This study investigated land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Obi Subdistrict, Indonesia, from 2010 to 2015, driven by the expansion of the nickel mining industry. Using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 imagery, Random Forest classification and change detection were conducted to evaluate annual LULC dynamics. Preprocessing included cloud masking and the calculation of NDVI, NDBI, and NDWI to enhance class separability. Four land cover classes were defined: dense vegetation, sparse vegetation, bare soil, and urban areas. The results showed a significant increase in urban/built-up area from 2,052 ha (2010) to 4,843 ha (2015), alongside a decrease in sparse vegetation from 92,770 ha to 84,848 ha. Dense vegetation increased to 10,236 ha in 2015, suggesting potential regrowth. Chord diagrams and pixel-based change maps reveal that transitions from sparse vegetation to urban and dense vegetation dominate the landscape change. Accuracy assessment indicates classification reliability improved from Landsat 7 to Landsat 8, with dense vegetation F1-score increasing from 0.21 to 0.81. This study demonstrated the utility of spectral indices and machine learning in early-stage LULC detection. It recommends future improvements using object-based classification, ground-truth validation, and deep learning for more robust environmental monitoring in resource-rich areas. This study contributes an early-stage LULC assessment framework for mining zones in Indonesia, which can inform future land governance and remote sensing policy applications.
E. Blanc‐Betes, N. Gomez‐Casanovas, C. J. Bernacchi
et al.
ABSTRACT The expansion of sugarcane onto land currently occupied by improved (IMP) and semi‐native (SN) pastures will reshape the U.S. bioenergy landscape. We combined biometric, ground‐based and eddy covariance methods to investigate the impact of sugarcane expansion across subtropical Florida on the carbon (C) budget over a 3‐year rotation. With 2.3‐ and 5.1‐fold increase in productivity over IMP and SN pastures, sugarcane displayed a C use efficiency (CUE; i.e., fraction of gross C uptake allocated to plant growth) of 0.59, well above that of pastures (0.31–0.23). Sugarcane also had greater C allocation to aboveground productivity and hence, harvestable biomass relative to IMP and SN. Cane heterotrophic respiration over the 3‐year rotation (903 ± 335 gC m−2 year−1) was 1% and 14% higher than IMP and SN pastures, respectively. These soil C losses responded largely to disturbance over the first year after conversion (1510 ± 227 gC m−2 year−1) but declined in subsequent years to an average 599 ± 90 gC m−2 year−1—well below those of IMP (933 ± 140 gC m−2 year−1) and SN (759 ± 114 gC m−2 year−1) pastures—despite a significant 40%–61% increase in soil C inputs. Soil C inputs, however, shifted from root‐dominated in pastures to litter‐dominated in sugarcane, with only 5% C allocation to roots. Reduced decomposition rates in sugarcane were likely driven by changes in the recalcitrance and distribution rather than the size of the newly incorporated soil C pool. As a result, we observed a rapid shift in the net ecosystem C balance (NECB) of sugarcane from a large source immediately following conversion to approaching the net C losses of IMP pastures only 2 years after conversion. The environmental cost of converting pasture to sugarcane underscores the importance of implementing management practices to harness the soil C storage potential of sugarcane in advancing a sustainable bioeconomy in Southeastern United States.
Renewable energy sources, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade
The purpose of this paper is to explore the multi-dimensional determinants of voluntary tax compliance on the head of individual taxpayers. It critically appraises major theoretical frameworks and offers an extensive conceptual framework. The study is based on the qualitative methodology and performs the content analysis to synthesize information and form the conceptual model. VOSviewer software was used to conduct bibliometric analysis, spreadsheets were employed to study the data obtained and results were presented in terms of tables, graphs and figures to become more precise. The results also suggest that economic incentives, enforcement measures, human values, social obligation, and the perceptions of justice are a significant factor to influence voluntary compliance, and such personal values and ethical considerations become the key determinants, which supplement enforcement. The study advances the existing literature by incorporating personal values in the discussion of the topic of tax compliance in the context of developing countries, providing new perspectives to the policymakers aimed at developing a tax culture based on voluntary compliance with the help of clear, equitable and culturally competent policies.
Aron Bell, Liam Anthony Mannion, Mark Kelly
et al.
The life cycle carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) intensity of Power-to-Liquid (PtL) sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) scenarios in Spain are evaluated using a specific, granular, and transparent modelling approach. Post combustion CO2 capture and direct air CO2 capture are considered, in addition to grid and renewable electricity sources. The mass and energy requirements of the PtL system are determined from a mass and energy conserved reaction mechanism and a comprehensive literature review. The SAF yield is constrained by its molecular composition, formulated to meet the physical property specifications for Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK) in ASTM D7566 Annex 1. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show large ranges in CO2e intensity of PtL SAF scenarios, from 11 to 101 gCO2e/MJ. The electricity emission factors at which the CO2e intensity of PtL SAFs meet the 70% reduction required under the ReFuelEU Aviation legislation are 112 – 168 gCO2e/kWh for direct air capture and post combustion capture of biogenic CO2. As the average EU grid is approximately 300 gCO2e/kWh, the use of renewable electricity (onsite or power purchase agreement) is therefore essential to achieve the 70% reduction. The carbon intensity of the Madrid to Dublin commercial flight route is analysed, per revenue-passenger-kilometre (RPK), as a specific use case with actual data of Ryanair Boeing 737-800 and 737 MAX 8 aircraft. Compared to the Science Based Targets 1.5°C limit of 3.3 gCO2/RPK, it is shown that sustainable aviation is challenging using PtL SAF, with a best case of 9 gCO2/RPK.
In the era of information and communication technology (ICT), the advancement of science and technology has led to a trend of diversification in map representation. However, the lack of professional knowledge means that there is still a challenge in determining the appropriate type of thematic map for land use expression. To address this issue, this paper proposes a knowledge recommendation method for land use thematic maps based on the theory of visualization dimensions. Firstly, we establish a knowledge ontology of land use thematic maps centered on spatial data, data characteristics, visualization dimensions, thematic map forms, and application scenarios. A land use thematic map knowledge graph is constructed through knowledge extraction and storage operations. Secondly, knowledge embedding is performed on the knowledge graph to enable the knowledge-based expression of map visualization elements. Finally, based on the knowledge elements of land use thematic expression, a similarity calculation model is established to calculate the similarity between input data and the spatial data characteristics, visualization dimensions, and application scenarios within the knowledge graph, deriving a comprehensive similarity result to achieve precise recommendation for land use thematic map forms. The results show that the method can provide a more accurate visualization reference for the selection of land use themes, meeting the diversified needs of land use thematic expression to a certain extent.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the Internet as a soft infrastructure medium in the framework of international trade facilitation. as part of international trade facilitation which is expected to be able to reduce barriers in Indonesia's trade with 18 trading partners in the export of creative industry goods by HS codes: 49, 91, 92, 95 and 97. The analysis method used is a quantitative approach with panel data regression using a gravity model based on time series data with cross sections of 18 trading partners from 2008 to 2017. The results of the analysis show that the internet subscription price variable has a significant effect on increasing international trade. Other variables such as GDP, population, and distance have a significant positive or negative effect on international trade, while FTA does not have any effect on exports of creative industry goods.
Effective source–load prediction and reasonable dispatching are crucial to realize the economic and reliable operations of integrated energy systems (IESs). They can overcome the challenges introduced by the uncertainties of new energies and various types of loads in the IES. Accordingly, a robust optimal dispatching method for the IES based on a robust economic model predictive control (REMPC) strategy considering source–load power interval prediction is proposed. First, an operation model of the IES is established, and an interval prediction model based on the bidirectional long short-term memory network optimized by beetle antenna search and bootstrap is formulated and applied to predict the photovoltaic power and the cooling, heating, and electrical loads. Then, an optimal dispatching scheme based on REMPC is devised for the IES. The source–load interval prediction results are used to improve the robustness of the REPMC and reduce the influence of source–load uncertainties on dispatching. An actual IES case is selected to conduct simulations; the results show that compared with other prediction techniques, the proposed method has higher prediction interval coverage probability and prediction interval normalized averaged width. Moreover, the operational cost of the IES is decreased by the REMPC strategy. With the devised dispatching scheme, the ability of the IES to handle the dispatching risk caused by prediction errors is enhanced. Improved dispatching robustness and operational economy are also achieved.
Energy conservation, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade
The equivalent simplification of large wind farms is essential for evaluating the safety of power systems. However, sub-synchronous oscillations can significantly affect the stability of power systems. Although detailed mathematical models of wind farms can help accurately analyze the oscillation mechanism, the solution process is complicated and may lead to problems such as the “dimensional disaster.” Therefore, this paper proposes a sub-synchronous frequency domain- equivalent modeling method for wind farms based on the nature of the equivalent resistance of the rotor, in order to analyze sub-synchronous oscillations accurately. To this end, Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate a detailed model, a single-unit model, and an equivalent model, considering a wind farm as an example. A simulation analysis is then performed under the sub-synchronous frequency to prove that the model is effective and that the wind farm equivalence model method is valid.
Energy conservation, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade
As climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time, the legal and economic issues of global environmental security deserve high praise. In the area of industrial competitiveness, where the negative effects of global climate change include floods and droughts, forest fires, and rising sea levels, climate change is highly problematic. Climate impacts affect public and private agricultural infrastructure (including the coastal zone), resulting in lost productivity and increased costs for agriculture. The article applies climate change on a global scale in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to determine how the mixtures and emissions of any one entity affect other areas (e.g., individual, community, company or country emissions). Exploring the theoretical and practical premises of climate change as a complex phenomenon, the novelty of this article is that it examines the current framework of the environmental-legal concept, not just the political implications of the legal framework. The research aim of the article lies in two dimensions: the European Union's current climate change policy framework (the climate and energy package, a set of climate change strategies and related policies targeting EU candidate countries); recent environmental operations in Ukraine as an EU candidate country under extraordinary conditions. This article examines recent changes in climate legislation and climate policy in EU member and candidate countries, as well as other highly developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and China. Focusing on the impact of the EU Climate and Energy Package (2020 and 2030), this article examines the main implications of EU climate legislation regulating the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and promoting the role of renewable energy in global energy consumption and energy efficiency in general. As a result of this study, this analysis offers multifaceted conclusions based on the interaction of a number of current administrative acts on climate change and environmental policy on a global scale.
he world has experienced devastating disasters causing severe human life and economic losses, which is estimated to be 68.5% of the global economic losses between 2005 and 2017. Natural disasters are of great concern – they caused total damage of approximately $3.5 trillion during the past century – which is more than the global infrastructure development investment in 2014. Floods – exacerbated by climate change – are expected to cause more damages, and water supply infrastructures will continue to suffer if resilience is not improved. Measuring the economic changes affecting resilience would assist in developing risk reduction initiatives to minimise disaster losses. Such a measure is lacking for Tanzania water supply systems (WSSs). The current article applied three-stage processes – literature review, pre-assessment and Delphi technique – to develop a resilience tool to measure economic resilience for urban WSSs in Tanzania. Thematic and standard descriptive analyses were carried out during the study. Dynamism principle and three indicators – system investment proportionality, public–private partnership and cost recovery – emerged as principal components for the tool. The tool is expected to be useful during water authorities’ planning processes and budgeting in order to improve the overall WSSs resilience.
This study has two-fold objectives. First, analyze the rural income inequality and its decomposition by employment status and education of the household. Second, analyze the income inequality of districts of Pakistan located at the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Theil Index, a member of the generalized entropy inequality and inequality decomposition technique. Furthermore, the Geographic Information System GIS was used to map the rural income (agricultural and non-agricultural). Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (2012-13), provincial and district representative data set, was used. Results show that the households mainly earned from agriculture and those in which heads had the post-secondary qualification make the largest contributions to rural income inequality. A decomposition of income inequality within and between districts on CPEC routes indicates higher variations. GIS based mapping of rural income depicts districts on routes of CPEC having a
large non-agricultural income.
Los importantes cambios en las políticas han dado lugar a un auge sin precedentes de los mercados del cannabis medicinal, y un número creciente de países avanza hacia una reglamentación jurídica de su consumo no médico por parte de adultos. Es probable que esta tendencia aporte una serie de beneficios. No obstante, la preocupación aumenta respecto al surgimiento de una gran cantidad de empresas de cannabis con fines de lucro originarias del Sur global, las cuales compiten ferozmente para apoderarse de los espacios lícitos que se están abriendo en la actualidad en un mercado internacional del cannabis de miles de millones de dólares. Esta situación amenaza con expulsar a los pequeños agricultores tradicionales del Sur global de los mercados legales emergentes. Aquellos que intentan abandonar su condición de ilegalidad se ven enfrentados a enormes dificultades como consecuencia de una combinación de herencia de la penalización y obstáculos administrativos para la legalización. Ante el actual recalentamiento de un mercado dominado por las empresas, la conquista de espacios y la protección de estos para los pequeños agricultores requerirán acciones positivas, reglamentación de la inversión extranjera y una buena concepción de estrategias legislativas y de mercado. Esta reflexión política analiza el desarrollo de las dinámicas de mercado desde una perspectiva de desarrollo, ofreciendo un conjunto de principios orientadores y proposiciones de acción sobre las cuales construir un modelo de regulación comercial del cannabis más equitativo y (más) justo.
Political science, Economic growth, development, planning
The aim of the present study is to use an alternative approach to derive the term structure of interest rates in DSGE models, which is based on the theory of preferred habitat. We show that this approach yields a substantial term premium which is time-variant. In particular, by introducing bonds of longer maturity, we avoid the underestimation of the volatility of the output. In addition, by allowing longer-term bonds, we show that output is more responsive to technology shocks than it would otherwise. Therefore, the goal of stabilizing output around the nonstochastic level is more difficult to achieve.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
This article explores research programs that address societal challenges. In recent years, the rationale for innovation policy has been extended to include support instruments more explicitly designed to address societal challenges. While there are broad agreements that in this rationale research and innovation support can not only stimulate growth and economic activity, but it can also actively be directed towards meeting societal challenges. However, exploring how societal challenge policy goals can be translated into something that the support instruments can influence, are not yet the focus of challenge-driven innovation policy and a topic that seems to be neglected in the research literature. This article develops a framework for a cross country analysis of how policy, programs, and impact align and highlight what can be learned from selected societal challenge programs.