Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Istvan Gaucsik

Cooperatives, which abound in theoretical constructions, can be defined as associations of people who unite for a specific purpose and try to satisfy their economic needs through a democratically operated, jointly owned enterprise. However, it is an established fact that, by the end of the nineteenth century, industrial revolution and capitalism had brought many economic and social problems and manifold grave social challenges. This led to the further organizational development of self-help which, in turn, was an effective tool for shaping ethnic communities in the great trend of modernization and embourgeoisement. Self-help associations had a long tradition in the Habsburg Monarchy, including the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, already from the first half of the nineteenth century. However, especially in the last third of the nineteenth century, the development and consolidation of cooperative networks in this Central European region went hand in hand with ethnically based cooperative self-organization controlled from above by the agrarian elites. Cooperative centres were established, which performed not only economic and social, but also national policy-related tasks, at the same time gradually monopolizing some producer-supplier areas. Certain interpretations view cooperatives as important tools of small-state economic nationalism, relegating their economic goals to the background. Focusing on the period between 1898 and 1918, this study deals with the process and stages of development in the Hungarian cooperative system in Upper Hungary, whose solid foundations were laid from the late nineteenth century onwards. Relying on archival sources, it discusses the strategies of the two most significant cooperative centres, the Országos Központi Hitelszövetkezet (National Central Credit Cooperative) and Hangya (’Ant’). In the early twentieth century, these Hungarian attempts at integration coincided with the increasingly pronounced decentralization ideas of the Slovak cooperative elite.

TIŠLIAR, Pavol, ŠPROCHA, Branislav

Migration is an important factor in the population development of Slovakia and its regions at the end of the 19th and in the first half of the 20th century. In this period, however, there are only limited sources of data that could reflect the given process in its complex form. While foreign migration in Slovakia is relatively well researched in a historical context, much less attention is paid to migration within the borders of Slovakia, or interwar Czechoslovakia. The aim of this article is to point out the methodological possibilities of using the results of the 1921 and 1930 censuses in the analysis of internal migration in Slovakia and within Czechoslovakia. Through the concept of natives and previous residence, we also tried to identify not only migration volumes, but also the direction of migration flows and the main source and destination areas. The issue of migration between the individual countries of Czechoslovakia and the presence of foreign nationals is also an equally important discussed issue.

Imre Szakál, Gabriella Mádi

The political map of East-Central Europe changed after the First World War. But this transformation also affected many different aspects of everyday life. In particular, the years of transition from the collapsing empires to the new republics offer rich research opportunities. In this paper, we have tried to explore one aspect of this transition at the interface of history and sociolinguistics. In a peripheral small town in the Czechoslovak Republic, we have used archival sources to investigate the characteristics of the official language use at the beginning of the consolidation of the new state power. Our study also seeks to find answers to the question of what influenced the different language-speaking actors at different levels of the administration, and what bargains were struck in everyday life that might have determined other aspects of the transition.

Marta Eloy Cichocka

The purpose of the essay is to introduce the figure of a contemporary Spanish author, Vicente Luis Mora, and his novel Centroeuropa to the Polish literary researchers, as well as to analyze the special character of this novel in terms of reading agreement and the most adequate terminology concerning the literary genre, to which it belongs, based on the form oftypological characteristics of a novel that includes ten essential points: paratext, plot, narration, time structure, poetics, the question of mimesis, the loyalty of history towards History, metatextuality, ideological character and the strategies used by the author. On the basis of these reflections it can be concluded that Centroeuropa by Vicente Luis Mora is a metanovel about a man who is looking for his way in a breakthrough moment in the history of Europe, between the 18th and 19th century, in the declining feudal‑absolutist Prussia and the emerging liberal‑capitalist Prussia, in the embryonic society, where economic and political norms haven’t been fully constructed yet and women are not full‑fledged members of society. Centroeuropa is a multi‑dimensional novel inspired by the past of Central Europe, but – above all – a metanovel about writing and its servitude.

Ekaterina V. Doronicheva, Liubov V. Golovanova, Vladimir B. Doronichev et al.

Neanderthals were widespread during the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) across Europe and Asia, including the Caucasus Mountains. Occupying the border between eastern Europe and West Asia, the Caucasus is important region regarding the Neanderthal occupation of Eurasia. On current radiometric estimates, the MP is represented in the Caucasus between about 260–210 ka and about 40 ka. Archaeological record indicates that several culture diverse MP hominin populations inhabited the Caucasus, but the region complex population history during this period remains poorly understood. In this paper, we identify for the first time the archaeological evidence indicating contacts between two culture diverse MP Neanderthal populations in the North Caucasus and discuss the nature of these contacts. Basing on the lithic assemblages that we excavated at Mezmaiskaya cave in the north-western Caucasus (Kuban River basin) and Saradj-Chuko grotto in the north-central Caucasus (Terek River basin), dating from MIS 5 to MIS 3, and comparative data from other MP sites in the Caucasus, we identify two large cultural regions that existed during the late MP in the North Caucasus. The distinctive toolkits and stone knapping technologies indicate that the MP assemblages from Mezmaiskaya cave and other sites in the west of North Caucasus represent a Caucasian variant of the Eastern Micoquian industry that was wide spread in central and eastern Europe, while the assemblages from Saradj-Chuko Grotto and other sites in the east of North Caucasus closely resemble the Zagros Mousterian industry that was wide spread in the Armenian Highlands, Lesser Caucasus and Zagros Mountains. The archaeological evidence implies that two culture diverse populations of Neanderthals settled the North Caucasus during the Late Pleistocene from two various source regions: from the Armenian Highlands and Lesser Caucasus along the Caspian Sea coast, and from Russian plain along the Sea of Azov coast.

Eszter Konrád

Cole Ashkenazy

As the Habsburg Monarchy ended in fall 1918, the Salzburg Social Democratic Workers’ Party almost never mentioned the word revolution in association with Austria or Salzburg. Yet in later years it would organize celebratory demonstrations for the anniversary of the revolution. This article examines this change in attitude and addresses the idea of a revolution in Salzburg. In addition to the specific Austrian, regional, and local Salzburg contexts, the article confronts the central power of the word revolution: its ability to both legitimize and delegitimize political and social change. The research is based primarily upon three Salzburg newspapers, which each corresponded to a major political party of the time, as well as the stenographic protocols of the local government.

Pavlína Vogelová

The phenomenon of the experimental laboratory of school film by Jaroslav Novotný in conditions specific to the city of Zlín in the years 1932–1939 reveals an ambitious project on promoting the importance of school instruction through film. This study deals with the Zlín conditions for the realization of school film and the ambitions of Jaroslav Novotný in the process of introducing the ideal model of film as a school aid.

Wendy Bracewell, Ulf Brunnbauer, Diana Mishkova et al.

Loris Colombo, Luca Alberti, Luca Alberti et al.

The Milano Metropolitan Area [named FUA (functional urban area)] has a history of heavy industrialization causing a large portion of area being affected by significant diffuse contaminations of soil and groundwater. Among the various contaminants, chlorinated solvents (e.g., tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene) are the most used in industrial processes and represent the major cause of groundwater pollution within the FUA. The background diffuse contamination generated by these pollutants is so persistent and widely spread that makes it extremely challenging to identify the sources responsible for their release. Such background contamination originates from the overlapping of both known sources (point sources), associated to specific high release of contamination, and unknown small sources (multiple point sources), clustered within a large area, whose release is low but persistent. The aim of this article is to present the methodology, developed within the framework of the AMIIGA Project (Interreg Central Europe Grant N° CE32), which combines multivariate statistical analysis and groundwater numerical modeling in order to separate the point sources contribution from the background diffuse contamination, and supporting public authorities in the management of groundwater remediation. A methodological workflow is proposed guiding local and regional institutions to use the methodology (i.e., exploratory analysis of big dataset, simulation of groundwater flow and transport, multivariate and geostatistical analysis) to assess diffuse pollution background levels in large urbanized areas.

Mateusz Goliński

W artykule przeanalizowano kontekst powstania nieznanej wzmianki źródłowej na temat uwięzienia Żydów w księstwach świdnickim i jaworskim w 1381 r. Uwzględniono interpretację podobnych przekazów z terenu Rzeszy oraz rozważono powiązanie z innymi przejawami postępowania wobec Żydów księżnej Agnieszki i króla Wacława IV.

Natalia Otrishchenko

The author reflects upon her experience of exploratory fieldwork conducted by an interdisciplinary group during the Urban Summer School. The research was conducted within an environment built according to the idea of "Open Form", introduced by architect Oskar Hansen. Together with his wife Zofia, he designed a few neighborhoods around Poland, one of which – the Juliusz Słowacki housing estate in Lublin – is used as a case study for this paper. The article follows the process of collaborative development of research design and discusses a number of methods (focused ethnography, interviews, mental mapping, observation, participatory photography) applied to the study of materiality and social functioning of balconies as "threshold spaces" and their domestication. The author also outlines her positions in relation to both the local people with whom she has conducted interviews about their homes and the participants of her group.

Mikhail Vedernikov

On October 13, 2019, the scheduled elections were held in Poland, during which Polish people elected MP to the Upper and Lower Chambers of the Parliament – the Senate and the Sejm. The article analyzes the results of the popular election in the Sejm as the central body for the formulation of foreign and domestic policy. The Law and Justice party became unconditional winner, which managed to get the majority of seats and the possibility of forming a one-party cabinet of ministers. The author notes that such a result is evidence of a significant transformation of the political landscape because the next four years will be marked by the continuation of the previously outlined course. Latter is characterized by increased national conservative rhetoric and confrontation with the governing body of the European Union.

Bartłomiej Gruszka, Michał Kara

The latest specialist excavations of utensil ceramics from the early Middle Ages in south-west Wielkopolska and the south-east part of Ziemia Lubuska have revealed features characteristic of craft ceramics. The features include selecting the mineral leaning admixture with respect to the fraction and type, the application of slipware, as well as a potter’s wheel. The research has been based on the results of petrographic analyses of selected utensils from the sites in Bonikowo (Wielkopolska region) as well as Połupin and Stożne (Lubuskie region). The artefacts have been dated on the basis of a thermoluminescent analysis of pieces of receptacles (Stożne) and the results of radiocarbon dating (Bonikowo, Połupin, Stożne). As for the occurrence of craft ceramics, the former stages of the Early Middle Ages (approximately 6/7th-9th centuries) are strongly contrasted with the subsequent Medieval times (10th – mid-13th centuries) when this type of utensil was non-existent.

Martin Oliva

Nové výzkumy v Krumlovském lese postupně zaplňují hiáty mezi hlavními etapami zdejší těžby suroviny pro štípanou industrii. Objevují se i data z doby kultury badenské, jevišovické a nejnověji i nálevkovitých pohárů. Střední část mocné a rozsáhlé haldy na svahu ve východní části II. revíru patří do sklonku mezolitu, ale její západní část se vršila od doby kultury nálevkovitých pohárů do období kultury badenské. Sediment tvořily hlíny s různým podílem písku a granodioritového detritu, obohacené průsakem železa. Intaktního dna bylo dosaženo v hloubce 380 cm. Do doby kultury nálevkovitých pohárů (KNP) byl datován parohový kopáč z hloubky 260 cm a klasifikována byla industrie z jeho okolí a podloží. Další datum z doby KNP jsme získali z parohového rypadla, které leželo spolu s dalším parohem v písčitém sedimentu v hloubce 340 cm v sondě na okraji temene. O 60 cm níže se objevila těžená sloj, spadající do dále nesledované šachty. Štípaná industrie je technologicky málo reprezentativní, ale prokazuje, že na místě docházelo jen k testování a prvotní úpravě vytěžených kusů rohovce, přičemž všechna zdařilejší upravená jádra byla odnášena k další redukci jinam. Tím tato činnost navazuje na předchozí mladolengyelskou extrakci. Oproti tomuto období však těžba ustupuje a rozmáhá se opět až v kultuře zvoncovitých pohárů, odkdy však téměř všechna vytěžená surovina zůstává na místě, kde se i zpracovává, aniž by byla známa distribuce výrobků.

Noemi Bravená

The paper deals with the issue of Holocaust education. It presents the results of qualitative research taking place in parallel among students in the Czech Republic and Germany, following their ideas on how to teach about the Holocaust and World War II in general.

Jacek Wijaczka

Anklagen und Prozesse wegen Zauberei in Koschmin während des 17.-18. Jahrhunderts Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag widmet sich Zaubereiprozessen, die während des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts in Groß und Neu Koschmin (Koźmin Wielki und Koźmin Nowy) verhandelt wurden. Heute bilden beide Kleinstädte die Stadt Koźmin Wielkopolski. Ähnlich wie in vielen anderen Städten Großpolens und der Rzeczpospolita war auch in diesen beiden der Glaube an die Macht des Teufels und die bösen Taten, die Hexen und Zauberer mit seiner Hilfe vollbrachten, in der Frühen Neuzeit weit verbreitet. Die ersten Nachrichten über Gerichtsverfahren in Koschmin, die im Zusammenhang mit Zaubereivorwürfen standen, stammen aus der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Noch im 18. Jahrhundert erfahren wir aus den Stadtbüchern von Anklagen wegen Zauberei, doch damals kam es nicht mehr zu Prozessen. Die angeklagten Personen beschuldigten wiederum ihre Ankläger der „Rufschädigung”, was einen Zaubereiprozeß verhindern sollte. Diese Taktik war in der Regel wirksam. Besonders interessant sind zwei Prozesse in Neu Koschmin in den Jahren 1690 und 1692. Beide richteten sich gegen Männer, und alles deutet darauf hin, daß die Angeklagten der Vater Gregor Klecha und sein Sohn Matthäus Kleszka waren. Beide endeten auch auf dem Scheiterhaufen. Es kann festgestellt werden, daß in beiden untersuchten Städtchen die Anklagen bei den Zaubereiprozessen „von unten” kamen, d. h. sie wurden von den Einwohnern und nicht vom Magistrat erhoben, der sich seit dem 18. Jahrhundert bemühte, es zu keinen Prozessen dieses Typs mehr kommen zu lassen. In beiden Städten Koschmin müssen die Zaubereiprozesse als Anklageprozesse angesehen werden, d. h. es meldete sich jeweils ein Ankläger vor Gericht, der einer bestimmten Person gewisse Taten vorwarf, die er mit Hilfe von Zauberei begangen haben soll. Die Anklagen wurden vor allem gegen ärmere Leute erhoben, wie z. B. gegen Gregor Klecha. Er gehörte nicht zur Bürgerschaft der Stadt, sondern war ein Bauer, der auf der Suche nach Verdienstmöglichkeiten in die Stadt gekommen war. Somit war auch ein „Fremder”.   Accusations of witchcraft and witch trials in Koźmin in the 17th-18th centuries Abstract The topic of witchcraft beliefs and witch trials related to them does not inspire much interest in Polish historiography. Polish historians do not appreciate the role played by the problem in everyday life of inhabitants of villages, towns and boroughs, and how it influenced interpersonal relations. Burning stakes do not fit the image of “the state without stakes”, as Poland is often called. This paper is a contribution to the history of witch trials in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the early modern period.

Magdalena Ujma

<p>Pamiętnik Kazimierza Sarneckiego należy do najczęściej wykorzystywanych źródeł do epoki Jana III Sobieskiego. Wspomnienia tego rezydenta na dworze Jana III, działającego z poruczenia kanclerza wielkiego litewskiego Karola Stanisława Radziwiłła, uzupełniają fakty znane z pamiętników Philippe Pierre de Noyersa, Philippe Duponta, Francois-Paulina d’Aleyraca i sekretarza ambasady francuskiej kawalera de Mongrillona. Wyróżniają się także dlatego, że mocodawcą Sarneckiego był siostrzeniec monarchy, syn Katarzyny z Sobieskich, <em>primo voto </em>Zasławskiej, a <em>secundo voto </em>Radziwiłłowej. Kazimierzowi Sarneckiemu zawdzięczamy szczegółowy obraz życia codziennego Jana III i jego rodziny w ostatnich latach życia króla (1691–1696). Jego relacje nie mają jednak charakteru prywatnego, ponieważ Radziwiłłowi potrzebne były wnikliwe obserwacje życia politycznego Rzeczypospolitej. Sarnecki na bieżąco odnotowywał dla niego informacje związane z relacjami rodzinnymi Jana III, trybem życia władcy, jego zdrowiem i samopoczuciem, przebiegiem obrad sejmu i rad senatorskich oraz wizytami cudzoziemskich dyplomatów. Zetknięcie się świata „swoich” i „obcych” następuje tu na kilku płaszczyznach: polityki, dyplomacji i wojny, kultury i sztuki, życia codziennego i obyczajów. W pamiętniku Sarneckiego cudzoziemiec na dworze Jana III jest cennym źródłem nowinek naukowych, politycznych i kulturalnych. Duży wpływ na stosunek do cudzoziemców miała nie tyle ich narodowość, co ich wyznanie i stosunki polityczne, przyczyniając się w równej mierze do ksenofobii, jak i ksenofilii. Mimo niechęci do „obcych” charakterystycznej dla niższych warstw stanu szlacheckiego, w Rzeczypospolitej cudzoziemiec był uważany za żywą gazetę, atrakcję towarzyską, a także wyrocznię w sprawach mody. Wspomnienia Sarneckiego potwierdzają jednak, że sympatia wobec „cudzoziemszczyzny” miała szansę zaistnieć raczej w środowisku magnackim, niż wśród bardziej konserwatywnej szlachty. Stereotypy narodowe nie zajęły we wspomnieniach radziwiłłowskiego rezydenta wiele miejsca. Czytelnik otrzymuje natomiast dużo konkretnych i cennych informacji oraz wielostronnych charakterystyk postaci życia politycznego. Wnikliwie analizując ich dobór można w pewnym stopniu wysnuć własne wnioski na temat osobistych poglądów pamiętnikarza i jego barwnej epoki.</p>

Beatriz Rumeu, Juli Caujapé-Castells, José Luis Blanco-Pastor et al.

A central aim of island biogeography is to understand the colonization history of insular species using current distributions, fossil records and genetic diversity. Here, we analyze five plastid DNA regions of the endangered Juniperus brevifolia, which is endemic to the Azores archipelago.The phylogeny of the section Juniperus and the phylogeographic analyses of J. brevifolia based on the coalescence theory of allele (plastid) diversity suggest that: (1) a single introduction event likely occurred from Europe; (2) genetic diversification and inter-island dispersal postdated the emergence of the oldest island (Santa Maria, 8.12 Ma); (3) the genetic differentiation found in populations on the islands with higher age and smaller distance to the continent is significantly higher than that on the younger, more remote ones; (4) the high number of haplotypes observed (16), and the widespread distribution of the most frequent and ancestral ones across the archipelago, are indicating early diversification, demographic expansion, and recurrent dispersal. In contrast, restriction of six of the seven derived haplotypes to single islands is construed as reflecting significant isolation time prior to colonization.Our phylogeographic reconstruction points to the sequence of island emergence as the key factor to explain the distribution of plastid DNA variation. The reproductive traits of this juniper species (anemophily, ornithochory, multi-seeded cones), together with its broad ecological range, appear to be largely responsible for recurrent inter-island colonization of ancestral haplotypes. In contrast, certain delay in colonization of new haplotypes may reflect intraspecific habitat competition on islands where this juniper was already present.