Hasil untuk "Gynecology and obstetrics"

E David Morris

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Yuan Zhang, Ya Zhang, Jing Wang et al.

Abstract Objective By conducting TORCH screening and risk assessment analysis on childbearing-age women in different regions of China, the aim is to provide reference for reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes and improving the health status of childbearing-age women. Methods Between February and May 2021, in the eastern, central, and western regions of China (Beijing, Henan, Gansu), a total of 1,942 couples aged 18 to 49, from both urban and rural areas, were included in this cross-sectional study. TORCH screening was conducted on all these women of childbearing-age, and risk assessment was performed based on the examination results. Result In this study, toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, HSV, IgM positive rate were 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.3%, respectively, and CT, TP, HBsAg, HCV, HIV, positive rate were 0.1%, 0.2%, 2.1%, 0.3%, 0.0%, respectively. The total TORCH screening identified 63.4% of women as having potential risks, compared to 15.5% of routine ToRCH screening. The distribution of the risk population shows significant differences among provinces, ethnicities, education levels, and age groups (p ≤ 0.001). Trend chi-square tests revealed that as the level of education increased, the proportion of the risk population decreased. Conclusions The TORCH screening utilized in this study demonstrates advantages over ToRCH, as it can identify more women of childbearing age with potential risks before pregnancy, allowing for early interventions. Simultaneously, these findings underscore the necessity for targeted health education, especially for young women in economically underdeveloped areas and those with relatively lower education levels.

Arpit Garg, Ritu Misra, Neha Bagri et al.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of Low-dose perfusion computed tomography (PCT) in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors. STUDY DESIGN: Low-dose PCT (80 kVp and 120 mAs on a 256-slice CT scanner) was performed on fifty-one pathologically proven benign and malignant ovarian tumors. The PCT parameters calculated were blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), time to maximum (T max), mean transit time (MTT), and flow extraction product (FED). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between these PCT parameters and histopathological diagnosis. RESULTS: The study comprised 31 pathologically confirmed malignant and 20 benign ovarian tumors. The mean BF, BV, and FED values were elevated in malignant tumors and showed statistically significant association (p<0.001). However, MTT and T max were not statistically significant. The average radiation dose for the entire study was 13.5 mSv, slightly lower than that of standard NCCT and CECT abdomen scans performed for staging purposes. CONCLUSION: Low-dose PCT parameters (BF, BV, and FED) can play a significant role in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian tumors.

Monireh Mahmoodi, Elham Shojafar, Maryam Dastjani-Farahani

The sperm freezing–thawing procedure is the most commonly used technique in clinics to preserve male fertility before any pathological destruction of the testis. Therefore, most studies are currently focused on optimizing this method to achieve high-quality semen after thawing. During cryopreservation, oxidative stress-induced damage affects sperm structures and decreases their fertility potential. The use of antioxidants in freezing media can protect sperm against oxidative damage. We designed this study to evaluate whether incubation of semen with human follicular fluid, which contains a wide variety of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, can prevent the negative effects of freezing–thawing on human spermatozoa. Human semen was divided into three groups i) the 0-hour group (before freezing), ii) the control group (after freezing–thawing), and iii) the FF group (after freezing with 50% follicular fluid). The sperm motility, viability, integrity of the plasma membrane and DNA, mitochondrial membrane potential, malondialdehyde level, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase activity were assessed in these three groups. The findings showed a significant decrease in sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane and DNA integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase activity and a significant increase in malondialdehyde level in the control group compared with the 0-hour group. The FF group displayed a considerable increase in sperm parameters, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase activity and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level compared with the control group. Follicular fluid can be considered an effective supplement to improve antioxidant indices and sperm parameters during freezing–thawing.

Jian Cheng, Xiao Dong, Yang Yang et al.

Abstract Background Adverse events during pregnancy are implicated in increasing the risk of congenital malformations in offspring. Current research does not fully encompass the spectrum of adverse events nor the mechanisms by which they affect fetal development. Methods A two-sample and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to assess the association between adverse events during pregnancy and congenital malformations in offspring, and to investigate the mediating role of circulating metabolites in linking these adverse events to congenital malformations. Results Maternal bleeding during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of congenital ichthyosis and a decreased risk of congenital hydrocephalus. Anemia during pregnancy showed a significant correlation with an increased risk of atrioventricular septal defects. Placenta previa and placental abruption were associated with a decreased risk of congenital hydrocephalus and an increased risk of congenital malformation of the breast. Premature birth was associated with an increased risk of complex heart defects. Fetal malposition correlated with a decreased risk of cleft lip. Urogenital infection during pregnancy was linked to an increased risk of congenital malformation of cardiac chambers and connection. Glycine may mediate approximately 1.1% of the effect of premature birth on the risk of complex heart defects. Conclusion MR was employed to elucidate the mediating role of circulating metabolites in the impact of these adverse events on congenital malformations, providing new insights into their causal relationships. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, necessitating further research and clinical trials to elucidate these relationships.

LuckyDonald L Kynshi, Umang Soni, Chithra H Sharma et al.

Shallow undoped Si/SiGe quantum wells are the leading platforms for hosting quantum processors based on spin-qubits. The ohmic contacts to the electron gas in these systems are accomplished by ion-implantation technique since the conventional Au/Sb alloyed contacts present a rough surface consisting of sharp islands and pits. These sharp protrusions cause electrical discharge across the gate-dielectric between the ohmic contacts and the accumulation-gates causing device break-down. A clear understanding of the surface morphology, elemental, compositional and electrical characterization of the alloyed region would enable one to engineer a smoother post alloyed surface. In this work, we find that the rough surface morphology is a cumulative effect of the Au/Si eutectic reaction and the threading dislocations inherent in the heterostructure. The structural, elemental, and chemical-state analysis show that the inverted pyramidal pits are resulting from the enhanced Au/Si eutectic reaction at the threading dislocations stemming from the heterostructure interface, while, the sharp protrusions causing accumulation gate-leakage are gold-rich precipitations. The protrusions are removed using an aqua regia treatment prior to the deposition of the gate-oxide and gate electrode. Exploiting a Hall bar device, we analyse the mobility and carrier concentration of the undoped Si/SiGe consisting of Au/Sb alloyed contacts down to 1.5 K. The measured mobility ~10^5 cm^2/Vs and carrier concentration of ~10^11/cm^2are comparable to the reported values on similar high-mobility heterostructures confirming the efficacy of our modified Au/Sb alloy technique in accomplishing high-efficiency contacts to undoped Si/SiGe heterostructures.

Hércules H. Santana and, E. V. L. de Mello

Underdoped cuprate superconductors are believed to be strongly correlated with electronic systems with small phase stiffness leading to a large phase fluctuation region is known as the pseudogap state. With increasing doping it is generally agree that they become Fermi liquid, rendering the end of the superconductivity due to the sufficiently large electronic screening. However, this scenario does not stand against a recent experiment\cite{OverJJ2022} that combined magnetic susceptibility and Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) which measured superconducting gaps and amplitudes amid charge inhomogeneity far beyond the critical doping $p_{\rm c} \approx 0.27$. We reproduced these results by calculating the localized superconducting amplitudes that emerge out of charge inhomogeneities, which forms a mesoscopic granular superconductor with an array of Josephson junctions, whose average couplings determine the critical temperature $T_{\rm c}$. The calculations agree with the experiments and both yield that underdoped and overdoped compounds have superconducting long-range order by the same mechanism.

Claude Carlet, and Alexander Kholosha

Much work has been devoted to bent functions in odd characteristic, but a gap remains between our knowledge of binary and nonbinary bent functions. In the first part of this paper, we attempt to partially bridge this gap by generalizing to any characteristic important properties known in characteristic 2 concerning the Walsh transform of derivatives of bent functions. Some of these properties generalize to all bent functions, while others appear to apply only to weakly regular bent functions. We deduce a method to obtain a bent function by adding a quadratic function to a weakly regular bent function. We also identify a particular class of bent functions possessing the property that every first-order derivative in a nonzero direction has a derivative (which is then a second-order derivative of the function) equal to a nonzero constant. We show that this property implies bentness and is shared in particular by all cubic bent functions. It generalizes the notion of cubic-like bent function, that was introduced and studied for binary functions by Irene Villa and the first author. In the second part of the paper, we provide (for the first time) a primary construction leading to an infinite class of cubic bent functions that are not weakly regular. We show the bentness of the functions by two approaches: by calculating the Walsh transform directly and by considering the second-order derivatives (and applying the results from the first part of the paper).

Jenni Gårdstedt-Berghog, Jenni Gårdstedt-Berghog, Aimon Niklasson et al.

ObjectivesTo explore the timing of menarche, postmenarcheal growth, and to investigate the impact of various variables on menarcheal age and postmenarcheal and pubertal growth.Study DesignThis longitudinal community population-based study analyzed pubertal growth and menarcheal age in 793 healthy term-born Swedish girls, a subset of the GrowUp1990Gothenburg cohort. The timing of menarche and postmenarcheal growth was related to variables from the Quadratic-Exponential-Pubertal-Stop (QEPS) growth model, birth characteristics, and parental height. Multivariable models were constructed for clinical milestones; at birth, age 7 years, pubertal growth onset, and midpuberty.ResultsMenarche aligned with 71.6% (18.8) of the QEPS model's specific pubertal growth function, at a mean age of 13.0 (1.3) years, ranging from 8.2 to 17.2 years. Postmenarcheal growth averaged 8.0 (4.9) cm, varying widely from 0.2 to 31.1 cm, decreasing with later menarche. Significant factors associated with menarcheal age included height at 7 years, childhood body-mass index, parental height, and QEPS-derived pubertal growth variables. Multivariable models demonstrated increasing explanatory power for each milestone, explaining 1% of the variance in menarcheal age at birth, 8% at age 7 years, 44% at onset of pubertal growth, and 45% at midpuberty.ConclusionsThis study underscores the strong link between pubertal growth and age at menarche. Data available at start of puberty explain 44% of the variation in menarcheal age, apparent on average 3.2 years before menarche. In addition, the study shows a previously seldom noticed wide variation in postmenarcheal height gain from 0.2 to 31.1 cm.

Judith Owokuhaisa, Eleanor Turyakira, Frank Ssedyabane et al.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer continues to threaten women’s health, especially in low-resource settings. Regular follow-up after screening and treatment is an effective strategy for monitoring treatment outcomes. Consequently, understanding the factors contributing to patient non-attendance of scheduled follow-up visits is vital to providing high-quality care, reducing morbidity and mortality, and unnecessary healthcare costs in low-resource settings. Methods A descriptive qualitative study was done among healthcare providers and patients who attended the cervical cancer screening clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed in line with the social-ecological model to identify barriers and facilitators. Results We conducted 23 in-depth interviews with 5 healthcare providers and 18 patients. Health system barriers included long waiting time at the facility, long turnaround time for laboratory results, congestion and lack of privacy affecting counselling, and healthcare provider training gaps. The most important interpersonal barrier among married women was lacking support from male partners. Individual-level barriers were lack of money for transport, fear of painful procedures, emotional distress, and illiteracy. Inadequate and inaccurate information was a cross-cutting barrier across the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of the socio-ecological model. The facilitators were social support, positive self-perception, and patient counselling. Conclusions Our study revealed barriers to retention in care after cervical cancer screening, including lack of partner support, financial and educational constraints, and inadequate information. It also found facilitators that included social support, positive self-perception, and effective counselling.

Yichen Han, Xiaona Lin

This narrative review explores the relationship between psychological stress and ovulatory disorders, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved. Ovulation is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, and disruptions in this axis can lead to ovulatory dysfunction. Chronic psychological stress affects the HPO axis, resulting in abnormalities in hypothalamus hormone secretion, pituitary hormone release, and ovarian function. These disruptions cause ovulation disorders and menstrual irregularities. The mechanisms by which psychological stress affects ovulation involve alterations in neuropeptides and hormones, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, impairment of follicular development, generation of oxidative stress, and the decline in ovarian reserve function. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing interventions to restore reproductive health. Psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, have shown promise in improving ovulation and pregnancy rates in women with ovulatory disorders. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms of these interventions and optimize treatment strategies. Addressing psychological factors is essential in managing reproductive health and ovulatory disorders.

Fangliang Zou, Yi Fang, Yanshan Lin et al.

Abstract Background Patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) experience significant psychological distress due to infertility, with depression and anxiety being the most common manifestations. This study investigates the influence of family support and self-efficacy on the mental health of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). The aim is to assess the direct and indirect effects of family function and self-efficacy on depression and anxiety in IVF-ET patients through pathway analyses, thereby providing novel insights for improving patients’ psychological well-being. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2021, employing convenience sampling to recruit 291 participants from a tertiary care hospital’s reproductive medicine center. Data were collected using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Family APGAR index (APGAR), and a Demographic Characteristics Form. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was utilized for pathway analysis to evaluate the direct and indirect influences of family function and self-efficacy on anxiety and depression. Results The scores for the SAS and SDS were 46.15 ± 7.35 and 51.71 ± 8.65, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that family function, self-efficacy, and economic status significantly predicted anxiety and depression. Path analysis revealed that economic status directly (β=-0.447, -0.232) and indirectly (β=-0.066, -0.068) affected anxiety and depression, while family function both directly and indirectly affected depression (β=-0.323, -0.104), directly affected anxiety (β=-0.351), and self-efficacy directly influenced only depression (β=-0.509). Conclusion The findings underscore the pivotal role of a supportive family environment and self-efficacy in alleviating anxiety and depression among IVF-ET patients. The mediating role of family function between economic status and mental health highlights the importance of integrated support systems. Enhancing family function and self-efficacy as part of comprehensive care for individuals undergoing ART is crucial for promoting patient well-being.

Li Yang, Li Yang, Yunchun Zhou et al.

Objectives: Women’s health status is better than men but the opposite is true for female smokers who usually have poorer long-health outcomes than male smokers. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly reviewed and analyzed relevant literature and to propose a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon.Methods: We conducted a search of literature from three English databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) from inception to 13 November 2023. A combination of key words and/or subject headings in English was applied, including relevant terms for cigarette smoking, sex/gender, pregnancy, and health indicators. We then performed analysis of the searched literature.Results: Based on this review/analysis of literature, we proposed a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon: female smokers have worse long-term health outcomes than male smokers because some of them smoke during pregnancy, and the adverse effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is much stronger than cigarette smoking during non-pregnancy periods.Conclusion: Approval of our pregnancy-amplification theory could provide additional evidence on the adverse effect on women’s long-term health outcomes for cigarette smoking during pregnancy.

Chih-Yu Chou, MD, Chi-Hau Chen, MD, PhD

N.F. Zakharenko, I.P. Manoliak, V.S. Solskiy

Мета - оцінити ефективність, тривалість клінічного результату, безпечність і переносимість комплексного лікування рецидивуючого бактеріального вагінозу (БВ) з послідовним застосуванням антибактеріального засобу та пробіотичних супозиторіїв. Матеріали та методи. До дослідження залучено 91 жінку репродуктивного віку із симптомним перебігом і діагнозом рецидивуючого БВ. Усім досліджуваним виконано первинну деконтамінацію вагінального тракту, яка полягала в десятиденному інтравагінальному введенні препарату «Тержинан». У подальшому учасниць рандомізовано на три зіставні групи. Після первинної санації пацієнткам групи 1 (n=30) не проведено додаткового медикаментозного призначення. Досліджуваним груп 2 (n=30) і 3 (n=31) рекомендовано щоденне введення вагінальних пробіотичних супозиторіїв «Біфолак» десятиденним курсом із наступним пролонгуванням їхнього застосування двічі на тиждень тривалістю 2 місяці в групі 3. Ефективність терапії БВ оцінено одразу після антибактеріального лікування та після шести місяців періоду спостереження за результатами клінічного обстеження, мікроскопічного аналізу мазків та визначення вагінального pH лакмусовими смужками. Результати. Після завершення десятидобового курсу вагінальної санації серед усіх учасниць дослідження суб’єктивні та об’єктивні ознаки бактеріальної інфекції не визначалися, pH вагінального секрету перебувало у фізіологічних межах і статистично не різнилося між групами. На етапі шостого місяця спостереження за даними гінекологічного огляду, мікроскопії мазків та pH-метрії підтверджено чотири рецидиви захворювання в групі 1. У групі 2, жінки якої додатково отримували десятидобовий курс пробіотичної терапії, кількість епізодів повторного розвитку захворювання була суттєво меншою та становила 1 випадок за весь період спостереження. Пацієнтки групи 3 упродовж дослідження не відмічали проявів реінфекції та не мали об’єктивних ознак БВ. Застосування пробіотика безперервним курсом у 10 діб у групі 2, а також за його пролонгації в підтримувальному режимі (двічі на тиждень упродовж 2 місяців) у групі 3 поєднувалося зі стійкою нормалізацією кислотності вагінального секрету, про що свідчило збереження оптимальної pH до кінця періоду спостереження (4,07±0,14 і 3,94±0,17 - відповідно у групах 2 і 3 проти 4,43±0,14 - у групі 1; р<0,05). Повна відсутність повторних випадків БВ і нижчі, хоча й недостовірно, значення pH у групі 3 дали змогу судити про більшу протирецидивну ефективність тривалого застосування пробіотика на рівні тенденції. Висновки. Традиційні схеми застосування антибактеріальних засобів у лікуванні БВ дають змогу досягнути клінічного та лабораторного ефекту на момент завершення курсу, проте не забезпечують його повного збереження на тривалий проміжок часу. Недоліком етіотропного підходу до лікування БВ є відсутність уваги до конкурентних властивостей індигенної флори як чинника протидії дисбіозу. Враховуючи патогенетичну сутність БВ, що полягає в порушенні балансу росту між умовно-патогенними мікроорганізмами та власною флорою, класичні антибактеріальні схеми можуть бути успішно доповнені шляхом зовнішнього введення еубіотичних штамів. У проведеному нами дослідженні показано переваги комплексної терапії антибактеріальним засобом і пробіотиком, які полягають у стабілізації кислотності вагінального простору та зниженні частки рецидивів захворювання з тенденцією до посилення ефекту паралельно тривалості лікування. Дослідження виконано відповідно до принципів Гельсінської декларації. Протокол дослідження ухвалено Локальним етичним комітетом зазначеної в роботі установи. На проведення досліджень отримано інформовану згоду пацієнток. Автори заявляють про відсутність конфлікту інтересів.

Antonio Braga, Sue Yazaki Sun, Alberto Carlos Moreno Zaconeta et al.

Jacob Casey, S. Shanmukharao Samatham, Christopher Burgio et al.

We report on the magnetic and electrical properties of a (Mn$_3$Sn)$_2$ triangular network kagome structured high quality Ho substituted ErMn$_6$Sn$_6$ single-crystal sample by magneto-transport measurements. Er$_{0.5}$Ho$_{0.5}$Mn$_6$Sn$_6$ orders antiferromagnetically at Néel temperature $T_\mathrm{N} \sim$ 350 K followed by a ferrimagnetic (FiM) transition at $T_\mathrm{C} \sim$ 114 K and spin-orientation transition at $T_\mathrm{t} \sim$ 20 K. The field-manifestations of these magnetic phases in the \textit{ab}-basal plane and along the \textit{c}-axis are illustrated through temperature-field \textit{T-H} phase diagrams. In \textit{H}$\parallel$\textit{c}, narrow hysteresis between spin reorientation and field-induced FiM phases below $T_\mathrm{t}$, enhanced/strengthened FiM phase below $T_\mathrm{C}$ and stemming of FiM phase out of strongly coexisting AFM and FiM phases below $T_\mathrm{N}$ through a non-meta-magnetic transition are confirmed to arise from strong R-Mn sublattices interaction. In contrast, \textit{H}$\parallel$\textit{ab}-plane, between $T_\mathrm{N}$ and $T_\mathrm{C}$, individually contributing R-Mn sublattices with weak antiferromagnetic interactions undergo a field-induced spin-flop quasi-metamagnetic transition to FiM state. The temperature dependent electrical resistivity suggests metallic nature with Fermi liquid behavior at low temperatures. Essentially, the current study stimulates interest to investigate the magnetic and electrical properties of mixed rare-earth layered kagome magnetic metals for possible novel and exotic behavior.

Qing Long, Jun Li

Background: To investigate the clinical effect of sphincter repair combined with perineal body reconstruction in the treatment of old fourth-degree perineal tears. Method: A prospective database of five patients with old fourth-degree perineal tears treated between January 2015 and January 2021 was established and studied retrospectively. Results: All five patients were followed-up with for 1 year, and anal incontinence was cured. The anal function recovered, and the anal shape was satisfactory. Three months after the operation, transperineal ultrasonography showed continuity of the anal sphincter, anal mucosa, and perianal skin. Anorectal manometry was performed 3 months after the operation. The anal resting pressure (56.20 ± 3.42 mmHg), the maximum anal systolic pressure (90.00 ± 5.39 mmHg), and the maximum anal systolic time (20.80 ± 3.77 s) were significantly higher than the preoperative anal resting pressure (11.80 ± 1.79 mmHg), maximum anal systolic pressure (31.40 ± 3.21 mmHg), and maximum anal systolic time (8.40 ± 1.52 s), respectively (t = –25.720, p < 0.01; t = –20.902, p < 0.01; t = –6.826, p < 0.01). The Wexner scores at 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation were (1.00 ± 0.71), (0.40 ± 0.55), and (0.20 ± 0.45), respectively, which were significantly lower than the preoperative Wexner score (15.00 ± 1.00) (t = 25.560, p < 0.01; t = 28.633, p < 0.01; t = 30.210, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Transperineal sphincter repair combined with perineal body reconstruction is safe and effective in the treatment of old fourth-degree perineal tears. The initial results are encouraging, indicating the need for a more formal evaluation of the technology.

Arushi Goel, Niveditha Kalavakonda, Nour Karessli et al.

In this paper, we present the details of Women in Computer Vision Workshop - WiCV 2021, organized alongside the virtual CVPR 2021. It provides a voice to a minority (female) group in the computer vision community and focuses on increasing the visibility of these researchers, both in academia and industry. WiCV believes that such an event can play an important role in lowering the gender imbalance in the field of computer vision. WiCV is organized each year where it provides a)~opportunity for collaboration between researchers from minority groups, b)~mentorship to female junior researchers, c)~financial support to presenters to overcome monetary burden and d)~large and diverse choice of role models, who can serve as examples to younger researchers at the beginning of their careers. In this paper, we present a report on the workshop program, trends over the past years, a summary of statistics regarding presenters, attendees, and sponsorship for the WiCV 2021 workshop.