Hasil untuk "History of Italy"

G. Lees-Maffei, D. Huppatz

Francesca Cigna, Louise Rayne, Jennifer L. Makovics et al.

Iraq faces significant challenges in sustainable water resource management, due to intensive agriculture and climate change. Modern irrigation leads to depleted natural springs and abandoned traditional canal systems, creating a nexus between climate, water availability, agriculture, and cultural heritage. This work unveils this nexus holistically, from the regional to the local scale, and by considering all the components of the nexus. This is achieved by combining five decades (1974–2024) of satellite data—including declassified HEXAGON KH-9, Copernicus Sentinel-1/2/3, COSMO-SkyMed radar, and PlanetScope’s Dove optical imagery—and on-the-ground observations (photographic and drone surveying). The observed landscape changes are categorised as “proxies” to infer the presence of the given land processes that they correlate to. The whole of southern Iraq is afflicted by dust storms and intense evapotranspiration; new areas are desertifying and thus becoming local sources of dust in the southwest of the Euphrates floodplain and close to the boundary with the western desert. The most severe transformations happened around springs between Najaf Sea and Hammar Lake, where centre-pivot and herringbone irrigation systems fed by pumped groundwater have densified. While several instances of run-off and discharge highlight the loss of water in the western side of the study area, ~5 km² wide clusters of crops in the eastern side suffer from water scarcity and are abandoned. Here, new industrial activities and modern infrastructure have already damaged tens of archaeological sites. Future monitoring based on the identified proxies could help to assess improvements or deterioration, in light of mitigation measures.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

A combination of searches for singly and doubly charged Higgs bosons, H± and H±±, produced via vector-boson fusion is performed using 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Searches targeting decays to massive vector bosons in leptonic final states (electrons or muons) are considered. New constraints are reported on the production cross-section times branching fraction for charged Higgs boson masses between 200 GeV and 3000 GeV. The results are interpreted in the context of the Georgi-Machacek model for which the most stringent constraints to date are set for the masses considered in the combination.

Eleonora Miaci, Emiliano Seri

Despite growing interest in migration studies, research on motherhood among migrant women in Italy remains limited. This study contributes to the literature by examining the family trajectories of Albanian women in Italy, exploring how their migration patterns and experiences have shaped these life aspects. We conducted a comprehensive textual analysis to find the main topics of 30 semi-structured interviews with Albanian mothers living in Milan, Rome, and Bari. After pre-processing the text, we performed an exploratory analysis to identify key features and explore word relationships. The predominant dimensions that emerged relate to family management, work paths and schedules, and strategies and concerns arising from the trade-off between work and childcare. Subsequently, we stratified the sample by entry channel into Italy (study and work, reunification, and irregular channel) and applied Latent Dirichlet Allocation to model each sub-corpus as a mixture of topics. Our results resonate with existing literature [1] on the key role of female migratory patterns in shaping post-migration fertility. Interviewees who entered Italy through various migratory channels not only differ in their characteristics and migration experiences but also exhibit dissimilar fertility desires and behaviors, motherhood trajectories, and conceptions of their role as mothers and family ideals. These differences influence their priorities and level of commitment to family and work obligations.

Arunima Bose, Tuula Niskanen, Sudeshna Datta et al.

The genus Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray is one of the dominating mushroom-forming ectomycorrhizal genera in the Indian Himalaya. Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (Fr.) Trog is the most species-rich group within this genus. In this subgenus, two novel species, namely C. thindii A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov. and C. dhakuricus A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov. (under C. section Hinnulei Melot), and one new record for Indian mycobiota, namely C. pseudotorvus A.Naseer, J.Khan, & A.N.Khalid (under C. section Telamonia (Fr.) Gillot & Lucand), collected from the state of Uttarakhand are presented here with morphological descriptions, illustrations and nrITS-based molecular phylogenetic inferences. Additionally, Cortinarius parvisporus Vizzini is here proposed as nom. nov., for C. brunneocarpus var. microsporus J.Khan.

Roberto Andorno, Andrea Lavazza, Andrea Lavazza

Igor Pellicciari

Aid Policies In The First Year Of The War In Ukraine Constitute A Unique And Unprecedented Historical Case Destined To Leave An “Echo” In The International System Far Beyond Those Of The Individual Ukrainian Case And The Aid Sector Alone. Using A Realist Theoretical Approach In Which International Aid Public Policies (Iapps) Are A Central Variable In The History Of International Relations, This Article Starts With The Eight Peculiarities Of Ukrainian Aid That Emerged From A Recent Comparison With The Start Of The Bosnian War In 1992. That Is Proposed To Contextualise Their Political, Conceptual, And Historical Implications Within The Evolution Of Inter-State Aid. The Interaction Of These Peculiarities Has Established A New Model Of Interventionist Aid As Opposed To The Neutralist Model That Had Characterised Western Aid In The Past: The Provision Of Humanitarian-Emergency Or Development Cooperation Initiatives. The New Type Of Aid Analysed Herein Is Wide-Ranging (Military, Financial, Political, Etc.), Takes An Active Part In The Crisis To Condition Its Course And Outcome, And Defines Primarily Political And Not Humanitarian Objectives. Thus, It Functions According To The Tactical Requirements Of The Scenario. New Unregulated Practices Of Weaponisation Of Aid And Aidisation Of Weapons Make Interventionist Aid An Anarchic Yet Central Element Of Warfare. The Prospect Of Its Eventual Consolidation Among The Foundational Elements Of A New World Order Prompts Speculation About Future National Scenarios Of Post-Democracy Aid And International Scenarios Of World War Aid.

Samuele Frosali, Saverio Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio Bartolini-Lucenti et al.

IntroductionThe phylogenetic and ecological importance of paranasal sinuses in carnivorans was highlighted by several previous authors, mostly in extant species. Nevertheless, no specific study on this feature on extant canids, and no one on fossil representatives of the family, has been published up to now. Here, we analyze for the first time the paranasal sinus of extant and fossil canids through computed tomographic techniques to characterize them morphologically and morphometrically, making ecological inferences.MethodsTo do so, we applied for the first time an innovative deformation-based morphometric approach.ResultsThe results obtained for extant species highlight a remarkable correlation between morphology and ecomorphotypes previously defined by some scholars (namely hypercarnivorous group-hunters; small-prey hypercarnivores, mesocarnivores, hypocarnivores). Our results thus support the direct relationship between diet preferences and the development of frontal sinus in canids. Regarding fossil specimens, we reconstructed for the first time the frontal sinus of three Eucyon species and compared it to those of living forms.DiscussionThe best-preserved specimen, the only known cranium of Eucyon adoxus dated to the Late Pliocene of Saint-Estève (France), displayed similarities with hypercarnivorous group-hunter canids by the large sinus prominences. Given that the overall craniodental morphology of E. adoxus suggests that it acted as a small prey hypercarnivore—similar to extant Canis simensis—the aforementioned affinities might have evolved independently, in relation to high stresses during feeding. Overall, our study demonstrates that morphological inspection and deformation-based geometric morphometrics complement each other and allow a thorough investigation of sinus shape variability, thus enabling the study of sinus morphology in other fossil carnivorans with the ultimate goal of inferring their ecological preferences.

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

T. Ubide, B. Kamber

Crystals formed prior to a volcanic event can provide evidence of processes leading to and timing of eruptions. Clinopyroxene is common in basaltic to intermediate volcanoes, however, its ability as a recorder of pre-eruptive histories has remained comparatively underexplored. Here we show that novel high-resolution trace element images of clinopyroxene track eruption triggers and timescales at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Chromium (Cr) distribution in clinopyroxene from 1974 to 2014 eruptions reveals punctuated episodes of intrusion of primitive magma at depth. Magma mixing efficiently triggered volcanism (success rate up to 90%), within only 2 weeks of arrival of mafic intrusions. Clinopyroxene zonations distinguish between injections of mafic magma and regular recharges with more evolved magma, which often fail to tip the system to erupt. High Cr zonations can therefore be used to reconstruct past eruptions and inform responses to geophysical signals of volcano unrest, potentially offering an additional approach to volcano hazard monitoring. Crystals can record the timing of volcanic eruptive triggers at depth by examining their zoning histories. Here, the authors analyse clinopyroxene crystal zoning from eruptions at Mount Etna, Italy from 1974-2014 and show that the intrusion of magma can trigger an eruption within 2 weeks of arrival.

D. O’hagan, G. Ott, G. Nest et al.

M. Destek, Muhammad Shahbaz, Ilyas Okumus et al.

Martina Focardi, Simone Grassi, Silvia Raddi et al.

BackgroundThere currently is no evidence that COVID-19 has had an impact on the rates of psychological abuses occurring when a minor witnesses interpersonal violence.AimOur aim was to describe the accesses of the last four years to the Emergency Department of a tertiary hospital (Careggi University Hospital—Florence, Italy) due to this issue and then to evaluate whether the COVID-19 has had an impact on this trend.MethodsWe collected data regarding cases of abuse in which at least a minor had reportedly witnessed the event. Medical records stored between January 1, 2018 to January 1, 2022 were analyzed, extracting sex, age and nationality of the victim; sex of the perpetrator and relationship with the victim; known previous episodes of abuse in the medical history of the victim; setting of the abuse (domestic vs. non-domestic); type of abuse (physical, psychological, sexual); whether the perpetrator was under the influence of alcohol/drugs; whether the victim was hospitalized; prognosis of the victim; number, relation with the victim and involvement in the abuse (as co-victim) of the minor(s) who witnessed the abuse.ResultsA total of 167 eligible cases were registered. 69% of victims had previous episodes of abuse. The perpetrators were all known and mainly males (96%).The abuses were mainly domestic (79%). In 74% of the cases only a type of violence was perpetrated. In 12% of the cases, the minors were also victims of physical abuse. No statistically significant relationships were found between the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and the changes in the number of cases of domestic abuse (p = 0.07), physical abuse (p = 0.62), psychological abuse (p = 0.83) or sexual abuse (p = 0.88). However, during the institutional lockdown in Italy (March-May 2022) only two cases occurred – a number that did not allow period-specific statistical inference.ConclusionsEmpowering the hospital policies specifically aimed at identifying and protecting the victims of violence/witnessed violence remains a critical goal from both a public health and medico-legal point of view.

Marco Benvenuti, Fausto Barbagli, Francesca Maggiore

In Andreone et al. (2022), the authors described a background about the Italian Natural History Museums (NHMs) situation, highlighting difficulties regarding the coordination among institutes due to the fragmented landscape, from the past until today. They suggested how having a national institute, the Future National Biodiversity Centre (FCNB), woul d represent the best solution to the problem. Our vision regarding the lack of a national natural history museum in Italy does not coincide with that of the authors, but we do not consider clarifying this aspect in the present letter. On the other hand, since the authors reported how “the present fragmentation of museums and associated collections does not allow for an effective participation of Italy to global models of aggregated natural history databases (such as the VertNet, iDigBio, GBIF)”, we believe it is necessary to address the issue linked to the digital sharing of Italian collections. We present more clarifications about Italy’s commitment to the digitisation and sharing of NH collections data through the DiSSCo RI “Distributed System of Scientific Collections Research Infrastructure” of which Italy is one of the 23 European partner countries since 2018.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

Nicola Bianchi, Michela Giorcelli

The Marshall Plan (1948–1952) was the largest aid transfer in history. This paper estimates its effects on Italy’s postwar economic development. It exploits differences between Italian provinces in the value of reconstruction grants they received. Provinces that could modernize their infrastructure more quickly experienced higher increases in agricultural production, especially for perishable crops. In the same provinces, we observe larger investments in labor-saving machines, the entry of more firms into the industrial sector, and a larger expansion of the industrial and service workforces.

B. Aranguren, A. Revedin, Nicola Amico et al.

Alessandro Sbrana, Paola Marianelli, Giuseppe Pasquini

A volcanological map merging continental and marine areas of the Phlegrean Fields and Procida Island (Southern Italy) is presented at the 1:25,000 scale. The map is based on 1:5,000 field mapping, and marine geology survey carried out during the Italian CAR.G (Geological CARtography, Servizio Geologico d’Italia) project and on bathymetric and seismic data. Geological data are represented on a digital terrain model of the volcano. This allows better visualization of the main morphological, volcanic, and geological features. The legend is organized in seven activity phases identified based on updated absolute ages of eruptions defining periods of high volcanicity and stasis. The geological map highlights the evolutive history of the Phlegrean Fields volcanic field both in the marine and continental portions, and the reconstructed structural framework and evolution of the caldera formed 39.3 Ky ago in its continental and submerged portions.

Berihun Gebremedhin, Desalegn Chala, Øystein Flagstad et al.

Populations of large mammals have declined at alarming rates, especially in areas with intensified land use where species can only persist in small habitat fragments. To support conservation planning, we developed habitat suitability models for the Walia ibex (Capra walie), an endangered wild goat endemic to the Simen Mountains, Ethiopia. We calibrated several models that differ in statistical properties to estimate the spatial extent of suitable habitats of the Walia ibex in the Simen Mountains, as well as in other parts of the Ethiopian highlands to assess potentially suitable areas outside the current distribution range of the species. We further addressed the potential consequences of future climate change using a climate model with four emission scenarios. Model projections estimated the potential suitable habitat under current climate to 501–672 km2 in Simen and 6,251–7,732 km2 in other Ethiopian mountains. Under projected climate change by 2,080, the suitable habitat became larger in Simen but smaller in other parts of Ethiopia. The projected expansion in Simen is contrary to the general expectation of shrinking suitable habitats for high-elevation species under climate warming and may partly be due to the ruggedness of these particular mountains. The Walia ibex has a wide altitudinal range and is able to exploit very steep slopes, allowing it to track the expected vegetation shift to higher altitudes. However, this potential positive impact may not last long under continued climate warming, as the species will not have much more new space left to colonize. Our study indicates that the current distribution range can be substantially increased by reintroducing and/or translocating the species to other areas with suitable habitat. Indeed, to increase the viability and prospects for survival of this flagship species, we strongly recommend human-assisted reintroduction to other Ethiopian mountains. Emulating the successful reintroduction of the Alpine ibex that has spread from a single mountain in Italy to its historical ranges of the Alps in Europe might contribute to saving the Walia ibex from extinction.

Luís André do Prado

This article rescues and analyzes the facts and characters involved in the promotion of the First Brazilian Fashion Show, which took place on November 6, 1952 at the São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP), by an Italian couple who had recently emigrated to Brazil: Pietro Maria Bardi and Achillina (or Lina) Bo Bardi, he journalist and art dealer, she architect. The social, economic and ideological motivations that made possible this pioneering and extemporaneous event in the history of fashion in the country are highlighted, as well as its oblique relationships with the emergence of the field of fashion creation in Brazil and Italy.