Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

Clare Breidenich, D. Magraw, Anne Rowley et al.

Serious studies in Theatre Arts combine affective and cognitive modes of learning, resulting in the development and refinement of creativity and critical thinking skills. For this reason, Theatre Arts should be regarded as an essential part of the schools’ curriculum. Theatre arts has the power to transform education; to communicate to pupils/students in a language that demonstrates concepts, reveals symbols and forges connections with all aspects of their lives. Theatre Arts promotes interdisciplinary learning, multicultural understanding and develop problem-solving skills. The eclectic nature of Theatre Arts provides the framework for developing pupils’/students’ in various areas of the arts. Experiences in Theatre Arts provide opportunities for participants to learn about themselves and their identity.

Tom Christian

Burhanudin Harahap, Tastaftiyan Risfandy, Inas Nurfadia Futri

In essence, Islamic law (Maqasid al-Shariah) and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) initiated by the United Nations have the same goal: to achieve the perfection of a sustainable human life. Meanwhile, Islamic finance is regarded as an implementation of Islamic law, as many Islamic finance products and instruments are derived from Islamic law. Prior studies on Islamic law, Islamic finance, and SDGs tend to be scattered, and the role of Islamic finance in SDGs is still questionable. This paper uses a systematic literature review to investigate the intersection of Islamic finance, Islamic law, and SDGs. We selected papers that focused on Islamic finance as an inclusion criterion and excluded papers that only discussed Islamic countries as an exclusion criterion. We retrieved 65 papers and book chapters published from 2008 to 2022 from the Scopus database to analyze which parts of Islamic finance and law can contribute to the SDGs. We use thematic analysis for data synthesis by grouping findings into their relation to Islamic law using Al-Ghazali’s Framework of Maqashid Al-Shariah and SDGs from the UN, and then explaining the research results using a narrative method. Through this study, we found that Islamic finance supports the SDGs with the most significant contribution to humanity. In addition, it is essential to know that the support of the government, regulators, and related institutions is much needed to improve Islamic finance for the achievement of SDGs.

C. Vega

The basic purpose of the Protocol is to prevent and combat trafficking, to protect and assist victims and to promote international cooperation. The protection of, and assistance to, victims is specified as a core purpose of the Protocol. The Protocol requires that particular attention be paid to combat and prevent trafficking in women and children, while maintaining the basic principle that all forms of trafficking should be covered by the Protocol. A definition of the term "trafficking in persons" is provided in the Protocol, as well as a number of mandatory requirements relating to protection of and assistance to trafficked persons that State Parties are obliged to fulfil. The savings clause in Article 14 ensures that the Protocol does not affect the rights, obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international law, including international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law.

Diego Guerrero García

La educación constituye un punto de partida para comprender y acceder como individuos y sociedad a los grandes cambios que experimentamos diariamente, más aún cuando hablamos sobre el progreso científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Sín embargo, no podemos hablar de la universalidad de un derecho sino logramos garantizarlo a todos los sectores de la población principalmente a los grupos que se encuentran en situación de vulnerabilidad. Esta noción se vuelve fundamental cuando consideramos el contexto de la discapacidad, pues representa alrededor del 15% de la población mundial, -1,300 millones de personas, que son aproximadamente la población de China- constituyendo un sector poco visibilizado que requiere ser atendido.  Por lo anterior, el presente ensayo busca esclarecer algunas generalidades conceptuales en torno al binomio derecho-educación y la necesidad de que este responda con mayor eficacia al dinamismo de las exigencias de los diferentes sectores sociales. Atendiendo a esto, nos ceñiremos al análisis normativo, institucional y judicial del caso mexicano con la finalidad de generar un esquema u hoja de ruta que pueda ser aplicado y ampliado para el estudio particular de la educación inclusiva y accesible en otros países.

V. N. Koval

INTRODUCTION. This article analyzes in detail the most relevant provisions of the norms of private international law in the maritime transport of goods– the Hague, Hague-Visby, Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules. The development of maritime conventions on the carriage of goods by sea is studied from minimum standards establishing the obligations and responsibilities of the carrier to detailed unified legal systems regulating bill of lading. The development of regulation of the most important institutions is analyzed: the responsibility and duties of the carrier; the responsibility of the shipper; novels about transport records.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A special place in the study is given to conducting a comparative analysis, identifying differences between the provisions of maritime conventions on cargo transportation, as well as studying the main advantages and disadvantages of the convention fixing the basic rules aimed at regulating relations on cross-border cargo transportation by sea.RESEARCH RESULTS. The evolution of the provisions of the maritime conventions demonstrates their modernization in each subsequent version, with a tendency to expand the scope of territorial and substantive application, including more modern regulation of such important areas in the field of international transportation as carrier liability and the transfer of the burden of proof, detailing the regulation of the use of bills of lading. The thesis is substantiated that the mutual coexistence of three international regimes regulating maritime transport (the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules) violated its uniformity. The implementation of the provisions of the Rotterdam Convention, which contain detailed regulation of all parties to the contract for the carriage of goods by sea, in the future will contribute to filling legal gaps that until then were filled by the norms of national legislation, which, in turn, led to differences between the legal norms of individual countries and to a significant number of court proceedings. To solve the problem of international legal conflicts, in our opinion, it is necessary to reach a consensus on the ratification of an international act that would unify the rules for the international carriage of goods by sea. For sovereign states, it is relevant to adopt such regulations that will protect the interests of the relevant carriers, as well as the possibility of ratifying conventions with reservations and exceptions.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The study substantiates the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the controversial norms of national legislation, as a result of which judicial proceedings arise, and the inclusion of the norms of modern international maritime conventions containing relevant and useful provisions for participants in these legal relations in the legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the mechanism of influence of foreign law on contractual and non-contractual relations between legal entities and individuals, and also on the basis of maintaining a balance of interests of large shipping and cargo companies in Russia.

A. Romano, Matthias Sutter, James H. Liu et al.

Cooperation within and across borders is of paramount importance for the provision of public goods. Parochialism – the tendency to cooperate more with ingroup than outgroup members – limits contributions to global public goods. National parochialism (i.e., greater cooperation among members of the same nation) could vary across nations and has been hypothesized to be associated with rule of law, exposure to world religions, relational mobility and pathogen stress. We conduct an experiment in participants from 42 nations (N = 18,411), and observe cooperation in a prisoner’s dilemma with ingroup, outgroup, and unidentified partners. We observe that national parochialism is a ubiquitous phenomenon: it is present to a similar degree across the nations studied here, is independent of cultural distance, and occurs both when decisions are private or public. These findings inform existing theories of parochialism and suggest it may be an obstacle to the provision of global public goods. National parochialism is the tendency to cooperate more with people of the same nation. In a 42-nations study, the authors show that national parochialism is a pervasive phenomenon, present to a similar degree across all the studied nations, and occurs both when decisions are private or public.

Fátima Castro Moreira

Portugal’s ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1997 brought with it the need to create an appropriate strategy to assist policy makers. This was done by the Strategic Commission for the Oceans, an entity created in 2003 with the aim of promoting a strategic plan based on the sustainable use of the ocean and its resources. More than a place allowing different uses and activities, the ocean itself should be seen as the most valuable natural resource and should be protected, preserved and valued. The political model proposed by the report suggested the creation of a specialised Council of Ministers dedicated to the formulation of policies and planning guidelines, and to the coordination of the integrated management of the sector, which together with an entity of a predominantly technical nature, reach a definition of a global policy for the sea composed of a national strategy, the regular evaluation of sea affairs and the coordination of sectoral policies. This paper begins with the analysis of this strategic reference as a governance model, articulating the intersections between the various actors. A current approach requires this governance model to be multi-level: global, continental/regional, and domestic/local.

Carola Lingaas

Articles 27 and 34 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) recognise Indigenous Peoples’ laws. Art. 34 gives Indigenous Peoples the right to maintain their juridical systems or customs in accordance with international human rights standards. Although the UNDRIP is soft law, its core is arguably customary law and, therefore, a binding source of law. For States with Indigenous People, such as Norway, the UNDRIP is of paramount importance, from a legal, political, and not least moral perspective. This paper discusses norm hierarchies and tensions that are created in the meeting between the Indigenous customary law of the Sámi and statutory domestic Norwegian law. The introduction of customary, commonly unwritten, Indigenous rules into the judicial portfolio of a State creates an obvious challenge: what is their legal status? Can Indigenous law set aside domestic statutory norms? Some might argue that due to historical wrong, Indigenous law should always take precedence when domestic law conflicts with it. While Norwegian domestic law acknowledges the precedence of certain core human rights treaties over domestic laws, the same is not valid for Indigenous rights. How then should Indigenous custom be dealt with before a court of law, and how do the different legal systems relate to each other? This paper is foremost based on theoretical, to a lesser degree also on empirical material. It discusses on a general level the relationship between different legal systems within the same State and, on a specific level, the dealing of the Norwegian courts with Sámi Indigenous laws and customs.

Maria Laura Eberhardt

El presente artículo constituye uno de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación enfocado en analizar la revocatoria de mandato como un mecanismo de participación y control ciudadano, adoptado en mayor medida desde fines de los años 80 por varios países de América Latina en un clima de crisis de la representación política. El caso Panamá es doblemente interesante para su estudio, debido a que, además de la revocatoria popular, incluye una modalidad especial de recall: la revocatoria partidaria o “antitránsfuga”. Para su abordaje, se realiza un análisis en profundidad y comparado de la legislación nacional que crea y reglamenta estos dos institutos, así como un estudio empírico de los dos únicos casos de aplicación de revocatoria partidaria registrados hasta el momento. En las conclusiones se sintetizan los alcances y limitaciones de la existencia y uso de la revocatoria como un instrumento de profundización democrática.

Robert J. Miller

This short article sets out the ten elements the author thinks comprise the Doctrine of Discovery as defined in Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. 543 (1823). This infamous Indian Law case has been cited and applied hundreds of times by the United States Supreme Court and the courts of Australia, Canada, England, and New Zealand. Fully understanding this case is important to understanding the legal aspects of the United States colonization of Indian nations.

Ola

L. Grover

What relationship does international law have to transitional justice and what role has the United Nations (UN) played in shaping that relationship? The international legal history of this concept reveals that the UN has shifted from relying on international law to support nationally determined transitional justice efforts to expecting States to conform to a growing body of international legal standards it has set in this field. This turn to international legal hegemony and UN managerialism can marginalise some of the most pressing concerns of people attempting to overcome past large-scale abuses. In recent years, the UN has expanded its work in transitioning societies and scholars have recommended ways for better addressing the needs of their members. However, these measures seem partial at best, as they disrupt neither international law’s hegemony nor the UN’s managerial role in this field, which operate as major constraints on societies weighing their transitional justice options.

L.B. Bogatyreva, B.A. Taitorina, Z.T. Abdukarimova

Abstract. Special significancein the study of the problems of the implementation of international law into national legislation is acquiredin the context of the implementation of international standards in the field of juvenile rights. In the modern period, the problem of implementing the norms of theof the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by General Assembly resolution 44/25, opened for signature in the city of New York on November 20, 1989, and other international treaties into the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is being actualized. This article monitors and analyzes the practical realization of the International Acts on protection the interests and rights of the child, ratified in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and other documents concern the Juvenile Justice System. The research accomplished in the context of the entire array of the current Law System of the Republic of Kazakhstan, focused on the implementation the international standards for the protection of Human Rights in general and particular in the Rights of the Child. Basing on the Civil Law legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan,criteria are considered for the legal capacity of minors. The civil procedural capacity of minors is analyzed on the basis of the Civil Procedure Code. The principle of the best safeguarding of children’s rights, the need for its primary consideration in activities related to children, is enshrined in codified and other laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in which state policy in the interests of children is recognized as a priority area of activity of state authorities. In accordance with the aim of the study, the problem of the implementation in the national legislation of the norms of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is analyzed. Key words: minor, rights, convention, implementation, Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Yesim Atamer, Eric Bergsten, Joachim Bonell et al.

The CISG-AC started as a private initiative supported by the Institute of International Commercial Law at Pace University School of Law and the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London. The International Sales Convention Advisory Council (CISGAC) is in place to support the understanding of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the promotion and assistance in the uniform interpretation of the CISG. This is the CISG Advisory Council's Opinion No. 18 on set-off under the CISG.

Lucas Reis da Silva, Juliana Benício Xavier

O oitavo objetivo de desenvolvimento sustentável da Organização das Nações Unidas prevê a necessidade de “promover o crescimento econômico sustentado, inclusivo e sustentável, emprego pleno e produtivo e trabalho decente para todos”. Esta meta coincide com as orientações das políticas e programas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho no sentido de garantir o exercício laboral em condições que respeitem os direitos humanos, as liberdades individuais e a igualdade. Diante desse contexto, e reforçado por previsões explícitas na Constituição da República Federativa de 1988 que orientam no mesmo sentido, o Brasil tem desenvolvido políticas públicas e alterações legislativas importantes, relacionadas ao mundo do trabalho. Nos últimos vinte anos, mais de cinquenta e cinco mil trabalhadores brasileiros foram resgatados de condições análogas à de escravidão, de acordo com dados da Secretaria de Inspeção do Trabalho. De acordo com dados do Ministério Público do Trabalho, apesar de expressamente proibido por lei, o trabalho infantil ainda atinge 2,7 milhões crianças brasileiras. O país é o quarto do mundo com maior ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho, segundo dados do Ministério do Trabalho.  O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar em que medida a atuação estatal tem contribuído para a efetivação do trabalho decente, assim como, de que maneira os impactos trazidos pela reforma trabalhista aprovada no Congresso Nacional Brasileiro em 2017 podem interferir na promoção do exercício da atividade laboral de forma a que não viole direitos e garantias fundamentais à vida, à igualdade, à segurança e à liberdade. A superação de problemas relacionados ao trabalho decente é central à análise do desenvolvimento, que consiste, segundo Amartya Sen, na remoção de limitações às escolhas e às oportunidades para exercício de ação racional por parte dos cidadãos. Desta maneira, o presente artigo analisa os efeitos das políticas públicas de valorização do trabalho decente na expansão da liberdade dos indivíduos, considerada, simultaneamente, como fim do desenvolvimento e como seu principal meio. Algumas liberdades, entre as quais o trabalho decente, possuem papel instrumental na promoção de liberdades de outras espécies e estimulam iniciativas orientadas com fim de superar privações. Por isso, analisar em que medida o Estado Brasileiro tem alcançado sucesso em promover o trabalho decente torna-se tarefa de extrema importância.

B. Fassbender

In the past twenty years or so, the concept of the rule of law, cherished for centuries as a constitutional principle in a domestic legal context, has attracted much attention from international lawyers and international organizations. In particular, the United Nations has devoted substantial effort and time to studying and defining the international dimension of the concept, to concretizing specific legal consequences, and to applying the concept to its own mandate and work, especially in the area of the maintenance of international peace and security. Against this background, the present article enquires into the relationship between the concept of an international rule of law as advanced by the United Nations and the UN Charter. To what extent can the concept be said to be inherent in the Charter, although the term itself does not appear in its text? Comparing the original design of the Charter with the rule of law as developed by the UN, the article observes a progressive expansion of the concept in several dimensions, but at the same time its persistent vagueness.

Richard Albert, Sofia Ranchordás, Mariana Velasco Rivera

An introduction from the Guest Editors to the Thematic Dossier "The 30th Anniversary of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution" of the Journal of Constitutional Research (Revista de Investigações Constitucionais), vol. 5, n. 3, 2018.