Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Jasmina Tolj Smolčić

Visoka informativnost, objektivnost, vjerodostojnost i organizacija znanja, kao tek neke od karakteristika, čine enciklopedije i mrežne enciklopedijske projekte pouzdanim djelima koja korisnicama pružaju učinkovit dohvat informacija vezanih uz područje interesa. Kao vrijedan izvor stjecanja novih znanja, za njih je nužno u prezentaciji, ne samo kvaliteti, držati korak s mrežnim stranicama današnjice. Jedan od načina prezentacije je i ona prostorna, a koju bi u enciklopedijskome smislu trebalo dodatno istražiti. Ta je praksa već prisutna u različitim projektima, a takav nov način predstavljanja mrežnoga enciklopedičkog sadržaja omogućio bi učinkovitije informiranje korisnica te unaprijeđenu navigaciju pri dohvaćanju sadržaja. U enciklopedici prostorne odrednice, kao temelj prostornog prikaza, nisu u sustavnoj uporabi te nije omogućeno njihovo adekvatno pretraživanje i pregledavanje. Sadržaj Hrvatske tehničke enciklopedije iskorišten je za kvalitativnu analizu članaka kojom su se za svaku od kategorija članaka odredile vrste podataka s prostornom odrednicom koje su tipične za kategoriju, diskutirane su prednosti i nedostatci bilježenja pojedinih informacija (kako na jednom prikazu, tako i stvaranjem tematskih karata), a potom su definirane vrste podataka koje je za svaku od kategorija uputno bilježiti. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno kako su upravo kategorije članaka nositelji stvaranja budućega modela prostornoga označavanja i prikaza enciklopedijskoga znanja. Na temelju stvaranja unificiranih prostornih odrednica (geotagova), za pojedine kategorije članaka predložen je skup metapodataka i stvoren model prostornoga prikaza enciklopedijskoga znanja. Na njegovu je temelju, kao dio razvoja mrežnoga enciklopedičkog sadržaja Hrvatske tehničke enciklopedije stvoren Atlas hrvatske tehničke baštine kao njezin prostorni prikaz.

Melissa Xiaohui Qin

Abstract This study documents the past and present of English scholarship of Shuōwén jiězì, the most important masterpiece of classical Chinese philology and lexicography. In an attempt to investigate the current status (synchronically) and developmental trajectory (diachronically) of Shuōwén scholarship, this study surveyed the bibliographical, theoretical, methodological and thematic state of Shuōwén literature manifested in an analytical framework of six parameters (geographic distribution, publication outlets, citations, theoretical approaches, research methods and research strands) by adopting a thorough bibliometric analysis subsequent to meticulous coding in terms of these six parameters in Shuōwén scholarship. The results showed that Shuōwén scholarship has displayed distinctive distribution patterns and chronological trends along bibliographical, theoretical, methodological and thematic dimensions. Synchronically, the research output is regionally based, thematically restricted and qualitatively examined; diachronically, the research quality is fluctuating, though research quantity multiplies steadily. To look ahead, the study sketched a few directions for advancement of future research agendas: a more global profile of researchers, a larger degree of internationalization of the native circle, a wider disciplinary range, and increased specialization streamlined into data-driven approach to core issues of liùshū, bùshǒu and GPS (graphic-phonetic-semantic) of head graphs. The study is useful in portraying an overarching disciplinary landscape for Shuōwén research and providing the basic reference statistics for possible comparisons across classical Chinese studies and for more general conclusions about the state of scholarship on sinology.

Gloria Mambelli, Johanna Vogelsanger

This paper investigates the lexis associated with the church and the manor, two major institutions of medieval England, in order to assess the effects of language contact across lexical domains and levels of specificity. The data for this study, consisting of lexical items denoting locations and objects, was extracted from existing thesauri and analysed in terms of source languages, technicality, and survival, with the aim of finding out to what extent the influence of borrowing from French and Latin varied depending on the domain and level of specificity of meaning. The results reveal a consistent predominance of Romance-origin lexis in the domain relating to the church and of native English lexis in the manorial vocabulary across all levels of specificity, although some variation was found in the subsets relating to locations and objects. In addition, survival rates are relatively higher in the religious vocabulary; however, neither of the two domains displays a considerable difference in loss of lexical material between different languages during the Middle English period. The differences and commonalities identified between the two lexical domains reveal the ways in which language contact operated in two major multilingual contexts of post-Conquest England.

Tania Triberio, Erika Avakova

This study aims to contribute to the analysis of specific words entering a target language (TL) from a source one (SL), through intermediary languages (IL). In particular, this paper will analyse a selection of borrowings that entered Italian (TL) from Russian (SL) and vice-versa, focusing on the role played by IL ​​with respect to the ‘features’ the borrowing shows when entering a TL. The analysis will develop over three main phases: (i) brief excursus about theoretical studies on ‘contact linguistics’; (ii) analysis on the way a selection of both direct & indirect borrowings entered, alternatively, one of the two TLs, at different lexical and grammatical levels; (iii) a case study: the Russianism ‘boiar(d)o’ entering Italian. Some conclusions will be drawn in relation to the importance of a transversal approach, both linguistic and historical, in the analysis of interference phenomena.

Ivana Filipović Petrović, Jelena Parizoska

Electronic lexicography is a branch of lexicography that deals with theoretical and practical aspects of online dictionaries, additionally encompassing encyclopedias, lexicons, glossaries, terminological repositories, and other online information tools. From the user’s perspective, electronic dictionaries offer fast access, entries enriched with new types of information such as sounds and images as well as links to other software featuring embedded teaching and learning, games, etc. From the lexicographic perspective, e-dictionaries overcome limitations of alphabetical ordering as well as those of linear text by supplying entries with links and the show less/more functionality. However, despite these advantages, not all national lexicographies offer a wide range of born-digital dictionaries. In response to this, contemporary e-lexicography seeks to offer solutions to the challenges arising from the seemingly ideal digital conditions, including the danger of overwhelming the user with an abundance of unstructured data leading to the loss of information. E-lexicography also seeks to answer the question of what lexicographers can do to induce users to obtain information from dictionaries rather than from online databases or fast search engines. This article provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in electronic lexicography from a theoretical and technological perspective. It starts by presenting the main theoretical postulates related to the features of e-dictionaries and electronic lexicography theory. On the one hand, electronic lexicography is based on existing lexicographic theory with its linguistic underpinnings, where dictionary microstructure crucially depends on the lexicographer’s practice. On the other hand, it involves technological, functional and aesthetic aspects of creating a digital dictionary. The overview is followed by examples from electronic dictionaries of Croatian and other languages illustrating how the challenges of the information age and of balancing all the features of e-lexicography with user needs may be addressed. The article concludes that current lexicographic practice in creating dictionaries and other lexicographic tools is turned towards keeping up with rapid technological developments and social needs.

Dubravka Latinčić

This paper describes the development of settlements and roads in the Southeastern Zagreb Foothills from the 13th to the 16th century. The Foothills are a microregion bordered by the river Sava in the south, Zagreb in the west, the Medvednica in the north, and the Zelina Foothills in the east. In the High and Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, this microregion was located in the eastern parts of the Zagreb County and did not have any specific name, unlike today, when it is colloquially known as the Sesvete Foothills, the Foothills, or the Sesvete Area, after the Sesvete district of Zagreb. Today, it is the most densely inhabited area where the foothills meet the Sava plain, while its central hilly parts, with numerous mountain stream valleys and their tributaries, were the most densely populated area in the High and Late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The first settlements in this area developed below fortresses or seats of parishes in the 13th century in the hilly parts of the Zagreb Foothills, but later settlements, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, developed mostly along the main plains roads. These roads connected the Austro-German lands in the west with the Slavonian and Hungarian counties in the Sava-Drava interfluve and the Podunavlje to the east, and the central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary with the eastern Adriatic ports. All settlements were part of four large estates, which encompassed almost the entire Southeastern Zagreb Foothills area.

Ondřej Tichý

Since at least the mid twentieth century, countability has been a lively topic in many fields of linguistics as well as an important subject in the field of teaching English as a second/foreign language. Yet the development of this category in the history of English has been little researched and never comprehensively described. This paper looks at the current state of the descriptions of the emergence of this category in the history of English. It notes a possible connection between its prominent status in the descriptions of Present-Day English and of English as a global language (studied by many non-native learners as well as linguists). It maps the history of the description of the category in grammars and dictionaries from the fourteenth until the early twentieth century, and prepares the ground for a follow-up corpus-based research of the development of countability in English.

L. Zgusta

Domagoj Vidović

This paper will analyse approximately 400 toponyms in Tivat and its vicinity. The introductory part of the paper presents the basic historical and demographic data for the studied area (the settlements Bogdašići, Gornja Lastva, Donja Lastva, Kavač, Lepetane, Mrčevac, and Tivat). The central part of the paper classifies the local toponyms according to motivation and linguistic origin. In addition to the basic Slavic (Croatian) layer, the toponymy of Tivat has preserved various substrate and adstrate traits, mostly of Romanic origin.

Stuart James

Martin Benjamin

Inside Baseball: Coverage, quality, and culture in the Global WordNet The Global WordNet is succeeding in producing relatively open linguistic data that is coordinated to a degree among numerous languages. The project has grown organically, with no overall plan or direction. The result is a certain amount of incoherence in determining what items should be treated in wordnets, and how the various wordnets should aspire to consistent quality. Using the example of terms related to baseball, which constitute a non-trivial portion of the Princeton WordNet, this paper discusses problems of coverage selection both for English and for other languages, as well as methods to improve quality and depth through public review of current content, and contribution of missing terms and definitions. It is proposed that proper names be removed entirely from WordNet and treated as a separate project, and that individual languages produce annexes of indigenous concepts that can be readily considered within sister projects as a supplement to the Anglo-American weighting of the current endeavor. To produce a consistent product that transmits inter-intelligible understanding at a high level across languages, it is proposed that an open committee of interested stakeholders convene to consider the project's goals and develop a roadmap for how to achieve them.   Baseball dla zaawansowanych: pokrycie leksykalne, jakość i kultura w Global WordNet Global WordNet z powodzeniem tworzy stosunkowo otwarte dane językowe, do pewnego stopnia powiązane pomiędzy wieloma językami. Projekt żyje własnym życiem, bez żadnego ogólnego planu ani kierunku. Rezultatem jest pewna niespójność w określaniu, które elementy powinny znaleźć się w wordnetach oraz w jaki sposób różne wordnety powinny dążyć do utrzymania tej samej jakości. Na przykładzie terminów związanych z baseballem, które zajmują niemałą część Princeton WordNet, niniejszy artykuł omawia problemy wyboru pokrycia leksykalnego zarówno dla języka angielskiego, jak i innych języków, a także metody poprawy jakości poprzez publiczny przegląd aktualnych treści oraz dodanie brakujących terminów i definicji. Proponuje się, aby nazwy własne zostały całkowicie usunięte z WordNetu i potraktowane jako odrębny projekt, a w ramach poszczególnych języków utworzone zostały aneksy rodzimych pojęć, które można wziąć pod uwagę w ramach siostrzanych projektów jako uzupełnienie obecnego anglo-amerykańskiego przedsięwzięcia. W celu stworzenia spójnego produktu, który będzie charakteryzował się wzajemną zrozumiałością na wysokim poziomie w różnych językach, proponuje się zwołanie otwartego komitetu zainteresowanych podmiotów, aby rozważyć cele projektu i opracować plan działania, w jaki sposób cele te osiągnąć.

Maciej Karpiński, Agnieszka Czoska, Ewa Jarmołowicz-Nowikow et al.

Aspects of gestural alignment in task-oriented dialogues Interlocutors in a conversation influence each other in a number of dimensions. This process may lead to observable changes in their communicative behaviour. The directions and profiles of these changes are often correlated with the quality of interaction and may predict its success. In the present study, the gestural component of communication is scrutinised for changes that may reflect the process of alignment. Two types of task-oriented dialogues between teenagers are recorded and annotated for gestures and their features. We hypothesize that the dialogue task type (collaborative vs. competitive), as well as certain culture-specific properties of alignment that differ between German and Polish pairs, may significantly influence the process of communication. In order to explore the data and detect tendencies in gestural behaviour, automatised annotation mining and statistical exploration have been used, including a moving frame approach aimed at the investigation of co-occurring strokes as well as re-occurring strokes and their features. Significant differences between German and Polish speakers, as well as between the two dialogue types, have been found in the number of gestures, stroke duration and amplitude.   Aspekty wzajemnego dopasowania gestykulacji w dialogach zadaniowych Uczestnicy konwersacji wpływają na siebie wzajemnie w wielu różnych wymiarach. Proces ten może prowadzić do obserwowalnych zmian w ich zachowaniach komunikacyjnych. Kierunek i charakter tych zmian często wiążą się z jakością interakcji i mogą pozwolić przewidzieć jej sukces. Celem niniejszego badania jest eksploracja gestowego składnika komunikacji pod kątem zjawisk, które mogą odzwierciedlać zjawisko wzajemnego dopasowania uczestników. Zarejestrowano dwa typy dialogów zadaniowych z udziałem nastolatków. Nagrania anotowano pod kątem gestów i ich cech. W badaniu postawiono hipotezę, iż typ zadania dialogowego (ukierunkowane na współpracę vs. na konkurencję), jak również pewne specyficzne cechy kulturowe dopasowania komunikacyjnego, które różnicują polskie i niemieckie pary rozmówców, mogą oddziaływać na proces komunikacji. W celu eksploracji danych oraz wykrycia tendencji cechujących zachowania gestowe, wykorzystano zautomatyzowane metody analizy anotacji oraz techniki statystyczne. Uwzględniono podejście oparte na ruchomych oknach czasowych, umożliwiające analizę współwystępowania jak i powtarzania gestów właściwych i ich właściwości. Wykazano istotne różnice między rozmówcami polskimi i niemieckimi oraz między typami zadań dialogowych w zakresie liczby gestów, czasu trwania oraz amplitudy gestu właściwego.

Tsvi Sadan

Paloma Sánchez Hernández

This study includes both theoretical and qualitative research and falls within the framework of semantics and lexicography. It is based on work conducted as a part of the COMBIDIGILEX research project: MINECO-FEDER FFI2015-64476-P. The lexicographical description proposed in the COMBIDIGILEX project is based on the foundations of bilingual lexicography from an onomasiological perspective, including paradigmatic information and syntagmatic analysis, which is useful to users creating texts for students at an advanced level. The project analyses verbal lexemes in German and Spanish based on a paradigmatic, syntagmatic, orthographic and morphological perspective (among others). Subsequently, a contrastive analysis was conducted between both languages. In this contribution, we first analyse what paradigmatic information is, including its relevance to a dictionary. Paradigmatic information includes not only synonyms and antonyms but also hyperonyms and hyponyms, which often complete the lexicographical article in a general dictionary. Paradigmatic relations can be observed in light of semantic definitions or may independently become part of the lexical entry. Forming the paradigmatic information of an entry in an independent manner is known as “intentionelle Paradigmatik”, and it constitutes a series of advantages in the dictionary (Hausmann 1991b: 2794). This type of information aids the processes of production and expands vocabulary. Next, we examine the appearance of synonyms in three German online monolingual dictionaries – DWDS, WORTSCHATZLEXIKON and DUDEN ONLINE – from the semantic perspective of cognition verbs. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate the relevance of this type of information as well as the needs it covers from a user’s perspective. Offering the user a series of lexical elements along with information on semantic relations of a paradigmatic nature thus addresses the issue of users having an array of possibilities at their disposal with which to express themselves. From these possibilities, the user can choose the one that best suits his or her purpose based on a variety of requisites, such as the type of text, stylistic recourses and so on, allowing the most fitting linguistic element to be inserted into the text. Another related objective is learning the ways in which paradigmatic information is reflected in these dictionaries. Thus, the differences between general monolingual dictionaries presenting paradigmatic information and paradigmatic dictionaries are revealed

Viktoria M Kosteva

The relevance of the article is defined by the primary appeal to a comparative analysis of the development of lexicography in countries with a totalitarian society. The analyzed material is con-sidered from the point of view of the “totalitarian” linguistics, which is considered as a set of discursive practices inherent to the totalitarian era. The aim of the present article is the confirmation of the hypothesis put forward by the author, that the totalitarian state, regardless of the time frames, generates a special kind of linguistics, which has a set of certain features making it totalitarian type according to the current political semantics. The subject of the study is the lexicographic works of the totalitarian era in Italy and Albania. The research material of this article was the original lexicographic sources from Italy and Albania, as well as scientific works in the field of lexicography devoted to the period of totalitarianism, mainly represented by foreign linguists. The research is conducted in line with the narrative lexicography, which allows to recreate an objective picture of the status and development of linguistics in totalitarian states, which contributes to the rethinking of the linguistic heritage of totalitarian states, and opens further per-spectives in the field of narrative lingvo historigraphy. The obtained results are characterized by a high degree of novelty. It is the first time when the lexicographical practice of totalitarian states is presented as a comparative analysis of the discursive practices of the totalitarian era. Previously, the study of the lexicography of totalitarian states was implemented on the basis of studying specific aspects of the vocabu-lary and was presented fragmentarily, mostly in foreign languages, which significantly limits the access to the works for Russian-speaking readers. The results of this analysis contribute to a General theory of lexicography and lingvo historigraphy of the twentieth century.

Federico Gobbo

Tea Rogić Musa

Marek Maziarz, Maciej Piasecki, Stan Szpakowicz

The System of Register Labels in plWordNet Stylistic registers influence word usage. Both traditional dictionaries and wordnets assign lexical units to registers, and there is a wide range of solutions. A system of register labels can be flat or hierarchical, with few labels or many, homogeneous or decomposed into sets of elementary features. We review the register label systems in lexicography, and then discuss our model, designed for plWordNet, a large wordnet for Polish. There follows a detailed comparative analysis of several register systems in Polish lexical resources. We also present the practical effect of the adoption of our flat, small and homogeneous system: a relatively high consistency of register assignment in plWordNet, as measured by inter-annotator agreement on a manageable sample. Large-scale conclusions for the whole plWordNet remain to be made once the annotation has been completed, but the experience half-way through this labour-intensive exercise is very encouraging.

Alexandre Gefen

In the humanities, as in the “hard” sciences, for more than a decade now the massive digitalisation of texts and data has produced big data or long data opening up new opportunities for research. But the accompanying critical methods pose considerable epistemological, institutional and pedagogical issues. In what is now referred to as the “digital humanities” , the remote reading of a corpus constituted by maps and graphs provides a specific form of knowledge and a methodological and epistemological paradigm the heuristics of which must be grasped in all their potential. One must not allow oneself to be swept into the naïve belief that trawling a corpus of texts results in a transparent production of knowledge, a mass of data which remain silent artefacts in the absence of a specific hermeneutics.

Lesja Kostjantynìvna Hlyvìns'ka

Corpus linguistics suggests substantial support to all linguistic branches including author's lexicography. Potential of the Ukrainian Corpus may be used effectively in relation to parameterization of literary texts, in particular to form a research data base using "work" subcorpus (by writer's works); to structure information of any level of linguistic idiosystem, namely phonetic, morphemic, lexical, syntactic; to diagnose lingual peculiarities of the author's text considering genre, thematic, chronological specific character of the continuum under examination; based on the selected material to design various dictionnaries (frequency, ideographic, concordance).