Bibigul Zhiyembay, Lyazat Meirambekova, Gulbakram Zhiyembayeva
et al.
Language plays an important role in the development of any state because it evolves in direct contact with people's thinking, history, culture, and worldview. When studying the works of foreign and domestic scientists and classifying the Middle Ages heritage by linguistic features, it can clearly be seen that Turkic written manuscripts in different periods were written in different alphabets, such as runic, Uyghur, Manichaean, Brahma, Arabic, Latin, Armenian, Chagatai, and Cyrillic. Based on the use of Armenian graphics, it has also been established that in the Middle Ages, the heritage of Turkic peoples, including the Qypchaks, was written in a variety of genres and has survived to this day in written manuscripts. The study of Armenian writing in the Qypchak language is especially important in today's Kazakhstani social life. We seek the origins of the Kazakh language and nation in the Qypchak community which emerged in the ancient Turkic period and flourished in the Middle Turkic period. Historical and linguistic works written about the history, language, and culture of the Qypchak community, which ruled the territory from Central Europe to Northern China in the Middle Ages, have demonstrated that the study of the Qypchak people who lived in the Middle Ages is still relevant in modern science. This field studies the history, language, ethnography, culture, and other aspects of the steppe nomadic civilization. Moreover, it aims to thoroughly investigate its aspects, compare the origins and roots of ethnic groups of Qypchak descent to their current condition, and demonstrate traces of historical continuity. The German scientist Adalbert Merx’s work «Türkische Sprichwörter» (Turkish proverbs) written in 1893 and stored in the Bayerische Staats Bibliothek Muenchen library is taken as the object of research. Moreover, the proverbs in the manuscript language are read directly from the Armenian script; the relevance and scientific value of the topic is reported in the given article.
Véronique Brunet, Ginette Auxiette, Laura Berrio
et al.
The preventive archaeological excavation of Saint-Julien-lès-Metz took place some twenty years ago, and the artefacts were completely restudied following the publication of this relatively well-preserved site. The site as a whole illustrates three Neolithic periods from sometimes unprecedented angles, and represents a major contribution to our understanding of village communities in Lorraine. The three recognised settlements span the 5th to 3rd millennia and are separated by chronological gaps. The first documented occupation dates back to the first part of the Middle Neolithic. The main features of this period are two buildings and a succession of polylobed pits, typical of sites from the Grossgartach culture. They provide an unprecedented vision of a structured plateau settlement. The second is dated to the second half of the Middle Neolithic. A sequence of polylobed pits is the only remaining feature of a Bischheim settlement. These structures are recurrent features on contemporaneous Lorraine sites. The last occupation dates from the Final Neolithic. A combustion structure and a silo are the only remaining elements of a probable Bell Beaker settlement.
Despite being a visible phenomenon, the theoretical aspects of miniaturisation have been investigated only in the last decade and seldom applied to miniatures found in archaeological excavations. Scholars rarely paid attention to Late Cypriot (LC) miniatures and usually understood them as votives. Albeit not entirely rejectable, this interpretation does not acknowledge the archaeological context and social background in which miniatures circulated. Recent archaeological and anthropological researches show that miniatures are far more complex objects. Rather than simply being votives, toys, and cheap copies of their bigger counterpart, the miniatures are multifaceted expressions of the material culture. The paper combines theoretical works on miniaturisation and two case studies (miniature oxhide ingots from Enkomi and miniature pottery from Athienou), to review the role of miniatures in LC material culture and society.
The generalization of decision-making agents encompasses two fundamental elements: learning from past experiences and reasoning in novel contexts. However, the predominant emphasis in most interactive environments is on learning, often at the expense of complexity in reasoning. In this paper, we introduce CivRealm, an environment inspired by the Civilization game. Civilization's profound alignment with human history and society necessitates sophisticated learning, while its ever-changing situations demand strong reasoning to generalize. Particularly, CivRealm sets up an imperfect-information general-sum game with a changing number of players; it presents a plethora of complex features, challenging the agent to deal with open-ended stochastic environments that require diplomacy and negotiation skills. Within CivRealm, we provide interfaces for two typical agent types: tensor-based agents that focus on learning, and language-based agents that emphasize reasoning. To catalyze further research, we present initial results for both paradigms. The canonical RL-based agents exhibit reasonable performance in mini-games, whereas both RL- and LLM-based agents struggle to make substantial progress in the full game. Overall, CivRealm stands as a unique learning and reasoning challenge for decision-making agents. The code is available at https://github.com/bigai-ai/civrealm.
AI agents have been evaluated in isolation or within small groups, where interactions remain limited in scope and complexity. Large-scale simulations involving many autonomous agents -- reflecting the full spectrum of civilizational processes -- have yet to be explored. Here, we demonstrate how 10 - 1000+ AI agents behave and progress within agent societies. We first introduce the PIANO (Parallel Information Aggregation via Neural Orchestration) architecture, which enables agents to interact with humans and other agents in real-time while maintaining coherence across multiple output streams. We then evaluate agent performance in agent simulations using civilizational benchmarks inspired by human history. These simulations, set within a Minecraft environment, reveal that agents are capable of meaningful progress -- autonomously developing specialized roles, adhering to and changing collective rules, and engaging in cultural and religious transmission. These preliminary results show that agents can achieve significant milestones towards AI civilizations, opening new avenues for large simulations, agentic organizational intelligence, and integrating AI into human civilizations.
The disagreement between the Safavids (1135-907 AH) and the Uzbeks (1007-906 AH) were not limited to military affairs and these two had dispute in other domains as well. In the meantime, the conflict of ideas developed after the initiation of the relationship between the two governments and showed itself in the form of correspondence was of great significance. This confrontation started in time of Shah Ismail (892-930 A. H) and Shibak Khan (855-916 A. H) and was intensified in time of Shah Abbas the first (978-1038 A. H) and Abdul Mumen Khan (1006 A. H). The main question of the present research is what the components of the ideological and intellectual confrontation were between the Safavids and the Uzbeks. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is through the library sources, it has been tried to investigate the various aspects of this confrontation. The findings of this research show that the ideological confrontation of these two governments includes elements that have been used by the two claimants with the aim of making their government foundations legitimate and also cast doubt on the legitimacy of the rival. Moreover, the elements of Shia and Sunni conflict, which have had a long historical continuity, have been effective in this confrontation. The result of this religious confrontation was reflected in the field of political relations between the two powers and these two rivals took advantage of the aforementioned tensions to advance their political aspirations. The remaining related works of this era indicate the presence of a group of thinkers who fueled this confrontation by preparing the contents of official letters as well as the independent correspondence.
John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.
The author of the book under review is the famous Slavic researcher Vasily Georgiyevich Shchukin (Krakow, Poland), whose works occupy a leading place in the development of the «estate» and «city» myths in human culture. The new monograph is a detailed and multifaceted development of the mythopoetic of the city. The view of the researcher is turned on the one hand, to the typical texts of Russian literature («The Storm» by Alexander Ostrovsky, «Oblomov» by Ivan Goncharov, «Crime and Punishment» by Fyodor Dostoevsky etc.), on the other hand, to empirical spaces refracted through the prism of artistic creations («Simonovo», «the Field of the Maiden», «Maryina Roshcha», «Lefortovo» etc.). A special place in the monograph is given to the study of the real loci of modern urban space (train stations, metro, Leninsky Gory, architectural buildings). The authors of the review note that in «Gorod i mif», the scientific interests of V. G. Shchukin go beyond the field of philology, linking with cultural studies, history, philosophy and art history. For the modern world and modern science, the «humanitarian» component of the reviewed work is extremely important. The study introduces the concept of «humanitarian geography», which is important for modern culture, it makes possible not only to perceive the world as a text («the world as a text»), but also to realize the dialogic nature of the space facing a person. Summarizing the huge and multifaceted material related to the semiotics of the city, V. G. Shchukin, according to the authors, creatively resurrects the «myth of the city».
The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.
I propose the Cosmic Hitchhikers hypothesis as follows. Advanced extraterrestrial civilizations may use free-floating planets as interstellar transportation for space exploration and interstellar colonization. Large groups or populations of their biological species, post-biological species, and technologies may become Cosmic Hitchhikers when they ride free-floating planets to reach, explore and colonize planetary systems. To get an interstellar ride, Cosmic Hitchhikers may travel to free-floating planets passing close by their home worlds. Otherwise, they may use astronomical engineering to steer free-floating planets toward their home planetary systems. Cosmic Hitchhikers may also ride objects native to the outer regions of their planetary systems, which become free-floating planets when ejected by astronomical engineering or by their stars during the asymptotic giant branch evolution. During interstellar travel, Cosmic Hitchhikers may apply astronomical engineering to steer their free-floating planets toward the planetary systems of their choice. Whereas riding free-floating planets may not save travel time, it avoids the technical challenges of interstellar spacecraft transporting large populations. Each civilization of Cosmic Hitchhikers may colonize several planetary systems. Its colonies may grow into autonomous civilizations, changing the number of civilizations in the Galaxy. Over the last 4 billion years, Cosmic Hitchhikers or their artifacts riding free-floating planets might have passed by the Solar System. Therefore, their artifacts might exist in the Solar System or in our stellar neighborhood. SETI and SETA should include the search for Cosmic Hitchhikers and their artifacts. Keywords: SETI, SETA, free-floating planet, extraterrestrial civilization, interstellar travel, interstellar colonization, artifact, Cosmic Hitchhikers
One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.
O estudo investiga a cultura material escolar para o ensino primário no município gaúcho de Caxias do Sul, RS, entre 1890-1930. A perspectiva teórica e metodológica sustenta-se na História Cultural, dialogando com autores como Burke (1992), Chartier (1990) e Pesavento (2014), para atribuir sentido à cultura escolar e às escolas para o desenvolvimento do ensino primário. Nesse sentido, a análise documental histórica mobilizou conceitos de culturas escolares a partir de Escolano Benito (2017). A construção do corpus empírico envolveu fontes documentais como as correspondências de professores, inspetores escolares e intendentes municipais, solicitações e inventários escolares, relatórios da intendência, atos e decretos, assim como jornais da época. Desse modo, identificou-se que nas escolas públicas municipais os objetos mediaram o processo de escolarização, baseados na perspectiva do projeto republicano positivista de civilização, pátria e progresso. Dentre os artefatos identificados, destaca-se o papel do mobiliário escolar nas evidências de modos de fazer e produzir uma cultura escolar. Observa-se a importância da cultura escolar como constituinte do espaço escolar e mediadora das relações entre sujeitos: alunos, professores, inspetores escolares e comunidades.
Palavras-chave: Mobiliário escolar. Ensino primário. Caxias do Sul/RS.
Furniture for public schools of primary education in Caxias do Sul / RS (1890-1930): traces of school culture
ABSTRACT
The study investigates the school material culture for primary education in the city of Caxias do Sul, RS, between 1890-1930. The theoretical and methodological perspective is based on Cultural History, dialoguing with authors such as Burke (2008), Chartier (1990) and Pesavento (2014), making it possible to give meaning to the school culture attributed to schools for the development of primary education. In this sense, the historical documentary analysis mobilized concepts of School Cultures from Escolano Benito (2017). The construction of the empirical corpus involved documentary sources such as: correspondence from teachers, school inspectors and city councilors, school requests and inventories, reports from the council, acts and decrees, as well as newspapers of the time. Thus, it was identified that in municipal public schools, objects mediated the schooling process, based on the perspective of the positivist republican project of civilization, homeland and progress. Among the artifacts identified, the role of school furniture in the evidence of ways of making and producing a school culture stands out. It is observed the importance of School Culture as a constituent of the school space and mediator of the relationships between subjects: students, teachers, school inspectors and communities.
Keywords: School furniture. Primary school. Caxias do Sul/RS.
Muebles para escuelas públicas de educación primaria en Caxias do Sul / RS (1890-1930): huellas de cultura escolar
RESUMEN
El estudio investiga la cultura del material escolar para la educación primaria en la ciudad de Caxias do Sul, RS, entre 1890-1930. La perspectiva teórica y metodológica se basa en la Historia Cultural, dialogando con autores como Burke (2008), Chartier (1990) y Pesavento (2014), lo que permite dar sentido a la cultura escolar atribuida a las escuelas para el desarrollo de la educación primaria. En este sentido, el análisis documental histórico movilizó conceptos de Culturas Escolares de Escolano Benito (2017). La construcción del corpus empírico involucró fuentes documentales como: correspondencia de maestros, inspectores escolares y concejales de la ciudad, solicitudes e inventarios escolares, informes del consejo, actos y decretos, así como periódicos de la época. Así, se identificó que en las escuelas públicas municipales, los objetos median el proceso de escolarización, basado en la perspectiva del proyecto republicano positivista de civilización, patria y progreso. Entre los artefactos identificados, se destaca el papel del mobiliario escolar en la evidencia de formas de hacer y producir una cultura escolar. Se observa la importancia de la Cultura Escolar como componente del espacio escolar y mediador de las relaciones entre las asignaturas: alumnos, docentes, inspectores escolares y comunidades.
Palabras clave: Muebles escolares. Escuela primaria. Caxias do Sul/RS.
Ambitious civilizations that expand for resources at an intergalactic scale could be observable from a cosmological distance, but how likely is one to be visible to us? The question comes down to estimating the appearance rate of such things in the cosmos --- a radically uncertain quantity. Despite this prior uncertainty, anthropic considerations give rise to Bayesian updates, and thus predictions. The Self-Sampling Assumption (SSA), a school of anthropic probability, has previously been used for this purpose. Here, we derive predictions from the alternative school, the Self-Indication Assumption (SIA), and point out its features. SIA favors a higher appearance rate of expansionistic life, but our existence at the present cosmic time means that such life cannot be too common (else our galaxy would long ago have been overrun). This combination squeezes our vast prior uncertainty into a few orders of magnitude. Details of the background cosmology fall out, and we are left with some stark conclusions. E.g. if the limits to technology allow a civilization to expand at speed $v$, the probability of at least one expanding cosmological civilization being visible on our past light cone is $1-\frac{v^3}{c^3}$. We also show how the SIA estimate can be updated from the results of a hypothetical full-sky survey that detects "$n$" expanding civilizations (for $n \geq 0$), and calculate the implied final extent of life in the universe.
Au cours de la campagne de fouille 2019 de l’université de Chypre sur le plateau de Kouklia-Hadjiabdoullah, dans le sud-ouest de Chypre, un tesson inscrit (ostrakon) a été mis au jour. Il porte une inscription peinte en syllabaire chypriote (paphien) où sont enregistrées différentes quantités d’un produit spécifique. Cet ostrakon est le premier témoignage de l’existence, dans la citadelle chypro-classique de l’Ancienne Paphos, d’une administration d’État organisée.
John Alexander Arredondo García, Camilo Ramírez Maluendas
In this paper, we chronologically recount several situations that have contributed to the development and formalization of the objects known as imaginary or complex numbers. We will begin by introducing the earliest documented knowing for calculating the square root of a negative quantity, attributed to the Greek mathematician Heron of Alexandria. From there, we will progress through history to explore the formal concept of complex numbers given by William Rowan Hamilton.