Hasil untuk "Land use"

K. K. Goldewijk, A. Beusen, J. Doelman et al.

Abstract. This paper presents an update and extension of HYDE, the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE version 3.2). HYDE is an internally consistent combination of historical population estimates and allocation algorithms with time-dependent weighting maps for land use. Categories include cropland, with new distinctions for irrigated and rain-fed crops (other than rice) and irrigated and rain-fed rice. Grazing lands are also provided, divided into more intensively used pasture and less intensively used rangeland, and further specified with respect to conversion of natural vegetation to facilitate global change modellers. Population is represented by maps of total, urban, rural population, population density and built-up area. The period covered is 10 000 before Common Era (BCE) to 2015 Common Era (CE). All data can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-25g-gez3 . We estimate that global population increased from 4.4 million people (we also estimate a lower range Cropland occupied approximately less than 1 % of the global land area (13 037 Mha, excluding Antarctica) for a long time period until 1 CE, quite similar to the grazing land area. In the following centuries the share of global cropland slowly grew to 2.2 % in 1700 CE (ca. 293 Mha, uncertainty range 220–367 Mha), 4.4 % in 1850 CE (578 Mha, range 522–637 Mha) and 12.2 % in 2015 CE (ca. 1591 Mha, range 1572–1604 Mha). Cropland can be further divided into rain-fed and irrigated land, and these categories can be further separated into rice and non-rice. Rain-fed croplands were much more common, with 2.2 % in 1700 CE (289 Mha, range 217–361 Mha), 4.2 % (549 Mha, range 496–606 Mha) in 1850 CE and 10.1 % (1316 Mha, range 1298–1325 Mha) in 2015 CE, while irrigated croplands used less than 0.05 % (4.3 Mha, range 3.1–5.5 Mha), 0.2 % (28 Mha, range 25–31 Mha) and 2.1 % (277 Mha, range 273–278 Mha) in 1700, 1850 and 2015 CE, respectively. We estimate the irrigated rice area (paddy) to be 0.1 % (13 Mha, range 9–16 Mha) in 1700 CE, 0.2 % (28 Mha, range 26–31 Mha) in 1850 CE and 0.9 % (118 Mha, range 117–120 Mha) in 2015 CE. The estimates for land used for grazing are much more uncertain. We estimate that the share of grazing land grew from 5.1 % in 1700 CE (667 Mha, range 507–820 Mha) to 9.6 % in 1850 CE (1192 Mha, range 1068–1304 Mha) and 24.9 % in 2015 CE (3241 Mha, range 3211–3270 Mha). To aid the modelling community we have divided land used for grazing into more intensively used pasture, less intensively used converted rangeland and less or unmanaged natural unconverted rangeland. Pasture occupied 1.1 % in 1700 CE (145 Mha, range 79–175 Mha), 1.9 % in 1850 CE (253 Mha, range 218–287 Mha) and 6.0 % (787 Mha, range 779–795 Mha) in 2015 CE, while rangelands usually occupied more space due to their occurrence in more arid regions and thus lower yields to sustain livestock. We estimate converted rangeland at 0.6 % in 1700 CE (82 Mha range 66–93 Mha), 1 % in 1850 CE (129 Mha range 118–136 Mha) and 2.4 % in 2015 CE (310 Mha range 306–312 Mha), while the unconverted natural rangelands occupied approximately 3.4 % in 1700 CE (437 Mha, range 334–533 Mha), 6.2 % in 1850 CE (810 Mha, range 733–881 Mha) and 16.5 % in 2015 CE (2145 Mha, range 2126–2164 Mha).

I. Noble, M. Apps, R. Houghton et al.

N. Ramankutty, Z. Mehrabi, K. Waha et al.

D. Tran, F. Pla, Pedro Latorre-Carmona et al.

Wei Song, Xiangzheng Deng

Terefe Tolessa, Feyera Senbeta, Moges Kidane

Swades Pal, Sk. Ziaul

Abstract Present paper tends to capture the impact of land use land cover (LULC) on land surface temperature (LST) in English Bazar Municipality of Malda District using multi spectral and multi temporal satellite data. Seasonal and temporal LST is extracted in three phases e.g. in 1991, 2010 and 2014. Results show that LST increases 0.070 °C/year and 0.114 °C/year during winter and summer periods respectively and significant LST difference exist over different LULC units. Built up area retains maximum LST in all selected phases. Correlation coefficient among different deriving factors of LST with LST reveals that impervious land maximally control LST (r = 0.62) followed by water bodies and vegetation cover. Even a single land use unit like impervious land water body and vegetation also create differences in LST (R 2 of NDBI vs. LST ranges from 0.47 to 0.607; NDVI vs. LST ranges from 0.441 to 0.62). LST is almost co linear with aerial temperature as indicated by significant correlation value (0.44604 for January and 0.658 for April 2014) at 0.01 level of significance and the temperature gap between them ranges from 3.5 °C to 6.5 °C. Such co linearity validates the LST models. The estimated temperature gap is also strongly controlled by LULC. As the LULC pattern is getting changed, its imprint is reflected on LST and air temperature. So, immediate thinking about new urbanism should be adopted, started and implement to arrest the rising temperature and effect of urban heat island.

Wan-xu Chen, G. Chi, Jiangfeng Li

Ecosystem services are increasingly affected by land use and land cover change (LULCC) in China. However, the spatial association between LULCC and ecosystem services remains unclear, thus constraining effective land use and ecosystem conservation policymaking. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining the association between ecosystem services intensity (ESI) and LULCC from a spatial perspective at the county level in China. The adapted benefit transfer method was employed to measure the ESI based on LULCC data. LULCC was characterized and measured by single land use dynamic degree, integrated land use dynamic degree, land use intensity, and land use diversity. The results indicated that ESI levels in China experienced a continuously decreasing trend from 1995 to 2015, especially in large metropolitan areas. The relationship between ESI and LULCC exhibited both significant spatial dependence and heterogeneity. Overall, ESI and land use intensity had statistically significant negative associations. However, the association between ESI and LULCC varied greatly over space and in different time periods. The results have important implications for future delineation of ecological conservation priority zones, sustainable development of national land, and the integration of ESI into landscape planning.

Bhagawat Rimal, Roshan Sharma, R. Kunwar et al.

Abstract The provision of ecosystem services is directly related to the type of land use and land cover and management practices in a given area. Changes in land use and land cover can alter the supply of ecosystem services and affect the well-being of both humanity and nature. This study analyses the spatiotemporal variations of land use and land cover and quantifies the change in three important ecosystem services (food production, carbon storage, and habitat quality) in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal during 1996–2016 by using freely available data and tools such as, Landsat satellite images and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model. During the observed time period, there was an overall gain in urban areas (190 sq.km), forests (773 sq.km) and grassland (431 sq.km); loss of cultivated land (220 sq.km) and shrub lands (847 sq.km), mostly occurring in the lowlands (≤1000 m). As a result of the land cover changes, while food production and carbon storage showed a declining trend, overall habitat quality in the basin increased. There is a need to design novel and effective landscape approaches that address local realities and that will aid the maintenance of ecosystem services. We recommend landscape level planning to improve urban and agricultural sectors and focus on halting the loss of ecosystem services.

Julia Manso

Upon taking office in late 2012, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched one of the most intensive anticorruption campaigns in the history of the People's Republic of China. Prior to the campaign, China's land market suffered from corruption, particularly surrounding sale method selection (auction versus listing). Listing is a two-stage sale mechanism that prior research has identified as more susceptible to corruption, leading to lower prices. This paper examines the campaign's impact on land allocation, focusing on whether corruption influences the choice of sale method and, in turn, land sale prices. This paper is the first to utilize Blackwell and Yamauchi (2021, 2024)'s marginal structural model with fixed effects in the inverse probability of treatment weighting model; absorbing time-invariant unobserved confounding and utilizing a set of time-varying covariates as controls, this model can estimate causal effects in the land sale case. I find that indictments in a prefecture cause a statistically significant drop in the probability that land is sold via listing$\unicode{x2014}$an effect that is further compounded when indictments occur in consecutive months. Sensitivity analyses indicate that any violations of the identification assumptions would bias estimates towards zero, confirming the negative effect. A second marginal structural model shows that both mean and median land sale prices increase in the presence of indictments. Together, these results suggest that the anticorruption campaign not only deterred actual corrupt allocation practices, but also impacted the discretionary use of listings.

D. Choudhury, Kalikinkar Das, Arijit Das

Abstract Fast transformation of land use/land cover because of urban expansion profoundly influences biodiversity and ecosystem function, as well as local and regional climate. One of the more serious impacts of urbanization is the formation of urban heat island (UHI) effect. Asansol-Durgapur Development Region is the second largest urban identity in West Bengal just after Kolkata urban agglomeration. Rapid urban growth in Asansol-Durgapur Development Region has brought about fast transformation of LULC pattern which in turn significantly affect the LST. Fast transformation of land use and land cover pattern brought significant changes in LST. The study attempts to examine the influence of land use/land cover (LULC) on land surface temperature in Asansol-Durgapur Development Region by employing multi temporal satellite data. LST is extracted in three different phases seasonally (e.g. winter, summer and post- monsoon periods) by using LANDSAT 4–5 TM and LANDSAT 8 OLI over the period of 1993, 2009 and 2015. Results depict that LST increases 0.06 °C/year in winter and 0.43 °C/year in summer periods respectively and the difference of surface radiant temperature is significant over existing different LULC units. The result of the study revealed that the impervious surface, industrial area and coal mining area has high surface temperature (38 °C) and water bodies and vegetation cover has experienced low surface temperature (27 °C). The study also examined causality of association between LST and deriving factors such as NDVI, NDBI and NDWI. The result reveals that LST maximally controls by impervious surface (r = 0.95) than water bodies (r = 0.62) and vegetation cover (r = 0.61).

M. Stabile, A. L. Guimarães, Daniel S. Silva et al.

Abstract Brazil has become an agricultural powerhouse, producing roughly 30 % of the world’s soy and 15 % of its beef by 2013 – yet historically much of that growth has come at the expense of its native ecosystems. Since 1985, pastures and croplands have replaced nearly 65 Mha of forests and savannas in the legal Amazon. A growing body of work suggests that this paradigm of horizontal expansion of agriculture over ecosystems is outdated and brings negative social and environmental outcomes. Here we propose four strategies that can reduce deforestation, while increasing production and social wellbeing. First, eliminate land grabbing and land speculation through designation of public forests. This would clarify land tenure and limit the pool of land available for uncontrolled expansion of agriculture and ranching. Second, reduce deforestation on private properties by implementing existing mechanisms in Brazil’s Forest Code to facilitate payments for environmental services, with support from market initiatives for sustainable sourcing of agricultural products. Third, incentivize increased productivity on medium and large properties through targeted investments. By stimulating adoption of proven technologies for sustainable intensification, this would help meet Brazil’s production targets and growing international demand for agricultural products, without expanding into new production areas. Finally, foster economic, environmental and social improvements through technical assistance to small farmers. Small farmers occupy a large swath of the Amazon and often lack access to technical assistance, production technology, and markets. Providing quality technical assistance to small farmers could help them better align production practices with local opportunities; increase household income and improve livelihoods; and reduce deforestation pressure. By implementing these four strategies in a coordinated effort between public and private agents, Brazil can show the world how to reduce deforestation while increasing agricultural output, reestablishing its leadership in managing natural resources and mitigating climate change.

Xin Jin, Yanxiang Jin, X. Mao

Abstract Land use/land cover and its change is a certain reflection of the interaction of natural factors and human activity in regional ecological environment, and the change of land use/land cover also affects the regional ecological process. Among regional ecological assessments, the landscape ecological risk assessment by land use/land cover changes is a regional ecological risk assessment method that is based on spatial pattern perspectives. The research on typical ecological fragile areas that respond strongly to global change focuses on coastal zones, wetlands and transition zones between cropping areas and nomadic areas; however, there are no related studies on the Tibetan Plateau. This study proposed an ecological risk assessment on Delingha City on the Tibetan plateau by using RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system) methods Based on land use/land cover variations in Delingha City during the periods 1986–2000 and 2000–2015, regional ecological risk changes were analysed to provide scientific bases for the ecological protection of cities on the Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that: 1) From 1986 to 2000, major land use/land cover changes took place in the south of the city; in general, grassland was converted into farmland. From 2000 to 2015, the spatial distribution of land use changes was chaotic; however, the land use changes in the south were more concentrated and significant. 2) More than half of Delingha City fall under low ecological risk zones, which are mainly located in high-altitude mountainous area in north Delingha. High ecological risk areas are mainly located in the low-lying and flat landscapes in the south. 3) During the research period, the significant decrease of highest- and high-risk zones and considerable increase of low-risk zone indicate an improvement of the overall ecological environment in Delingha City through 1986–2015.

Dakota Hester, Vitor S. Martins, Lucas B. Ferreira et al.

Deep learning semantic segmentation methods have shown promising performance for very high 1-m resolution land cover classification, but the challenge of collecting large volumes of representative training data creates a significant barrier to widespread adoption of such models for meter-scale land cover mapping over large areas. In this study, we present a novel label-efficient approach for statewide 1-m land cover classification using only 1,000 annotated reference image patches with self-supervised deep learning. We use the "Bootstrap Your Own Latent" pre-training strategy with a large amount of unlabeled color-infrared aerial images (377,921 patches of 256x256 pixels at 1-m resolution) to pre-train a ResNet-101 convolutional encoder. The learned encoder weights were subsequently transferred into multiple deep semantic segmentation architectures (FCN, U-Net, Attention U-Net, DeepLabV3+, UPerNet, PAN), which were then fine-tuned using very small training dataset sizes with cross-validation (250, 500, 750 patches). Among the fine-tuned models, we obtained 87.14% overall accuracy and 75.58% macro F1 score using an ensemble of the best-performing U-Net models for comprehensive 1-m, 8-class land cover mapping, covering more than 123 billion pixels over the state of Mississippi, USA. Detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed accurate mapping of open water and forested areas, while highlighting challenges in accurate delineation between cropland, herbaceous, and barren land cover types. These results show that self-supervised learning is an effective strategy for reducing the need for large volumes of manually annotated data, directly addressing a major limitation to high spatial resolution land cover mapping at scale.

Han Ke, Xiao Ke, Ye Yan et al.

DL based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ship detection has tremendous advantages in numerous areas. However, it still faces some problems, such as the lack of prior knowledge, which seriously affects detection accuracy. In order to solve this problem, we propose a scene-aware SAR ship detection method based on unsupervised sea-land segmentation. This method follows a classical two-stage framework and is enhanced by two models: the unsupervised land and sea segmentation module (ULSM) and the land attention suppression module (LASM). ULSM and LASM can adaptively guide the network to reduce attention on land according to the type of scenes (inshore scene and offshore scene) and add prior knowledge (sea land segmentation information) to the network, thereby reducing the network's attention to land directly and enhancing offshore detection performance relatively. This increases the accuracy of ship detection and enhances the interpretability of the model. Specifically, in consideration of the lack of land sea segmentation labels in existing deep learning-based SAR ship detection datasets, ULSM uses an unsupervised approach to classify the input data scene into inshore and offshore types and performs sea-land segmentation for inshore scenes. LASM uses the sea-land segmentation information as prior knowledge to reduce the network's attention to land. We conducted our experiments using the publicly available SSDD dataset, which demonstrated the effectiveness of our network.

Wenjing Han, Xiaoling Zhang, Xian Zheng

Land use regulation has always been regarded as one of the most crucial means of macro-control of urban growth, which can affect a city’s land values directly and further determine related urban economic well-being. Since the New Type Urbanization Strategy proposed by the government in 2014, China’s mode of urban growth has been transformed from addressing “quantity” to “quality" in the urbanization process. In this case, the regulation of land use by the Chinese government plays a more important role in urban growth. With their planned land regulatory scheme, the various instruments employed by Chinese governments have quite different mechanisms influencing land prices. However, there are no rigorous studies focusing on the land use regulation system and its impact on land values to date, particular in China. This study seeks to explore how land use regulation affects urban land values through the systematic lens. We summarize the main land use regulatory instruments based on the analysis of China’s planned land use system and urban land banking system, including the construction land quota, constraints on the allowed floor area ratio (FAR) of each land transaction parcel, and land supply restrictions. A new dataset based on land transaction data from 2007 to 2016 that covers 286 prefectural cities from the country’s coastal, central, and western regions is used in the empirical analysis. The results show that the effects of the floor area ratio (FAR) on land values are significant and positive, with the residential and commercial land supply ratio being a key factor. Moreover, the results imply that the effects of constraints on FAR and commercial land supply vary between regions. These findings indicate that the Chinese land market is considerably distorted by excessive administrative interventions by local governments, in the stage of urban transition guided, the capable regulatory instruments could play an important role in adjusting urban land prices and hence impact on urban growth.

Freydoun Sabziani, AbdulKhalegh Gholami Chenarestan Olia, Mohammad Tamimi

This research has been done with the aim of providing a sustainable development model for the Saderat Bank of Iran based on professional ethics. The current research is of the type of mixed exploratory research projects; based on this, first, using the qualitative approach, the dimensions, components, and indicators of the factors involved in the model of sustainable development based on professional ethics in the field of human resources management have been identified, and the initial research model has been designed. Next, based on the information obtained from the previous step, the model was validated (quantitative approach). The participants in the qualitative section included experts, managers, and senior experts in the development of sustainability and professional ethics in the Iran Export Bank network. The analysis of the data obtained from each in-depth interview continued using cluster and stratified random sampling and continued until the level of theoretical saturation and data sufficiency. In this way, a sample of 17 experts was invited for an interview. The population studied in the quantitative research, that is, to measure and confirm the fit of the model, their managers and deputies, and their senior experts who have years of experience, knowledge, and skills in various matters in the field of banking services, from which a sample of 400 was selected, Data collection has been done in two qualitative and quantitative parts, respectively, using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis has been done in the qualitative part with thematic analysis methods and MAXQUDA software, and in the quantitative part with interpretive structural modeling methods, partial least squares, and Smart PLS software. Factors including economic factors, social factors, environmental factors, strategic factors, professional ethics factors, sustainability disclosure, green human resource management, supply chain management, sustainable value creation, and psychological factors as the main themes of the sustainability development model with a professional ethics approach in the bank Exports were identified. The findings of the quantitative section, while confirming the research hypotheses, showed that the proposed model has good validity.

Daiany Alvez Araujo Moreira, Cristiane Maria Tonetto Godoy, Monica Aparecida da Rocha Silva et al.

Diante da crise provocada pela pandemia da Covid-19 a sociedade teve que se modificar, alterando as relações pessoais, prestações de serviços, atendimento, inclusive o modelo de educação. Deste modo, no Brasil as instituições educacionais de ensino superior adotaram o ensino remoto emergencial, mediado pelas tecnologias digitais para a continuidade do processo de ensino e aprendizagem durante o período pandêmico. No entanto, o país apresenta uma enorme desigualdade em relação ao acesso à internet e as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), o que ficou perceptível durante a pandemia, já que os níveis de exclusão digital aumentarem ainda mais. Nesse sentindo, a presente pesquisa teve como principal objetivo apresentar e analisar quais foram as políticas públicas existentes de inclusão digital para a educação com o foco no ensino superior perante contexto pandêmico vivido a partir do ano de 2020. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental baseada nos documentos e dados obtidos em trabalhos científicos que foram publicados sobre a temática, bem como o acesso aos sites dos órgãos governamentais e organizações que são responsáveis por essas informações. Diante dos dados levantados, pode se concluir que existe certa deficiência de políticas públicas de inclusão digital voltadas para a educação, principalmente as direcionadas para as instituições de ensino superior, o que ficou evidente durante o período de pandemia. Como consequência dessa deficiência grande parte das instituições tiveram que suspender as aulas devido à falta de infraestrutura e recursos digitais, o pode contribuir no aumento das desigualdades socioeconômicas.

Sanjeet S. Kaintura, Swati Thakur, Sarabjot Kaur et al.

In this work, radioactivity investigations of soil samples from neutral and agricultural sites in Punjab/India have been carried out to study the impact of land use patterns. The analysis of radiological, mineralogical, physicochemical, and morphological attributes of soil samples has been performed employing state-of-the-art techniques. The mean activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, 40K, 235U, and 137Cs, measured using a carbon-loaded p-type HPGe detector, in neutral land was observed as 58.03, 83.95, 445.18, 2.83, and 1.16Bq kg-1, respectively. However, in vegetation land, it was found to be 40.07, 64.68, 596.74, 2.26 and 2.11Bq kg-1, respectively. In the detailed activity analysis, radium equivalent (Raeq) radioactivity is found to be in the safe prescribed limit of 370Bq kg-1 for all investigated soil samples. However, the dosimetric investigations revealed that the outdoor absorbed gamma dose rate (96.08nGy h-1) and consequent annual effective dose rate (0.12mSv y-1) for neutral land, and the gamma dose rate (82.46nGy h-1) and subsequent annual effective dose rate (0.10mSv y-1) for vegetation land marginally exceeded the global average. The surface morphology of neutral land favored more compactness, while agricultural land favored high porosity. Various heavy metals of health concern, namely As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn, were also evaluated in all soil samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Ecological Risk Index (RI) revealed that vegetation land was more anthropogenically contaminated than neutral land, with maximum contamination from Hg and As.

Hualin Xie, Yanwei Zhang, Xiaoji Zeng et al.