Hasil untuk "History of Greece"

Roland Stucki, S. Homer

Chamila Gamage

This paper frames calculus as a global, centuries-long development rather than a subject that began only with Newton and Leibniz. Drawing on ideas from Greek, Indian, Islamic, and later European mathematics, it highlights how concepts like infinity, area, motion, and continuous change slowly evolved through solving problems and cultural exchange. I argue that bringing this history into the classroom helps students see calculus as more than a set of procedures: it becomes a story of human creativity and persistence. By revisiting the questions early mathematicians struggled with, students can better appreciate and better understand the core ideas behind the formulas they use today.

Artemisia Kokkinari, Evangelia Antoniou, Eirini Orovou et al.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) during pregnancy has been associated with various obstetric complications, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and premature rupture of membranes. However, its potential link to placental abruption remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate whether low maternal vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of placental abruption in pregnancies considered otherwise low-risk. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 248 pregnant women who were admitted for delivery at a public hospital in Athens, Greece. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured upon admission. Levels below 30 ng/mL were classified as insufficient. Although this threshold corresponds to insufficiency according to the Endocrine Society, for the purposes of this study, levels < 30 ng/mL were treated as indicative of vitamin D deficiency in order to capture broader physiological implications. Cases of placental abruption were identified based on obstetric history and clinical documentation at the time of delivery. A Chi-square test was used to assess the association between vitamin D status and placental abruption, and a multivariate logistic regression model was applied to control for potential confounders, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, smoking, and preterm birth. The potential role of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy was also explored as part of the analysis. Results: Our analysis revealed that women with VDD had a significantly higher incidence of placental abruption (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In the multivariate model, VDD remained an independent risk factor (adjusted OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1–9.6). Additional risk factors that showed significant associations with placental abruption included pregnancy-induced hypertension and maternal smoking. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that insufficient maternal vitamin D levels may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including placental abruption. Further prospective studies are warranted to clarify the causal mechanisms and to evaluate whether early detection and correction of vitamin D deficiency could serve as a preventive strategy in prenatal care.

Georgia Spyropoulou, Ilirida Musaraj

This article focuses on one critical factor among the many influencing identity formation in the second generation of Albanian origin in Greece: the acquisition of citizenship. Citizenship is more than a legal status; it serves as a fundamental marker of belonging, shaping access to rights, social mobility, and political participation. Despite the 2015 Greek citizenship law aiming to facilitate naturalization, many second-generation Albanians still face bureaucratic obstacles, and prolonged legal uncertainty. These barriers create a sense of social exclusion by limiting opportunities in education and employment and depriving them the right of political participation. Navigating these challenges forces individuals to negotiate their identity in complex ways. Some emphasize Greek identity, others adopt a hybrid identity, yet others reinforce Albanian self-identification. Broader societal attitudes, including stereotypes and discrimination, further shape these identity strategies. These strategies are furthermore influenced by the individuals’ life trajectories, which can either reinforce a sense of otherness or counteract it. Through in-depth interviews, this qualitative study argues that citizenship constitutes a crucial determinant of cultural and/or national belonging for some people, as it produces practical and symbolic conditions of inclusion or exclusion. Ultimately, Greek citizenship functions not just as an institutional gatekeeper but as a broader social force that shapes an individuals’ identity and sense of belonging within Greek society.

Kyriakos Souliotis, Kyriakos Souliotis, Christina Golna et al.

IntroductionGlobally, there is limited scientific consensus on the definition of Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) or Difficult to Treat Depression (DTD) and even greater challenges are being reported with its management. In Greece, the last available guidelines on depression from 2015 make no reference to TRD/DTD management. This study aims to inform the definition of TRD or DTD and propose a pathway for its integrated management in the context of the Greek National Health System (NHS).MethodsIndividual interviews with clinical experts based on a structured interview guide were conducted in November 2022 to explore consensus on the definition, key challenges, and prospects for the management of TRD/DTD in Greece. Results were combined in a manuscript that was circulated amongst authors for comments and sign off.ResultsParticipants preferred the use of the DTD term over TRD, though noted that using the term TRD may be more amendable to wider scientific audiences. They also agreed on the need to set bold treatment goals and assess optimal treatment dose, duration, and adherence, in the context of shared decision making, prior to confirming a diagnosis as TRD/DTD and proposing a treatment strategy. Integration of patient management with use of mobile mental health units, Mental Health Centers and tertiary Centers of Excellence would promote patient centricity, accessibility, affordability as well as help develop an evidence basis for the further customization and evolution of mental health policies in the future.ConclusionThis is the first study to discuss and define the challenge of TRD/DTD in Greece and propose a structured pathway for its integrated management in the context of the Greek NHS, allowing for the country’s geographic disparities, history of burden of mental health and socioeconomic specificities, including stigma surrounding a mental health diagnosis.

Nathalie K. Jones, Jason J. Wang, Eric L. Nielsen et al.

We present confirmation of HD 143811 AB b, a substellar companion to spectroscopic binary HD 143811 AB through direct imaging with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) and Keck NIRC2. HD 143811 AB was observed as a part of the GPI Exoplanet Survey in 2016 and 2019 and is a member of the Sco-Cen star formation region. The exoplanet is detected ∼430 mas from the host star by GPI. With two GPI epochs and one from Keck/NIRC2 in 2022, we confirm through common proper motion analysis that the object is bound to its host star. We derive an orbit with a semimajor axis of $6{4}_{-14}^{+32}$ au and eccentricity ${0.23}_{-0.16}^{+0.24}$ . Spectral analysis of the GPI H -band spectrum and NIRC2 L′ photometry provides additional proof that this object is a substellar companion. We compare the spectrum of HD 143811 AB b to PHOENIX stellar models and Exo-Radioactive-Convective Equilibrium Model (REM) exoplanet atmosphere models and find that Exo-REM models provide the best fits to the data. From the Exo-REM models, we derive an effective temperature of $104{2}_{-132}^{+178}$ K for the planet and translate the derived luminosity of the planet to a mass of 5.6 ± 1.1 M _Jup assuming hot-start evolutionary models. HD 143811 AB b is the first directly imaged planet around a binary that is not on an ultrawide orbit. Future characterization of this object will shed light on the formation of planets around binary star systems.

Christopher M. Graney

This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.

Alexander A. Novik

Through his work, the author analyzes the influence of state ideology and cultural codes on the ethnic and national self-identification of the migrants from Southeastern Europe to the Azov region of Russia. Through his research, he has revealed the degree of influence of various factors contributing to the sustainable preservation or loss of ethnic, regional, linguistic and religious identities within the framework of the development of a separate multi-ethnic territory. The source base for the study is the documents of the State Archive of the Rostov Region and the materials of complex expeditions, the Archive of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author comes to the conclusion, that at the present, most residents of the villages on the shores of the Taganrog Bay are well aware of the history of their settlements; many are ready to claim that they have Greek/ Arnaut roots, and therefore they resolutely declare their “autochthony.” However, there are no attempts to revitalize this traditional culture or it’s holidays - “like in Greece or Albania” (as it is happening in the Zaporozhye and Donetsk regions). In the region, belonging to one’s people, by those born and living there, is perceived as a more significant marker than ethnic origin, ethnic self-identification and declaration of ethnic preferences.

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

Dimitris M. Manias, Dimitris G. Patsatzis, Dimitris A. Goussis

The results of an alternative methodology for making predictions about the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece are presented. Instead of focusing on the various population profiles (subjected to instabilities introduced by the fitting process), this methodology focuses on the time scale that characterises the intensity and duration of the outbreak phase. Therefore, instead of predicting the peak of active cases, here their inflection point is predicted (the point where the increase of active cases stops accelerating and starts decelerating). Since the inflection point precedes the peak, this methodology can serve as an early warning of the peak. In addition, the paths between the various populations (healthy, exposed, infected, etc) that contribute the most to the outbreak phase are identified.

Areti Kotsi, Evangelos Mitsakis

This paper aims to provide insights related to the impact assessment and evaluation results from the use of CITS services in the Greek pilot of the CRoads Greece project, i.e., Attica Tollway and Egnatia Odos Tollway. The impact assessment and evaluation of the CITS services includes aspects related to user acceptance, real world pilot logs collected from the two pilots, and simulation experiments that were conducted for the impact assessment of the CITS services. The paper concludes with a roadmap and guidelines for the extended deployment of CITS services in the Greek highway and urban road networks.

Étienne Pittoni

Ram Sagar

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.

E. Crane

Murray Gell-Mann, James B Hartle

This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..

Sjang L. ten Hagen

This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound as a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.

Konstantinos Kaloudis, George A. Kevrekidis, Helena C. Maltezou et al.

Herein, we provide estimations for the effective reproduction number $R_e$ for the greater metropolitan area of Athens, Greece during the first wave of the pandemic (February 26-May 15, 2020). For our calculations, we implemented, in a comparative approach, the two most widely used methods for the estimation of $R_e$, that by Wallinga and Teunis and by Cori et al. Data were retrieved from the national database of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Greece. Our analysis revealed that the expected value of Re dropped below 1 around March 15, shortly after the suspension of the operation of educational institutions of all levels nationwide on March 10, and the closing of all retail activities (cafes, bars, museums, shopping centres, sports facilities and restaurants) on March 13. On May 4, the date on which the gradual relaxation of the strict lockdown commenced, the expected value of $R_e$ was slightly below 1, however with relatively high levels of uncertainty due to the limited number of notified cases during this period. Finally, we discuss the limitations and pitfalls of the methods utilized for the estimation of the $R_e$, highlighting that the results of such analyses should be considered only as indicative by policy makers.

Daniel M. Knight

Takeshi Hirai

An overview of the history of projective representations (= spin representations) of groups, preceded by the prehistory of studies on the theory of quaternion due to Rodrigues and Hamilton. Beginning with Schur, we cover many mathematicians until today, and also physicists Pauli and Dirac. This is a self translation of Appendix A of my book "Introduction to the theory of projective representations of groups" in Japanese, 2018, Sugakushobo, and may serve as an introduction to our paper arXiv: 1804.06063 [math.RT] which will appear in Kyoto J. Math.

Daniel Parrochia

One usually refers the concept of Feynman path integral to the work of Norbert Wiener on Brownian motion in the early 1920s. This view is not false and we show in this article that Wiener used the first path integral of the history of physics to describe the Brownian motion. That said, Wiener, as he pointed out, was inspired by the work of some French mathematicians, particularly Gateaux and Levy. Moreover, although Richard Feynman has independently found this notion, we show that in the course of the 1930s, while searching a kind of geometrization of quantum mechanics, another French mathematician, Adolphe Buhl, noticed by the philosopher Gaston Bachelard, had himself been close to forge such a notion. This reminder does not detract from the remarkable discovery of Feynman, which must undeniably be attributed to him. We also show, however, that the difficulties of this notion had to wait many years before being resolved, and it was only recently that the path integral could be rigorously established from a mathematical point of view.