The article examines the main aspects of the historical policy of the states of Central Eurasia in relation to the problems of the Great Patriotic war and the Great Victory. Over the years of independence, the republics of the region have demonstrated various approaches to the implementation of memory policy in relation to the Soviet period of national history. After the transition of the proxy war of the collective West against Russia into an active phase, there has been an intensification of social discussions around various topics of historical discourse in the Central Asian republics. The theme of the Great Patriotic war and the participation of the Asian republics of the former USSR in it also went through various transformations in the historical policy of the republics of the region, which, in relation to each of the states, are evaluated in the article. This text is also an attempt to consider the degree of influence of the processes that can be called “memory wars” on the formation of public views in the republics of the Central Asian region on a wide range of issues related to the Great Patriotic war and its Victory achieved through the strenuous efforts of all the peoples of the fraternal republics of the Soviet Union.
The article presents the results of a study of the history, current state and activities of self-organization of Russian Germans. Self-organization of Russian Germans has a difficult history, which is associated with the struggle to restore the Republic of the Volga Germans, emigration to Germany and work to preserve the cultural heritage of Germans who live in the Russian Federation and in other republics after the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a result of post-Soviet transformations, a system of public associations has emerged that has a clear structure and is based on self-government. The main role in the structure of self-organization is played by the International Union of German Culture (IUCG) and the Federal National-Cultural Autonomy of Russian Germans (FNCA RN), which was the first organization in Russia registered on the basis of the federal law “On National-Cultural Autonomy”.
Introduction. The start of a special military operation in 2022 led to a rethinking of the priorities for the development of subnational foreign relations and an aggravation of the problem of lack of interaction with Russia's closest partners, the former territories of the USSR, which actualizes the study of the features of the paradiplomacy in the post-Soviet space. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of paradiplomatic relations with the regions of the former Soviet republics and their participation in the development of integration processes. Materials and Methods.The empirical basis of the study was formed by the available publications on the topic of interregional relations, the main documents regulating paradiplomatic relations, as well as materials from the websites of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, institutional platforms through which external relations between regions and cities are carried out. The following methods are applied: historical and descriptive, comparative and qualitative content analysis. Results.It has been revealed that the transition of the regions from solving purely practical development issues within the framework of a paradigm shift to participating in integration projects began after the growing interdependence required progressive movement towards the introduction of further mechanisms for the freedom of movement of people, goods and services. After 2022, the regions became more actively involved in paradiplomacy with the countries of the former Soviet Union, because they could help compensate for the lost supplies of goods, as well as fill the gap in cultural and leisure activities. It is determined that the objective prerequisites for interest in paradiplomacy in the post-Soviet space were the growth of interaction with business structures and societies in the wake of relocation, as well as demand from government structures. Discussion and Conclusion.The events of 2022 showed that there are significant limitations to paradiplomacy as a tool for influencing international relations, but it is a real tool for moving integration from below, through the involvement of local governments in solving common problems in the field of governance, socio-economic and problems related to cross-border threats in the post-Soviet space. The factors of trust in regional players as intermediaries of integration are the participation of representatives of non-governmental structures in projects of paradiplomacy, their focus on solving common development problems, taking into account territorial specifics. The results of the work can form the basis for further research, and will also be useful in developing foreign policy decisions by ministries and departments responsible for regional foreign relations in the post-Soviet space.
The article examines in detail the historical processes that led to the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924. The article analyzes the importance of the Soviet state, which was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, and its role in the formation of a new political system. The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 laid the foundations of the socialist state and became an important step towards the creation of the USSR. After the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War, new territories became part of the RSFSR, which served as the basis for the formation of a unified Soviet state. Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in laid the foundation for the creation of a unified legal space on the territory of the former Russian Empire. The Constitution not only consolidated the federal structure of the state and established the separation of powers between the central government and the republics, but it also emphasized the sovereignty of the Union republics, while at the same time limiting the possibility of independent foreign policy activities for the sake of national security. The author argues that over-centralization has undermined the very possibility of consolidating the federal principles laid down in the Constitution of 1924. This led to the formation of an authoritarian system of government that dominated the USSR throughout its history. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the historical processes that led to the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924 and its impact on the formation of the Soviet political system.
Introduction. The aim of the work is to determine the significance of the transformation of the educational process in general educational institutions of Tyumen in the post-war period. In the context of the study, the authors study the expansion of the network and the technical condition of general educational institutions, note changes in the staffing of schools, reveal various aspects of the methodological training of teachers, as well as the process of transforming the educational programs of educational institutions. Methods and materials. The basis of the research work was made up of previously unpublished archival records and statistical materials, regulations that were published as part of collections of documents during the period under study, as well as information from periodicals of the post-war years. In addition, over the past decade, a significant number of regional studies have appeared in historiography concerning the problem of school education in the period under study. Analysis. Soviet education in 1945–1953 was experiencing a serious crisis. School buildings in need of repair, lack of a sufficient number of classrooms and teaching staff, difficult financial and living conditions of general education institutions, difficulties in implementing the law on universal education, increasing requirements for the general education training of students and the teaching activities of teachers – these are not all the problems that Soviet education faced in the post-war period. Results. The researchers come to the conclusion that the post-war years became an important time for the transformation of the educational process in the schools of Tyumen, causing its transition to peacetime. During the study period, the network of educational institutions in the city was expanding, and the number of students was also growing. At the same time, a number of problems remained unresolved, which concerned the low technical condition of educational institutions and multi-shift classes. In the mid-1940s and early 1950s, in the schools of the city, there was an increase in the number, experience, and level of education of teaching staff. Author’s contribution. The search, systematization, and analysis of archival documents, regulations, periodicals, as well as research literature on the topic of research work, followed by composing the main part of the article, was carried out by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor of the Department of History of Tyumen State University, E.V. Borodulina. Posing general conclusions and checking references was carried out by A.V. Skochin. Funding. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of the scientific project No. 20-49-720018.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
В рецензии представлена коллективная монография под названием «Топос города в синхронии и диахронии: литературная парадигма Центральной и Юго-Восточной Европы». Монография посвящена вопросу функционирования топоса города и городского пространства в художественном тексте на примерах избранных произведений XX и XXI вв., тематизирующих пространство городов-«генераторов культуры» (Ю. Лотман): Москва, Минск, Харьков, Варшава, Прага, Братислава, Сараево, София, Будапешт, Бухарест, Париж, Новый Орлеан, Нью-Йорк. Работа существенно расширяет представление об урбанистической проблематике и особенностях поэтики пространства в литературах Центральной и Юго-Восточной Европы, вводит в научный оборот новый концептуально систематизированный литературный материал. Монография отличается междисциплинарным подходом и применением актуального теоретико-понятийного аппарата, что ставит тему городского пространства в современный научный контекст и освещает ее с самых разных точек зрения.
Рецензия поступила в редакцию 02.09.2024.
Цитирование
Ибришимович-Шабич А. Сны о городах, литературная реальность: Центральная и Юго-Восточная Европа в лабиринте письменного слова // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 3–4. С. 515–534. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2024.3-4.28
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
The study of the problems associated with the spread of the ideas of the Russian revolution in the Northern Caucasus, with the history of the civil war in the region, is marked by discord in Caucasian historiography. This led to our interest in the work of A.H. Borov "Conceptual results and problems of studying the experience of the revolution and the Civil war in Kabardino-Balkaria." The very formulation of the question promises an objective approach to the analysis of published scientific literature on the topic. An unbiased but clear analysis of the previous scientific heritage, compared with the events and actors, allowed the author to consider various interpretations of the problem of civil confrontation in the revolutionary years on the materials of the Ter region, which included the Nalchik district. The author of the monograph summarizes the results of the study of this historical period, arranging the facts in a strict chronology and rethinking them. A deep historiographical analysis, verification of various concepts, and powerful scientific erudition led the author to conclusions about the peculiarities of the modernization processes of North Caucasian society under the influence of "external" challenges and "internal" conditions. The work of A.H. Borov is an example of honest scientific work and will certainly contribute to the creation of a generalized history of Kabardino-Balkaria.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Maria Cristina Galmarini ’ s Ambassadors of Social Progress is one of the few recently published studies on disability history in the former Soviet Union. It analyses how blind acti-vists from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe engaged with the worldwide post-war disability movement and influenced its development and direction. The book ’ s first part analyses the history of the international blind movement, which the author reconstructs from the period between the two world wars until the beginning of the 1970s, which marked the heyday of socialist leadership. The second part focuses on the work conducted by the two most influential groups of blind activists of the Soviet bloc, the VOS (All-Russian Society of the Blind) in the Soviet Union and the BSV (Union of the Blind and Low-Sighted) in East Germany, and by their leaders, during the central decades of the Cold War.
: Recent (2020) calculations of spider species richness in the boundaries of Russia and the former Soviet Union republics, as well as between physiographical regions of these territories, are provided in comparison with earlier data. By December 31st, 2020, 3,529 and 2,497 spider species were reported from the FSU republics and Russia, respectively. A prediction for spider richness of the FSU and Russia is given. Additionally, 39 spider species lists of both the post-Soviet republics and physiographical regions are provided as electronic supplementary data.
Summary Background Screening for breast cancer and cervical cancer in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union is largely opportunistic, and countries in the region have among the highest cervical cancer incidence in the WHO European Region. We aimed to compare the stage-specific distributions and changes over time in breast cancer and cervical cancer incidence in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. Methods We collected breast cancer and cervical cancer incidence data from official statistics from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan for the years 2008–17 by tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and by age where population-based cancer registry data were available. We used log-linear regression to quantify the changes over time in age-standardised rates. Findings During the period 2013–17, more than 50% of breast cancer cases across the analysed countries, and more than 75% of breast cancer cases in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, were registered at stages I–II. The proportion of stage I breast cancer cases was highest in the screening age group (50–69 years) compared with other ages in Moldova and the Russian registries, but was highest in those aged 15–49 years in Georgia and Ukraine. Breast cancer stage-specific incidence rates increased over time, most prominently for stage I cancers. For cervical cancer, the proportions of cancers diagnosed at a late stage (stages III and IV) were high, particularly in Moldova and Armenia (>50%). The proportion of stage I cervical cancer cases decreased with age in all countries, whereas the proportions of late stage cancers increased with age. Stage-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer generally increased over the period 2008–17. Interpretation Our results suggest modest progress in early detection of breast cancer in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. The high proportions of early-stage disease in the absence of mammography screening (eg, in Belarus) provide a benchmark for what is achievable with rapid diagnosis. For cervical cancer, there is a need to tackle the high burden and unfavourable stage-specific changes over time in the region. A radical shift in national policies away from opportunistic screening toward organised, population-based, quality-assured human papillomavirus vaccination and screening programmes is urgently needed. Funding Union for International Cancer Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe, and Ministry of Health of Ukraine.
This article is devoted to a critical comparative-legal analysis of the process of formation, development, transformation and disintegration of the first multinational political-territorial entity with a republican form of government of the “Soviet” type, which over time has become a clear example for such complex European states as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. This theme is unique not only in terms of solving the ethnic issue, but also as the “model” of territorial structure since the basis of one federation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formed another federation, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which integrated, along with traditional administrative units, national political-territorial entities in the form of autonomous republics, regions, and districts. The article emphasizes the fact that one of the consequences of the appearance on the political map of the Soviet Union, which defeated Nazi Germany and its numerous satellites in World War II, was not only the formation of “popular democracy” countries and the so-called “socialist camp” that existed for over forty years and represented a civilizational alternative to the capitalist path of social development, but also the collapse of the colonial system and acquisition of independence and sovereignty by the peoples inhabiting the regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The Soviet model of the state structure and democracy institutions as antipodes to bourgeois populism and liberal demagogy facilitated an accelerated transition from declarations of constituent and constitutional documents proclaiming human and civil rights and freedoms to their practical implementation in the economic and political sphere in countries that had associated themselves with Western-style democracy; it resulted in a more socially oriented role of state and its structures. The Soviet experience clearly demonstrates what real results the state and society can achieve in solving the women's issue, elimination of total illiteracy, and growth of the well-being of citizens. At the same time, manifestations of authoritarianism and totalitarianism that took place at certain stages reveal that the power mechanism was subject not only to voluntaristic tendencies or official personification, but also to relapses into a personality cult, one of the most negative consequences of state disintegration and local civil wars within its former territory.
This article features the special position that Poland and Hungary demonstrate towards the national government institutions and civil rights. The research objective was to describe the internal transformation and adaptation processes of Hungarian and Polish societies to the European concept of acquis communautaire, as well as the tensions between these two countries and the older EU members. This special position can be explained by the growing sentiments of national pride and identity. The social and economic achievements that happened aſter the 1990s allowed these states to increase the quality of life, and their citizens are not willing to give up on their identity to accommodate the demands of the European Union. For instance, people of Poland and Hungary saw a certain threat to their identity in the pressure from Brussels to welcome migrants from the Middle East, whom they could not accept on the mental and religious levels. Another threat was the Brussels’ pursuit to make Poland and Hungary accept sexual minorities in a very short timeframe, despite the fact that this process took Western Europe several centuries. Considering that the church had a very negative attitude to both issues, certain political parties managed to seize the power. They suppressed the freedom of speech, denied the independence of the judicial power, and challenged Brussels.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
Knowledge of the spatial distribution of agricultural abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union is highly uncertain. To help improve this situation, we have developed a new map of arable and abandoned land for 2010 at a 10 arc-second resolution. We have fused together existing land cover and land use maps at different temporal and spatial scales for the former Soviet Union (fSU) using a training data set collected from visual interpretation of very high resolution (VHR) imagery. We have also collected an independent validation data set to assess the map accuracy. The overall accuracies of the map by region and country, i.e. Caucasus, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, are 90±2%, 84±2%, 92±1%, 78±3%, 95±1%, 83±2%, respectively. This new product can be used for numerous applications including the modelling of biogeochemical cycles, land-use modelling, the assessment of trade-offs between ecosystem services and land-use potentials (e.g., agricultural production), among others. Design Type(s) data integration objective • image analysis objective Measurement Type(s) land cover Technology Type(s) image analysis Factor Type(s) Sample Characteristic(s) European Russia • Ukraine • Belarus • Russia • Moldova • Kazakhstan Design Type(s) data integration objective • image analysis objective Measurement Type(s) land cover Technology Type(s) image analysis Factor Type(s) Sample Characteristic(s) European Russia • Ukraine • Belarus • Russia • Moldova • Kazakhstan Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
This article presents a summary of the reports and transcripts of the discussion held on October 24, 2020, at a panel on the functioning of foreign languages in 18th-century Russia, which took place during the international conference "Müller Readings-2020." The attendees discussed different approaches to the subject using various historical examples, such as the language of the manuscripts presented to Peter the Great and Catherine I; the languages of Russian-Turkish diplomacy in the reign of Peter the Great; the problems of the horizon of the translator and the genre conditionality of the use of languages; their use in the initial period of the existence of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; and the problems of publishing foreign language sources. Several reports were devoted to the history of teaching foreign languages among various social strata, as well as to the methods of teaching languages in the 18th century.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Исследуется архивная находка новой ранней рукописи, содержащей два произведения неизвестного составителя 30‑х гг. XVIII в.: об истории «тирана Ивана Грозного» и «честожадного» к самодержавной власти Бориса Годунова. Рукопись хранится в Государственном архиве Рязанской области (ГАРО) в составе собрания Рязанской губернской ученой архивной комиссии. Как показывает предпринятое изучение, ее краткую археографическую характеристику дал в 1892 г. Алексей Васильевич Селиванов, один из основателей архивной комиссии в Рязани. Он датировал сборник по филиграням временем около 1727 г. В 2001 г. рукопись заново была описана в обзоре рукописной коллекции ГАРО. Анализируется та часть рукописного сборника, которая содержит сочинение о Борисе Годунове, до настоящего времени оно не введено в научный оборот. Раскрывается основа источников составителя: ими оказались переводы записок иностранцев о России XVI–XVII вв., в частности, сочинения Джерома Горсея, Якоба Ульфельдта, Адама Олеария и некоторых других. Выявляется целый ряд параллельных известий из записок о России Дж. Горсея в малоизвестном варианте издания на старонемецком языке о характере царя Бориса. В центре внимания стоит вопрос о том, какие из существовавших записок иностранцев могли быть доступны предполагаемому составителю сборника в изданиях XVII – начала XVIII в. Приводятся данные, раскрывающие вопрос о месте создания сочинения об Иване Грозном и Борисе Годунове. Высказывается предположение о возможном авторе публикуемого памятника, вероятно, связанном с кругом лиц, пострадавших по делу Артемия Волынского. В приложении публикуется ранее не изданный текст рукописи о Борисе Годунове, созданный неизвестным автором в 1730‑х гг.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Introduction. In the early 1980s the materials of soil burial grounds served as a base for identifying a special Eneolithic period in the history of the Middle and Lower Volga regions. Gathering of source basis on burial Eneolithic complexes is being effected rather slowly. Due to this fact the publication of new information on burial complexes of the Copper Age is quite urgent. This article enters the materials found during the excavations on Maksimovka I soil burial ground situated within the Samara river basin into scientific life.
Methods. The collective burial on Maksimovka I burial ground consisted of three or probably four skeletons. They were supine, their legs bent at the knees and their heads oriented towards the North-East. Grave goods included a bone tool, a pressure tool, a sandstone pendant, flint scrapers and a borer, arrowheads with straight or emarginated foundation.
Results. While comparing the burial rite with materials of other Eneolithic burial grounds one can see the greatest similarity in the complexes of the Khvalynsk Eneolithic culture (the presence of collective burials, supine position of skeletons with bent legs, orienting the buried people’s heads towards the North-East). Leaf-like arrowheads with narrowed bases and a cavity on the foundation were used in a wide range of activities in the Eneolithic period and Early Bronze Age in the Volga-Don interfluve. However they are typical for Caspian and Altatin complexes in the steppe area of the Volga region.
Discussion. In accordance with the latest radiocarbon dates concerning the Eneolithic materials of soil burial grounds and settlement monuments one should date the burial on Maksimovka soil burial ground tentatively 5200–4500 BC.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
The paper features the changes that take place in the process of adaptation of first-year students to the educational environment of the medical university during the first year of study. The methods research included diagnostic tools and methods of data processing, e.g. T.D. Dubowitzka and A. V. Krylova's technique "Adaptation of students at the university", questionnaire "Student Anxiety" in J. Taylor’s modification, φ-Fisher conversion multifunctional criterion and t-Student parametric criterion for dependent samples. A statistical analysis made it possible to make certain conclusions about the ambiguous nature of the dynamics of adaptation of freshmen to the educational environment of the medical university. The identified reliable differences in the indicators of adaptation to learning activity make significant additions to the scientific perception on the leading role of the given adaptation type, which has an open, pronounced, but fleeting positive character. The absence of significant differences in anxiety rates at the beginning and end of the school year indicates a fairly stable emotional background, with a predominance of average and elevated levels. On the other hand, certain aspects in the educational environment of the university cause persistent negative experience. The emotional state of the respondents by the end of the first year revealed a new aspect of anxiety, i. e. interpersonal relationships within the grouр. The authors believe this is due to the change of orientation in the adaptation process. The change reflects the formation of a community of freshmen with actively flowing processes of status differentiation and the transformation of a diffuse group into a prosocial association. This transformation suggests a different kind of adaptation dynamics to student grouр. This longer and more latent kind of adaptation is determined by intragroup processes.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, a major turning point in all former Soviet Republics, Central Asian and Caucasian countries began to reflect on their history and identities. As a consequence of their opening up to the global exchange of ideas, various strains of Islam and trends in Islamic thought have nourished the Islamic revival that had already started in the context of glasnost and perestroika—from Turkey, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, and from the Indian subcontinent, the four regions with strong ties to Central Asian and Caucasian Islam before Soviet occupation. Bayram Balci seeks to analyze how these new Islamic influences have reached local societies and how they have interacted with pre-existing religious belief and practices. Combining exceptional erudition with rare first-hand research, Balci's book provides a sophisticated account of both the internal dynamics and external influences in the evolution of Islam in the region.