We present OpenGloss, a synthetic encyclopedic dictionary and semantic knowledge graph for English that integrates lexicographic definitions, encyclopedic context, etymological histories, and semantic relationships in a unified resource. OpenGloss contains 537K senses across 150K lexemes, on par with WordNet 3.1 and Open English WordNet, while providing more than four times as many sense definitions. These lexemes include 9.1M semantic edges, 1M usage examples, 3M collocations, and 60M words of encyclopedic content. Generated through a multi-agent procedural generation pipeline with schema-validated LLM outputs and automated quality assurance, the entire resource was produced in under one week for under $1,000. This demonstrates that structured generation can create comprehensive lexical resources at cost and time scales impractical for manual curation, enabling rapid iteration as foundation models improve. The resource addresses gaps in pedagogical applications by providing integrated content -- definitions, examples, collocations, encyclopedias, etymology -- that supports both vocabulary learning and natural language processing tasks. As a synthetically generated resource, OpenGloss reflects both the capabilities and limitations of current foundation models. The dataset is publicly available on Hugging Face under CC-BY 4.0, enabling researchers and educators to build upon and adapt this resource.
The article analyzes active and passive constructions in modern Ukrainian, taking into account their historical, grammatical, and stylistic aspects. Particular attention is given to the lasting effects of the Soviet era, when Russian grammatical norms were aggressively imposed on Ukrainian, leading to the widespread use of passive patterns unnatural to the language. The study examines verbs ending in -sya, the forms -no, -to, and passive participles, clarifying their semantic nature, stylistic appropriateness, and normative status. It argues that passive constructions (especially those modeled on Russian) blur the subject of action and create an overly formal tone, while active structures align with the natural grammatical and communicative logic of Ukrainian. The author emphasizes that restoring active syntactic patterns is not only a matter of linguistic correctness but also an act of cultural self-assertion, aimed at freeing Ukrainian from colonial linguistic layers and reaffirming its authentic grammatical identity.
Invited contribution to the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics. We give an introduction to the homotopical theory of higher categories, focused on motivating the definitions of the basic objects, namely $\infty$-categories and $(\infty,n)$-categories.
Recent work shows that documents from encyclopedias serve as helpful auxiliary information for zero-shot learning. Existing methods align the entire semantics of a document with corresponding images to transfer knowledge. However, they disregard that semantic information is not equivalent between them, resulting in a suboptimal alignment. In this work, we propose a novel network to extract multi-view semantic concepts from documents and images and align the matching rather than entire concepts. Specifically, we propose a semantic decomposition module to generate multi-view semantic embeddings from visual and textual sides, providing the basic concepts for partial alignment. To alleviate the issue of information redundancy among embeddings, we propose the local-to-semantic variance loss to capture distinct local details and multiple semantic diversity loss to enforce orthogonality among embeddings. Subsequently, two losses are introduced to partially align visual-semantic embedding pairs according to their semantic relevance at the view and word-to-patch levels. Consequently, we consistently outperform state-of-the-art methods under two document sources in three standard benchmarks for document-based zero-shot learning. Qualitatively, we show that our model learns the interpretable partial association.
Oboe is a double-reed, wooden wind instrument that is not well known in our country, but whose ancestors have a long history in these lands. Oboe, a derivative of the zurna, which has a great role in the history and cultural structure of the Turkish people, comes to mind as a very different, large and deep-voiced instrument due to the low vowels in its name. However, the oboe is a delicate instrument defined as a soprano instrument in modern orchestras. This work; It includes the evolution of the zurna, an instrument integrated with the Turkish people, into the oboe, or Baroque Oboe as it was called at the time, during the European adventure. Before this study, foreign sources about oboe and wind instruments were scanned, libraries, music and instrument magazines, encyclopedias and websites were searched. Since it is necessary to know the old instruments that are similar to the oboe in order to understand the music of the old period and their interpretation styles, the study was not limited to the Baroque Period, but the first examples of double-reed wooden wind instruments were also used in the pre-Baroque period. A simple form of expression was used in order to create a Turkish resource for oboe students. In addition, this study is intended to be a resource that will shed light on the capacity of the instrument for composers or composition students who want to write works for the baroque oboe.
Dan Paiuc, Adina Săniuță, Alina Mirela Teacu Parincu
This paper explores the notion of strategic intelligence, namely with respect to leadership and business-oriented areas. Strategic intelligence is a researched concept that primarily concerns the collection and analysis of intelligence for policy and military planning, mainly at national and international levels, whereas this study of management and organizational decision-making application is an extension of that. This article’s subject is the necessity for strategic intelligence, a crucial competence for leaders, managers, and companies striving to remain competitive, to be utilized and best leveraged in today’s volatile and dynamic business contexts. This study follows a research design that includes a thorough literature review and bibliometric research, executed via VoSViewer, illustrating the concept of strategic intelligence from a leadership point of view as a driver of competitive advantage, enhanced by knowledge dynamics. Furthermore, this article points out that the limitations are acknowledged because the literature on the matter is limited, as strategic intelligence is relatively new to the business sector; moreover, more research is required to fully understand and use the potential of strategic intelligence in business growth. Overcoming these limitations and continuing to study the strategic intelligence concept could, on the one hand, use multiple platforms, such as scholarly articles or encyclopedias, and, on the other hand, support businesses in gaining a competitive edge and making informed decisions that can fuel their success in an ever-evolving market.
In this survey article for the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, 2nd Edition, I give an introduction to quantum character varieties and quantum character stacks, with an emphasis on the unification between four different approaches to their construction.
Our information sphere—the space where we not only express our opinions, but where we also form our opinions—is facing significant challenges. The core trends of »truth decay«— growing disagreement about facts; blurred lines between opinion and fact; increasing influence of opinion over fact; and declining trust in formerly respected sources of factual information—have become increasingly evident in the strategic and systemic dilution and distortion of information that contribute to increasing fragmentation of society, deepening already existing divisions. Over the past three years, growing geopolitical tension and asymmetric warfare have further increased the visibility of and focus on the weaponisation of information and, by implication, the weaknesses of our collective cognitive security. Societal and economic repercussions of the pandemic and the accompanying »infodemic«, the accelerated geopolitical competition, as well as recent domestic political violence in the USA and—most recently—Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, have increased the sense of urgency to defend and reinvigorate the information ecosystems that form the core of our liberal democracies, enabling everyone to not only express their opinions, but also to form their opinions, to make informed choices without being manipulated. Against this backdrop, the strategic importance of strengthening our knowledge supply chains is growing. Reinvigorating already existing components of our shared information sphere—including national verified encyclopedias—can help boost collective cognitive resilience against information manipulation, both in and beyond Europe. The external face of such investments can contribute to developing new aspects of European knowledge diplomacy, promoting and projecting European democratic values and freedoms in third countries.
Entities and relationships between entities are vital in the real world. Essentially, we understand the world by understanding entities and relations. For instance, to understand a field, e.g., computer science, we need to understand the relevant concepts, e.g., machine learning, and the relationships between concepts, e.g., machine learning and artificial intelligence. To understand a person, we should first know who he/she is and how he/she is related to others. To understand entities and relations, humans may refer to natural language descriptions. For instance, when learning a new scientific term, people usually start by reading its definition in dictionaries or encyclopedias. To know the relationship between two entities, humans tend to create a sentence to connect them. In this paper, we propose VER: a unified model for Verbalizing Entities and Relations. Specifically, we attempt to build a system that takes any entity or entity set as input and generates a sentence to represent entities and relations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model can generate high-quality sentences describing entities and entity relationships and facilitate various tasks on entities and relations, including definition modeling, relation modeling, and generative commonsense reasoning.
Linda Zagzebski is one of the philosophers working on the emotions and motivating dispositions of the saints. By expanding her theory of divine motivation, she tried to fill in an important gap in previous accounts about saintly life and show why thinking of the saints only as moral exemplars is insufficient. She argues that the saints’ connection to God is what makes them morally good. Zagzebski focuses rightly on the emotions of the saints and provides valuable insights into their moral psychology. In the present study, we first discuss the etymology of the word "saint" and examine its historical background in Christian culture, and then, through the explanation of Zagszebski's important theories of Exemplarism and Divine Motivation, we criticize her most important arguments about the saintly life. Although her attractive viewpoint makes some important advances toward understanding and justifying moral saintliness, it remains deficient insofar as she cannot accurately clarify the limits of imitating saints and the nature of their connection to God. Also, she neglects the role of religious institutions, communities, and spiritual disciplines in helping the saints come to share God’s motives; and she either does not give due attention to the specific virtues and gifts the saints- especially in non-Christian cultures- possess. So, her account is not comprehensive enough in this regard. IntroductionLinda Zagzebski, a contemporary moral philosopher and theoretician of Moral Exemplarism, in analyzing and explaining the distinction of different moral theories, points to three concepts of goodness, virtue, and right action. She believes that an effective moral theory should motivate people to live morally and drive them to moral excellence. Zagzebski defends a virtue-based approach to explain a compelling and attractive moral theory that can drive people to goodness without obligation. However, her considered virtue is not a mere cognitive and mental concept. Rather, it is closely related to emotional motivation, which arises from reference to imitable ideals called moral saints. In fact, the saints are the starting point of her exemplarism account of virtue ethics. Zagzebski considers the goodness of saints because they share divine motives with others. In this study, we first explore the historical roots and usage of the word saint, and then, while briefly explaining the function of Zagszebski's theory of moral exemplarism, we discuss the divine motivation of saints and the components of saintly life from her point of view. Finally, we criticize the sufficiency of these arguments. Materials and MethodsWe tried to provide a correct understanding of the word "saint" by reviewing numerous articles and entries in religious encyclopedias. Also, we reviewed the interesting essays which have been written about the acceptance, application, or rejection of the saintly lifestyle in western philosophical literature and theology. We examined Linda Zagzebski's moral and theological views and her exemplarism approach, which have good references to the role models of saints, the discussion of God's imitation, and the doctrine of the incarnation of Christ as a model of moral virtues. In sum, the present research is a new and distinctive work in terms of applying and analyzing the two theories of Zegzebski's exemplarism and divine motivation, drawing the face of the moral saints considered by her and criticizing this view. Research FindingsBy placing God as the source of all valuable attributes, Zagzebski describes the similarities of the saints in their moral and religious dimensions and justifies their differences based on their life narratives, emotional reactions in different situations, and their motivations in response to those situations. Her view affirms the existence of certain characteristics in saints which are best known as strong emotional dispositions; Desires that are somehow related to their relationship with God. Zagzebski's recent explanation of saints is important because she rightly tries to connect their religious and moral aspects. Focusing properly on the emotions of the saints, she provides valuable insights into their motivations for performing supererogation and highly humanitarian behaviors, the good cause of their emotions, and why they should be imitated. In short, Zagzebski’s final view on saints can be summarized in three main components:a) Being moral and religious ideal: Zagszebski's explanation of saintliness, with the right emphasis on the relationship of saints with God and their moral ideal and trying to understand the nature of the relationship between these two aspects, is outstanding among the philosophical descriptions of saints. Zagzebski considers the moral goodness of the saints because of their imitation of Christ and then developing motives like his. So, the sacrifice and supererogatory actions of the saints can be justified from the point of view of religious imitation.b) Having developed emotions: Saints are known for communicating from the heart with people, loving real goodness, and not being fascinated by the external appearance of people, looking at phenomena as they really are, and providing valuable and efficient advice even to strangers, and all these abilities are due to their developed emotions.c) Imitability: According to Zagzebski, we should imitate the emotions, motivations, and virtues of the saints and perform actions that produce the same results that the saints are motivated to achieve. She introduces the saints as role models in life, who appear good in almost any situation, and referring to their life narrations inspires admiration for all of us. Discussion of Results and ConclusionIn general, it is possible to evaluate Zagszebs’s effort in explaining her moral theory in the direction of emphasizing the lives of saints as effective and captivating moral models. Using the theory of direct reference, she describes the process of imitating virtues from virtuous people and further points out the common characteristics of moral saints. By claiming to discover the good nature of moral models, Zagzebski tries to reduce the main foundations of moral theories, including attention to the character of the agent in virtue ethics and attention to actions and consequences in deontological and utilitarian ethics, to the concept of emotions. From her point of view, the value of virtue depends on its connection with emotions that are really good.By referring all moral values to God as the source of goodness, she aims to get rid of the charge of relativism regarding her considered moral models to the extent that she considers the condition of being a saint to be shared by others in divine motives and virtues, as embodied in her character, Jesus Christ. In summing up her view on saints, we find these people as moral and religious ideals, with developed emotions and worthy of imitation. But with all the positive points in Zagsbeski’s account, there are also criticisms: The inability to discover the nature of the relationship of saints with God, the uncertainty of the extent of the devotion to saints, not comprehensive in drawing out the characteristics of saintly life, generalizing the examples of Christian culture to other cultures and religions, ignoring the role of religious communities and spiritual teachings in the development of moral ideals. In any case, it seems that part of the doubts and criticisms about Zagzebski’s view is due to the newness of her theory, which could become clear with more research.
The study is devoted to the analysis of research texts of the historiographic development of the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia. Modern historiography has accumulated a great deal of factual material. Historians have published monographs, thematic collections, articles, abstracts, reviews, reports, bibliographic indexes, encyclopedias and reference publications, the councils defend candidate and doctoral dissertations on various problems in this area. The genre variety of scientific literature about business people reflects a broad professional and public interest in trade and other business activities and contributes to the coordination of research activities. Domestic historiography of the history of merchants and entrepreneurship in Siberia is represented by a significant number of works by historians of the region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the research text as a form of organizing speech material in the scientific discourse of studying the history of entrepreneurship in Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. We use the methods of historical research, based on the analysis and generalization of research by other researchers, with the application of the principle of historicism, which made it possible to apply the historical-logical, historical-systemic methods. The region-oriented approach made it possible to study more fully the features of scientific texts in the historiography of the history of entrepreneurship in Siberia. The research results are as follows: scientific historical discourse is characterized by a certain set of norms, stereotypes of thinking and behavior; scientific communication plays a significant role in the life of society; genres act as a means of organizing and formalizing interaction in the scientific community; text as a form of organizing speech material in scientific discourse is characterized by the originality and recognizability of style, compositional structure.
Objectives: the main objective of this work is to analyze the editing conflicts that occur in the community of Wikipedia editors. To this end, it raises the need to identify different types of studies, as well as the analysis methods used and their theoretical frameworks of reference. Finally, we consider the possibility of establishing a general framework of explanation that can support the study of the information behaviour of the Wikipedia editor community. Methodology: the analysis was conducted using qualitative content analysis of a set of scientific studies published on the subject under study. Results: the results obtained allow us to affirm that there are three main types of studies whose theoretical approaches and analysis methods are heterogeneous. A broad explanatory frame is proposed, based on the notion of psychological property, in which quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques can be combined.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources, Communication. Mass media
The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and foreign countries. On this occasion, cultural and scientific events took place during 2017-2021. Contacts between figures of science and culture of Ukraine and others were promoted with these events. And another profit from them is the study of various issues increasing knowledge about the history of Ukrainian diplomacy. One of the elements of this process was the symbolic marking with memorial plaques in other countries, which make Ukraine’s historical diplomatic ties with them. Team work aimed to study the symbolic marks of Ukrainian diplomacy has contributed to the accumulation of a lot of important information. That’s why the idea appeared to build the encyclopedic work – Places of Memory of Ukrainian Diplomacy (currently being compiled). This article describes the significance of this encyclopedic dictionary in the context of covering the history of Ukrainian diplomacy, in particular showing the formation of close diplomatic relations with other states, which took place during the turbulent period of 1917-1921.
Tujuan dari penyusunan artikel ini adalah untuk memahami proses perjalanan Pendidikan profesi Guru (PPG) di Indonesia. Program Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG) ialah tata olah pendidikan yang dilaksanakan untuk mempersiapkan lulusan S1 kependidikan dan S1/Diploma IV non kependidikan yang mempunyai minat dan bakat untuk menjadi guru agar menguasai kapabilitas guru secara menyeluruh setakar dengan standar nasional pendidikan. Adapun metode pada penulisan artikel ini adalah studi pustaka. Aktivitas untuk mengumpulkan informasi yang signifikan dengan masalah atau topik yang menjadi objek penelitian merupakan pengertian dari Studi Pustaka. Informasi yang tercantum dapat ditemukan mulai dari buku-buku, ensiklopedia, disertasi, tesis, karya ilmiah, internet, dan sumber-sumber lainnya. Dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan, salah satu program yang telah dibuat adalah program Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG), melalui adanya Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG) akan meningkatkan kualitas guru dan meningkatkan mutu pendidikan.
Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG); Mutu Pendidikan
Abstract
The purpose of writing this article is to know the process of Professional Teacher Education (PPG) in Indonesia. Teacher Professional Education Program (PPG) is educational program organized to prepare S1 graduate of education and S1 / D IV non-educated who have talent and interest to be master the competence of teachers as a whole in accordance with national standard of education. The method in writing this article is Library Studies. Library Studies is an activity to collect information relevant to the topic or problem that becomes the object of research. Such information can be obtained from books, scientific papers, theses, dissertations, encyclopedias, internet, and other sources. In improving the quality of education, one of the programs that has been made is Teacher Professional Education Program (PPG), with the Professional Teacher Education (PPG) will improve the quality of teachers and improve the quality of education.
Abstract Personalized cancer treatments using combinations of drugs with a synergistic effect is attractive but proves to be highly challenging. Here we present an approach to uncover the efficacy of drug combinations based on the analysis of mono-drug effects. For this we used dose-response data from pharmacogenomic encyclopedias and represent these as a drug atlas. The drug atlas represents the relations between drug effects and allows to identify independent processes for which the tumor might be particularly vulnerable when attacked by two drugs. Our approach enables the prediction of combination-therapy which can be linked to tumor-driving mutations. By using this strategy, we can uncover potential effective drug combinations on a pan-cancer scale. Predicted synergies are provided and have been validated in glioblastoma, breast cancer, melanoma and leukemia mouse-models, resulting in therapeutic synergy in 75% of the tested models. This indicates that we can accurately predict effective drug combinations with translational value.
This is a survey article for the forthcoming `A Concise Encyclopedia of Knot Theory.' We focus on the topology of spatial graphs with few vertices and edges, paying particular attention to Brunnian $θ$-graphs.
We give the connection between three polynomials that generate triangles in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (A123192, A137396 and A300453). We show that they are related with the bracket polynomial for the (2,n)-torus knot
The article focuses on two dietary calendars with pseudo-attribution to Tsar Solomon in the 16th-century Moldavian Tulcea Miscellanyfrom the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest. Their original text in Old Cyrillic is reproduced for the first time. The author sets the task to reveal the semantics of food prescriptions as a manifestation of the axiological criteria of the medieval man, influenced by medical, naturally scientific, predictive, daily knowledge and practices, as well as to trace the language peculiarities and functionality of the texts. An important issue is how the texts’ genre and themes fit into the mixed-content miscellanies of a type of monastic encyclopedias. Therefore, their genre specificity is discussed, with particular attention to the attitude towards food. This attitude appears to be an amalgam of ancient medical and medieval rational concepts, which, unlike other texts, are not guided by the norms of the Christian worship or fast. A hypothesis is made about the principles of the compilation in the miscellany and the role of the anthroponym Solomon as a linking element in different parts of it. The establishing of a local Moldavian type mixed-content miscellanies to which BAR649 belongs, allows to clarify how remarkable works of the Middle Bulgarian literature were kept and how the culture of miscellanies, typical for the Balkans in the 14th–15th centuries, was inherited and continued.
DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.2.5
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages