.T. Trevors Plant-Associated Bacteria-Lifestyle and Molecular Interactions, J. Sorensen and A. Sessitsch Microorganisms Cycling Soil Nutrients and Their Diversity, J.I. Prosser Soil Microbial Communities and Global Climate Change-Methanotrophic and Methanogenic Communities as Paradigms, R. Conrad Methods to Detect and Quantify Bacteria in Soil, O. Nybroe, K.K. Brandt, M.H. Nicolaisen, and J. Sorensen Analysis of Microbial Communities in Soil Microhabitats using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, M. Schmid, M. Rothballer, and A. Hartmann Functional Characterization of Soil Microbial Communities by Messenger RNA Analysis, S. Sharma, M.K. Anej, and M. Schloter Molecular Fingerprinting Techniques to Analyze Soil Microbial Communities, M. Oros-Sichler, R. Costa, H. Heuer, and K. Smalla Detection of Active Bacterial Populations in Soil, T.M. Timms-Wilson, R.I. Griffiths, A.S. Whiteley, J.I. Prosser, and M.J. Bailey Soil Metagenomics: Exploring and Exploiting the Soil Microbial Gene Pool, S. Sjoling, W. Stafford, and D.A. Cowan Biosensors to Monitor Soil Health or Toxicity, P.H.B. Poulsen, L. Hestbjerg Hansen, and S.J. Sorensen Soil Suppressiveness to Plant Diseases, C. Steinberg, V. Edel-Hermann, C. Alabouvette, and P. Lemanceau Biological Pesticides for Control of Seed- and Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens, J.M. Whipps and B. Gerhardson Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria, S. Saleh and B.R. Glick Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants in Soil, K.T. Leung, K. Nandakumar, K. Sreekumari, H. Lee, and J.T. Trevors Statistical Analyses of Microbiological and Environmental Data, B.B. McSpadden Gardener Glossary Modern Soil Microbiology Index

Muhammad Jaleed Khan, Hamid Saeed Khan, Adeel Yousaf et al.

Over the past three decades, significant developments have been made in hyperspectral imaging due to which it has emerged as an effective tool in numerous civil, environmental, and military applications. Modern sensor technologies are capable of covering large surfaces of earth with exceptional spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. Due to these features, hyperspectral imaging has been effectively used in numerous remote sensing applications requiring estimation of physical parameters of many complex surfaces and identification of visually similar materials having fine spectral signatures. In the recent years, ground based hyperspectral imaging has gained immense interest in the research on electronic imaging for food inspection, forensic science, medical surgery and diagnosis, and military applications. This review focuses on the fundamentals of hyperspectral image analysis and its modern applications such as food quality and safety assessment, medical diagnosis and image guided surgery, forensic document examination, defense and homeland security, remote sensing applications such as precision agriculture and water resource management and material identification and mapping of artworks. Moreover, recent research on the use of hyperspectral imaging for examination of forgery detection in questioned documents, aided by deep learning, is also presented. This review can be a useful baseline for future research in hyperspectral image analysis.

J. Scott

S. Pinker

N. Turro

C. Kappe

Z. Michalewicz, D. Fogel

D. Chandler, J. Percus

B. Bollobás

T. Andersen, M. Madsen, J. Jørgensen et al.

R. Raja, P. C. Nagasubramani

Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences. Technology has certainly changed the way we live. It has impacted different facets of life and redefined living. Undoubtedly, technology plays an important role in every sphere of life. Several manual tasks can be automated, thanks to technology. Also, many complex and critical processes can be carried out with ease and greater efficiency with the help of modern technology. Thanks to the application of technology, living has changed and it has changed for better. Technology has revolutionized the field of education. The importance of technology in schools cannot be ignored. In fact, with the onset of computers in education, it has become easier for teachers to impart knowledge and for students to acquire it. The use of technology has made the process of teaching and learning all the more enjoyable.

V. Destefano, Salaar Khan, Alonzo Tabada

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a versatile biopolymer. PLA is synthesized with ease from abundant renewable resources and is biodegradable. PLA has shown promise as a biomaterial in a plethora of healthcare applications such as tissue engineering or regenerative medicine, cardiovascular implants, dental niches, drug carriers, orthopedic interventions, cancer therapy, skin and tendon healing, and lastly medical tools / equipment. PLA has demonstrated instrumental importance as a three-dimensionally (3D) printable biopolymer, which has further been bolstered by its role during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) global pandemic. As an abundant filament, PLA has created desperately needed personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilator modifications. As polymer chemistry continues to advance, so too will the applications and continued efficacy of PLA-based modalities.

B. Bohrer

Abstract Meat analogues, or plant-based products that simulate the properties of traditional meat products, have secured a position in the conversation of protein foods. Rapid growth of the meat analogue industry is occurring in the global food marketplace in both the retail and food service sectors. The purpose of this review was to investigate the ingredients used in the formulation of modern meat analogues, evaluate the nutrient specifications of modern meat analogue products, and then form a comparison with traditional meat products. Based on this investigation, it was determined – firstly, the ingredients used in the formulation of modern meat analogue products make these products fit under the classification of ultra-processed foods; and secondly, the nutrient specifications of popular meat analogue products can effectively simulate the nutrient specifications of the meat products they are attempting to simulate. Therefore, based on these findings, modern meat analogue products can offer roughly the same composition of nutrients as traditional meat products, albeit with many different ingredients and a high level of further processing.

K. Ghanem, S. Ram, P. Rice

Syphilis Over the past two decades, the incidence of syphilis has increased sharply. The courses of both untreated and treated disease can be unpredictable. This review presents guidance on clinica...

Anders Bergström, C. Stringer, M. Hajdinjak et al.