Hasil untuk "Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics"

Philani Brian Mlambo, D. Sotsaka

Euclidean geometry and isometric drawing (ID) are significant topics in mathematics and engineering graphics & design (EGD), respectively. Over the years, these topics have developed a stigma due to learners’ consistently poor performing when tackling these topics. Many scholars attribute this challenge to a lack of spatial visualization skill, which is crucial in understanding these key areas in mathematics and EGD. This paper adopts a mixed-methods approach underpinned by the pragmatic paradigm to explore potential synergies between Euclidean geometry and ID by examining teaching practices and learner performance in these topics. To achieve these objectives, the study employed convenience sampling to select 15 teachers from four schools in the uMgungundlovu District. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and document analysis, incorporating test results. Data from the interviews were thematically analyzed, while test data were processed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that while these topics are challenging for learners, there are notable similarities in how teachers approach their instruction. However, there was no conclusive evidence of synergy in learners’ performance as the analysis of the scatter plot and statistical metrics revealed a weak negative correlation (r = -0.35) between the scores, indicating that higher performance in one subject does not necessarily align with higher performance in the other. Based on these findings, the study recommends fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between mathematics and EGD teachers through training programs and workshops. Such initiatives could enhance teachers’ understanding of the potential connections between Euclidean geometry and ID, ultimately benefiting learners.

Soumen Basak, Saritha P.C, Alenrex Maity et al.

This work focuses on using machine learning algorithms in the prediction of dot gain related to flexographic process color printing. The way these advanced aspects of machine learning techniques are applied can revolutionize the various uses of printing technology. The machine learning techniques can be used to a wide range of applications since they adhere to dynamic programming methodology and computational learning theory. The machine learning algorithms can generate a trained input dataset framework, allowing them to make logical and dynamic predictions and judgments based on input data. Two grades of paper substrates with varying surface textures, two levels of anilox screen rulings, and a total of 100 steps of halftone square dot percentages with 4% intervals for each process colors are selected as the experimental process variables. An algorithm for evaluating a flexographic print output response, known as Dot Gain was generated using the Python machine learning technique. For data analysis and performance evaluation, machine learning techniques such as linear regression, decision tree, random forest regression, XG (Extreme Gradient) boost regression, SVM (Support Vector Machine) regression and neural network algorithms were used. The findings of this research work demonstrate that, out of all the machine learning algorithms used in this investigation, neural network methods had the highest accuracy. The accuracy of the neural network algorithm is 96.43, 98.32, 97.01 & 95.30 respectively in the prediction of dot gain for cyan, magenta, yellow and black.

Muhammad Tayyab Khan, Zane Yong, Lequn Chen et al.

Engineering drawings are fundamental to manufacturing communication, serving as the primary medium for conveying design intent, tolerances, and production details. However, interpreting complex multi-view drawings with dense annotations remains challenging using manual methods, generic optical character recognition (OCR) systems, or traditional deep learning approaches, due to varied layouts, orientations, and mixed symbolic-textual content. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a three-stage hybrid framework for the automated interpretation of 2D multi-view engineering drawings using modern detection and vision language models (VLMs). In the first stage, YOLOv11-det performs layout segmentation to localize key regions such as views, title blocks, and notes. The second stage uses YOLOv11-obb for orientation-aware, fine-grained detection of annotations, including measures, GD&T symbols, and surface roughness indicators. The third stage employs two Donut-based, OCR-free VLMs for semantic content parsing: the Alphabetical VLM extracts textual and categorical information from title blocks and notes, while the Numerical VLM interprets quantitative data such as measures, GD&T frames, and surface roughness. Two specialized datasets were developed to ensure robustness and generalization: 1,000 drawings for layout detection and 1,406 for annotation-level training. The Alphabetical VLM achieved an overall F1 score of 0.672, while the Numerical VLM reached 0.963, demonstrating strong performance in textual and quantitative interpretation, respectively. The unified JSON output enables seamless integration with CAD and manufacturing databases, providing a scalable solution for intelligent engineering drawing analysis.

Pengxiang Lv, Dan Wang, Zichen Li

To address the issues of missing detection and false detection caused by characteristics such as small target properties, dense arrangement, variable orientations, similar shapes, and multi-scales in the automatic detection of mechanical drawing symbols, a mechanical drawing symbol detection method based on YOLO-World is proposed. Leveraging the real-time detection performance and open-vocabulary recognition capability of YOLO-World, this method enhances the ability to capture the edge contours and line details of symbols by fine-tuning the model head parameters and optimizing the symbol feature extraction network, thereby achieving accurate recognition and localization of various standard symbols in mechanical drawings, including dimension lines, section symbols, tolerance codes, and part symbols. Using the method proposed in this paper, the detection of symbols in mechanical engineering drawings is realized. Without increasing the model complexity, the average precision of symbol recognition reaches 83.2%, and the $\mathrm{mAP} \text{@} 50: 95$ and $\mathrm{mAP} \text{@} 90$ are improved by 6.8% and 6.4% respectively.

Amr S.H.R. Ali, A. Ali, Youssef W.R. Amin et al.

Mechanical drawing plays an important role in managing, designing and implementing engineering projects, especially in the field of the automotive industry. The need for accuracy in element design and manufacturing is greater now than ever before in engineering industries. In order to increase accuracy, the part design and function must be clearly communicated between the design engineer and the manufacturing technicians, especially in automotive industry and feeder industries projects. Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances (GD&T) system of elements determines the quality, importance and price of the designed product. The standard used in the United States to define GD&T methodology is ASME Y14.5-2009 while the standard used in Europe is ISO 1101-2017. This article discussed the importance of using GD&T system including the types of geometrical features, limitations and accuracy, datum references frame and feature control frame to handle these symbols seamlessly. Moreover, the paper included a proposal to draw and design a drive shaft as a mechanical element to become a prototype when manufactured, with the aim of distributing it to achieve the highest possible quality. The performance evaluation was verified by distributing closed-ended questionnaires with a Likert scale of five answer choices. The sample size of students who provided answers was 33 students from the mechatronics engineering program. The results showed that more than 86% of mechanical drawing students showed great interest in the GD&T system lecture on the proposed drawing-sheet. While more than 83% were very satisfied with the inclusion of the GD&T system in the proposed mechanical drawing-sheet. In addition, the drawing and design took into account that the project operations are carried out with the least amount of waste of raw materials and reduce project risk. This is for the purpose of raising the educational and skill level of students in engineering colleges and higher institutes and technicians in automobile companies and their feeding industries.

Philani Brian Mlambo

This qualitative study was conducted to investigate the instructional practices used by Engineering Graphics and Design (EGD) to teach Isometric Drawing (ID). This enquiry was necessitated by the growing concern from subject advisors and teachers about the poor performance of learners in isometric drawing. In an attempt to meet the objectives, this study adopted an interpretivist position to understand the instructional practices employed by teachers in teaching isometric drawing. This study used seven (7) EGD teachers who were conveniently selected, it is worth noting that the sample was influenced by the fact that EGD is a subject that is not common hence not many schools offer it. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) was used as a framework that underpinned this study. Findings from this study indicated that all EGD teachers have the common understanding that ID involves converting 2d orthographic view into a 3d figure. The findings further revealed that teachers rely heavily on models, YouTube videos and AutoCAD to develop learners’ spatial ability which is a very important skill. The study recommended that there should be no teacher hired to teach EGD without being fully trained. The study further recommended that future research should be conducted on learners to get their insight on why they are performing poorly in ID.

Pietro Costa, Raffaella Fagnoni

The contribution describes the activities of a teaching and research experience, named Alter_Azioni. It consists of three main parts. Firstly, it introduces the lagoon context as the reference framework used to experiment with a design local based to address the problems of the local territory and the environment. The paper moves on to discuss the design approach proposed to the students, contextualizing research and experiences based on the needs of the region and its inhabitants, through the exploration of a possible balance between the biological approach and the artifactual one. Furthermore, it summarizes some references about these issues, in order to gain a deeper insight into the chances or the pitfalls of this project. The second part provides an overview of the possible design range of concerns scenarios for a short-term future, focusing on the design projects developed and mapping them following three paths. Finally, in the third part, a look back points out what has been experienced as possible alternative scenarios.

Avinash Shende, Mandar Rane, Purba Joshi

Bamboo is a plentifully available material in India’s North-Eastern Region (NER), comprising eight states. Bamboo craft serves as a crucial source of livelihood in these states. Meghalaya, one of the NER states, has a centuries-old tradition of practising the woven bamboo craft. The state is somewhat isolated from mainstream developmental activities, leading to a persistently unchanged livelihood structure over generations. The absence of infrastructure and limited technological access has empowered these communities to exercise increased autonomy, thereby preventing them from participating in the country’s circular economy. The paper delves into the challenges faced by bamboo craft communities, exploring issues related to their practices, livelihoods, and culture. It also shares the experiences and insights gained from a three-year-long collaborative design intervention project called Shken.in.

Lara Maria Luft, Debora Barauna, Gustavo Severo de Borba

This paper aims to examine the lack of engagement by Generation Z teachers in Brazil. We propose that Strategic Design offers new meanings by engaging in social innovation through the establishment of creative communities within the context of digital transformation for these teachers to explore other teaching spaces out of schools. The objective of this study is to gain insights into the functioning of a creative community and its potential to accommodate Generation Z teachers. To achieve this objective, we employed a netnographic analysis approach within the CoNUMIdade Turbo of NUMI Educação for ten days. Additionally, interviews were conducted with the community’s creators. The findings suggest that the establishment of a creative community requires the understanding of generational needs, also adopting a horizontal management structure to empower a collective creation and to foster connections, sociability, and affectivity between the members.

Daniela Anna Calabi, Alice Maturo

Considering the paradigmatic evolution of the concept of health into physical, psychological, and social well-being and its relational dimension determined by the continuous exchange between individuals, Design for Health Communication has developed new services, tools, and languages. This discussion paper aims to highlight the pivotal role of Communication Design in ensuring accessible content for health prevention and developing tools to inform citizens regarding medical issues and pro-health attitudes and behaviour. As evidence of the research conducted on the sanitary districts of Piacenza, the definition of guidelines for accessible sanitary networks and social actors in the territory redefines the designer’s responsibility as a bridge between citizens, doctors, and community in a broader sense, to ensure that the information for a better Health Literacy is both widespread and effective.

Jenny Tingvall Kornmacher, Elena Vai

In the light of the pressing global challenges, our need for innovation has dramatically changed. Instead of technical innovation alone, we need solutions on a much larger scale as well. The text analyses the transformation of the discourse on innovation in the last two decades, trying to illustrate the progressive shift of meanings, actors and tools involved in the process and what caused it. In the last decade, a slow mutation has occurred from the concept of creative and critical practice in the hands of creative individuals to creativity-driven innovation brought by the whole Cultural and Creative Sector and Industries (CCSI), and promoted by the establishment of the new EIT Culture & Creativity Knowledge Innovation Community in 2023. Nowadays, the debate on how to improve innovation and competitiveness must shift the attention from subjects and objects to support structures and ecosystems. Thanks to the analysis of case-studies, four possible contemporary design approaches to innovation have been identified: advanced design innovation, responsible innovation, knowledge innovation, cross-sectoral innovation. The selected case-studies and an interview with a Swedish artist illustrate the role of universities, research centres and public labs as structures supporting cross-sectorial innovation including CCSI in their research since the beginning.

Erik Ciravegna, Clara Giardina, Davide Pletto

The current environmental, social, and economic crises have laid bare the profound instability plaguing the planet and brought to light many complex situations that require urgent action. Design is called once again to reconsider, as a discipline and as a practice, its role towards society and the environment, and to redefine methods, tools, and processes to offer solutions that not only do not harm the surrounding environment, but also help heal the conflicts that affect human beings and all other beings inhabiting the planet as one living system. The goal is to promote transitions to more sustainable and circular production and consumption patterns by taking a systemic, planet-centered approach, strengthening the ethical responsibilities of design, and reaffirming its mediating role in solving the wicked problems that characterize the contemporary world. Within this framework, reflections, and experiences from the field of design research were gathered to highlight disruptions with traditional practices and possible paths of transition to alternative forms of thought and action, with the aim of addressing current crises and laying the groundwork for a more sustainable future.

Annapaola Vacanti, Francesco Burlando, Isabella Nevoso et al.

The implications of contemporary technological and environmental changes are driving a transition in human practices toward approaches that widen and shift the focus beyond human needs. These approaches leverage new ideas and concepts coming from the posthumanist perspective, which has been gaining momentum across several disciplines, including the design field. As several researchers have started to take interest in those themes, experimental methods and practices have been growing along with different definitions, which may accentuate the complexity of producing consistent advances in the discipline. The objective of the article is to review the existing literature on design practices and approaches that, during the last decade, have evolved beyond the focus of a single user and are thus defined with terms such as More-Than-Human Centered Design, Ecosystemic Design, Posthuman Design, etc. The outputs of the integrative literature review offer a clearer picture of the phenomenon.

Mengru Liu, Newman Lau, Kelly Tang

We present a basketball training visualization method – Motion Time Cylinder (MTC) designed to help novice players learn basketball techniques more easily. The basketball player can select their preferred movement to learn and visualize the body and joint movements in detail. Extensive visualization as a graphical assistant help supports the player in understanding 3D movements from the visual patterns. At the same time, players can understand the coordination and spatial relationship when playing the movement. The visualization principle is based on the mapping of body movement into the graphic of clock-based division locations. The movements can then be represented by the translation pattern between the frontal and transverse planes of cylinder spaces. As a result, the movement can be visualized by rendering the translation pattern base on the clock from a specific perspective, for example, an orthogonal view. This paper explains the visualization principles of the mapping and pattern as well as the graphical representation based on user perception.

Muhammad Jameel Mohamed Kamil, Sarah Aliya Shaukat

Due to a substantial impact of hazardous materials in toy design, numerous toy companies have opted for an eco-friendly toy by promoting a legacy of innovation rather than waste and degradation. Furthermore, one of the most significant polymers for being recognised as a safe toy material is Polycaprolactone (PCL). However, in Malaysia, the study of Malaysian parent’s level of awareness in buying eco-friendly toys, their behaviour in purchasing and managing toys at home, as well as the preferences of play type for their children, is not widely discussed. Thus, forty (40) Malaysian parents have participated in an online survey conducted by the research team. The result of the study found that most Malaysian parents has a low level of awareness in buying eco-friendly toys for their children, lack the skills needed in handling broken or unused toys, and have selected criteria to be considered when purchasing a toy. Furthermore, a set of semiworking toy design was successfully developed using PCL as a proposal for potential future development and production. It is hoped that the outcome of this study will contribute to inspire future toy designers to account for Malaysian parent’s preferences when developing eco-friendly toys.

Peter Eades, Niklas Gröne, Karsten Klein et al.

Celtic knots are an ancient art form often attributed to Celtic cultures, used to decorate monuments and manuscripts, and to symbolise eternity and interconnectedness. This paper describes the framework CelticGraph to draw graphs as Celtic knots and links. The drawing process raises interesting combinatorial concepts in the theory of circuits in planar graphs. Further, CelticGraph uses a novel algorithm to represent edges as Bézier curves, aiming to show each link as a smooth curve with limited curvature.

Carla Binucci, Henry Förster, Julia Katheder et al.

Partial edge drawings (PED) of graphs avoid edge crossings by subdividing each edge into three parts and representing only its stubs, i.e., the parts incident to the end-nodes. The morphing edge drawing model (MED) extends the PED drawing style by animations that smoothly morph each edge between its representation as stubs and the one as a fully drawn segment while avoiding new crossings. Participants of a previous study on MED (Misue and Akasaka, GD19) reported eye straining caused by the animation. We conducted a user study to evaluate how this effect is influenced by varying animation speed and animation dynamic by considering an easing technique that is commonly used in web design. Our results provide indications that the easing technique may help users in executing topology-based tasks accurately. The participants also expressed appreciation for the easing and a preference for a slow animation speed.

Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff

Orthogonal graph drawing has many applications, e.g., for laying out UML diagrams or cableplans. In this paper, we present a new pipeline that draws multigraphs orthogonally, using few bends, few crossings, and small area. Our pipeline computes an initial graph layout, then removes overlaps between the rectangular nodes, routes the edges, orders the edges, and nudges them, that is, moves edge segments in order to balance the inter-edge distances. Our pipeline is flexible and integrates well with existing approaches. Our main contribution is (i) an effective edge-nudging algorithm that is based on linear programming, (ii) a selection of simple algorithms that together produce competitive results, and (iii) an extensive experimental comparison of our pipeline with existing approaches using standard benchmark sets and metrics.

Umrzok Qabiljonovich Rustamov

This article describes the possibilities of teaching drawing in the subjects of engineering graphics using engineering computer graphics programs, making geometric figures using the AutoCAD program, volumetric modeling of objects, cutting, applying color schemes and showing dimensions.

Asheena Singh-Pillay, D. Sotsaka

This study focuses on first-year Pre-service Engineering Graphics and Design teachers (PSEGDTs), as studies on the spatial-visual abilities of PSEGDTs is absent in mainstream spatial-visual literature. This paper reports on a teaching resource designed to support PSEDGTs' reading and interpreting AD. Data is presented in response to the following research questions, Does the comprehension of Assembly Drawing by PSEGDTs, alter after exposure to the teaching resource, if so how and, what contributed to the change? Twenty-one first-year PSEDGTs who participated in the authors' more extensive study were deliberately chosen to partake in this research. Individual interviews and focus group interviews were employed to develop data. Content analysis was embraced to elicit meaning from the data. The results highlight a significant improvement in most first-year PSEGDTs ability to read and interpret assembly drawings after the teaching resource. The research proposes an innovative strategy for teaching and learning of assembly drawing.