Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Maria Stanfors, Fredrik N. G. Andersson, Glenn Sandström

Ruijun Hou, Samuel Baker, Stephanie von Hinke et al.

We study the long-term health and human capital impacts of local economic conditions experienced during the first 1,000 days of life. We combine historical data on monthly unemployment rates in urban England and Wales 1952-1967 with data from the UK Biobank on later-life outcomes. Leveraging variation in unemployment driven by national industry-specific shocks weighted by industry's importance in each area, we find no evidence that small, common fluctuations in local economic conditions during the early life period affect health or human capital in older age.

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Bogdan Cosmin GOMOI

An entity’s fortune can be found dually within the financial-accounting information. It is presented and assessed simultaneously based on two distinct criteria: the utilisation one, defining the values which can be transformed in money, and the resources one, defining the origin of funding sources. If both the utilization time and the allocation time intervene in the equation, with a shorter or a longer time horizon than a financial year, the long term and the short term structures are defined. By associating these structures with their specific operations, the cycles of operations at the level of an entity are pointed out, namely the exploitation cycle, with a high degree of dynamism, according to the structures on the short term, on the one hand, and the investments and funding cycles, with a high degree of stability, corresponding to the structures on the long term, on the other hand. In accordance with these cycles of operations there is a series of financial indicators pointing out the health degree of the business, which we render in the article hereby.

Nicola Bariletto, Khai Nguyen, Nhat Ho

We develop an analytical synthesis that bridges data-driven Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) and Economic Decision Theory under Ambiguity (DTA). By reinterpreting standard regularization and DRO techniques as data-driven counterparts of ambiguity-averse decision models, we provide a unified framework that clarifies their intrinsic connections. Building on this synthesis, we propose a novel DRO approach that leverages a popular DTA model of smooth ambiguity-averse preferences together with tools from Bayesian nonparametric statistics. Our baseline framework employs Dirichlet Process (DP) posteriors, which naturally extend to heterogeneous data sources via Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes (HDPs), and can be further refined to induce outlier robustness through a procedure that selectively filters poorly-fitting observations during training. Theoretical performance guarantees and convergence results, together with extensive simulations and real-data experiments, illustrate the method's favorable performance in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.

Mentfah Miloud AbdAljallil

Wars are as old as humanity, and are still up to the present time, with the development taking place in weapons, techniques of war and destruction, the most severe effects of these wars on children are due to their helplessness, and despite the available legal texts aimed at ensuring their protection However, this still did not reach the required level, and child victims in wars account for the majority of losses and the most important of all. They affect, at present and in the future, human aspirations towards a better life, and the research tries to consider the legal protection available to children in times of wars and armed conflicts.

Lukas Schwenkel, Alexander Hadorn, Matthias A. Müller et al.

In this work, we study economic model predictive control (MPC) in situations where the optimal operating behavior is periodic. In such a setting, the performance of a standard economic MPC scheme without terminal conditions can generally be far from optimal even with arbitrarily long prediction horizons. Whereas there are modified economic MPC schemes that guarantee optimal performance, all of them are based on prior knowledge of the optimal period length or of the optimal periodic orbit itself. In contrast to these approaches, we propose to achieve optimality by multiplying the stage cost by a linear discount factor. This modification is not only easy to implement but also independent of any system- or cost-specific properties, making the scheme robust against online changes therein. Under standard dissipativity and controllability assumptions, we can prove that the resulting linearly discounted economic MPC without terminal conditions achieves optimal asymptotic average performance up to an error that vanishes with growing prediction horizons. Moreover, we can guarantee practical asymptotic stability of the optimal periodic orbit under the additional technical assumption that dissipativity holds with a continuous storage function. We complement these qualitative guarantees with a quantitative analysis of the transient and asymptotic average performance of the linearly discounted MPC scheme in a numerical simulation study.

Christian Kagerl, Clemens Ohlert

Abstract For a number of reasons, businesses affected by minimum wage may have a particularly hard time during the coronavirus pandemic. We have found that minimum wage establishments were more frequently affected by the Corona pandemic than the rest of the economy at the beginning of 2021 due to the industry composition of these establishments rather than to minimum wage itself. The findings also indicate that minimum-wage establishments use short-time work more often and that the volume of work is reduced more frequently than in other establishments by cutting back on overtime. Finally, salary increases and special payments are also reduced or suspended more frequently.

Michael A. Garrett

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is a research activity that started in the late 1950s, predating the arrival of "Big History" and "Astrobiology" by several decades. Many elements first developed as part of the original SETI narrative are now incorporated in both of these emergent fields. However, SETI still offers the widest possible perspective, since the topic naturally leads us to consider not only the future development of our own society but also the forward trajectories (and past histories) of many other intelligent extraterrestrial forms. In this paper, I present a provocative view of Big History, its rapid convergent focus on our own planet and society, its oversimplified and incomplete view of events in cosmic history, and its limited appreciation of how poorly we understand some aspects of the physical world. Astrophysicists are also not spared - in particular those who wish to understand the nature of the universe in "splendid isolation", only looking outwards and upwards. SETI can help re-expand all of our horizons but the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence may also require its own practitioners to abandon preconceptions of what constitutes intelligent, sentient, thinking minds.

ANDRÁS SIMOR

A Heller Farkas Szakkollégium a Heller Farkas Szakmai Hét keretében konferenciát rendezett „Túl héjákon, galambokon. Milyen megfontolások vezetik a monetáris politikát?” címmel, a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen 2007. november 20. és 23. között. A rendezvény fővédnöke Szapáry György, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank korábbi alelnöke volt, az előadók között pedig a hazai pénzügyi élet olyan neves szakértőit találjuk, mint Simor András, Neményi Judit, Surányi György, Vonnák Balázs vagy Trippon Mariann. A következőkben Simor Andrásnak, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank elnökének 2007. november 23-án elhangzott előadását tesszük közzé. Terveink szerint következő számunkban Szapáry György előadását közöljük.

Ronald Raul Arce Coaquira

El estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de eficiencia técnica de los recursos públicos en la UNA periodo 2014-2018, se realiza un análisis en dos etapas sobre un total de 350 observaciones, correspondientes a las escuelas profesionales. En la primera etapa, se evalúa el nivel de eficiencia técnica de cada escuela profesional, utilizando la metodología no paramétrica Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA-CRS input, DEA-CRS output, DEA-VRS input, DEA-VRS output) propuesto inicialmente por Charnes et al. (1978). Por otra parte, en la segunda etapa, se analizan los determinantes de la eficiencia a través de un análisis de regresión truncada Tobit. Los principales resultados muestran que el grado de ineficiencia promedio mide en 0.65; sin embargo, algunas escuelas profesionales registran eficiencia técnica durante un periodo determinado, las cuales son: odontología, enfermería, ciencias contables, educación secundaria, educación física, educación primaria, educación inicial, trabajo social, sociología, antropología, arte y ciencias físico matemática. Por lo tanto, en su mayoría, las escuelas profesionales de ingeniería y biomédicas son ineficientes. La ineficiencia está determinada por el número de aulas, laboratorios, bibliotecas, número de alumnos matriculados, ratio número de estudiantes por docente, número de docentes, número de docentes nombrados, ratio de docentes varones con respecto a docentes mujeres y el número de personal administrativo. El recurso humano docente nombrado y el número de estudiantes por docente están relacionado positivamente con la eficiencia al nivel de significación del 1%.

Walenty Poczta

W roku ubiegłym minęło 30 lat od początku polskiej transformacji i 15 lat od wstąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej. Obydwa procesy, tj. transformacja i integracja europejska, są z sobą ściśle powiązane, warunkiem polskiego członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej było bowiem wcześniejsze zaawansowanie transformacji ustrojowej. Procesem transformacji w sposób istotny objęte zostało m.in. rolnictwo. Jedną z cech gospodarek krajów postsocjalistycznych było ich „przeagraryzowanie”, które przejawiało się w nadmiernym udziale tego sektora w angażowaniu zasobów pracy i wytwarzaniu PKB. Transformacja w Polsce, podobnie jak w innych krajach, spowodowała radykalne zmiany struktury gospodarki narodowej i pozostawała w ścisłych zależnościach przyczynowo-skutkowych z procesami alokacji zasobów produkcyjnych i zmianami ekonomicznych warunków gospodarowania (wynikającymi głównie z relacji cenowych kształtowanych przez rynek oraz swobody wymiany gospodarczej z zagranicą). W pierwszych latach transformacji nastąpiła też prywatyzacja sektora państwowego w rolnictwie oraz rozpoczęły się przemiany strukturalne w rolnictwie indywidulnym. Przystąpienie Polski do UE przyspieszyło procesy zainicjowane w pierwszych latach transformacji ustrojowej, jednocześnie radykalnie wzrosły wsparcie i osłona tych przemian ze środków publicznych (z budżetu UE). Po akcesji nadal uwalniano z rolnictwa nieefektywne zasoby pracy, jednak proces ten zachodził wolno i nie we wszystkich latach. Objęcie polskiego rolnictwa przez WPR UE stworzyło warunki do wzrostu produkcji, a przede wszystkim dochodów rolniczych. Na możliwości podażowe istotnie wpłynęły transfery środków z budżetu UE. Rosnące nakłady inwestycyjne, będące wynikiem objęcia rolnictwa środkami II filaru WPR, pozwoliły zahamować procesy dekapitalizacji majątku trwałego w rolnictwie i umożliwiły modernizację rozwojowych gospodarstw rolnych. Na stronę popytową wpłynęło uczestnictwo w Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim, a szczególnie dynamiczny wzrost eksportu rolno-żywnościowego. Procesy te spowodowały wzrost wartości i wolumenu produkcji rolnej, a szczególnie dochodów rolnictwa, w znacznej mierze dzięki dotacjom otrzymywanym przez polskie rolnictwo z tytułu udziału w WPR.

KRISZTIÁN KERTÉSZ

A gazdaságpolitika tökéletlen informáltsága esetén mikor hatékonyabb kvótával és mikor hatékonyabb Pigou-adóval szabályozni az ipari környezetszennyezés mértékét? Egy mikroökonómiai modell bemutatása útján bizonyítjuk, hogy amennyiben a határprofit- és az externálishatárköltség-görbe egyszerre alulbecsült, vagy egyszerre felülbecsült (a kormányzat tökéletlen informáltsága miatt), akkor kvótaszabályozás alkalmazásával közelebb kerülhet a gazdaság a Paretohatékony egyensúlyi állapothoz, mint Pigou-adó alkalmazásával. Ha viszont a határprofit- és az externálishatárköltség-görbe ellentétes irányban felül- vagy alulbecsült, akkor inkább a Pigou-adó használata a célszerűbb. Az elméletnek gyakorlati gazdaságpolitikai haszna is van, ugyanis a kormányzatnak lehetnek arra eszközei, hogy megállapítsa, a becsült MNPB és MEC függvények milyen irányban térnek el a valóságtól. Ezután, a modell segítségével áttekintjük azt is, hogy középtávon melyik szabályozó eszköz ösztönzi jobban a vállalatot arra, hogy end-of-pipe típusú szűrőberendezéseket szereljen fel. A tanulmány második részét a következő számban közöljük.

Kristoffer Persson

This paper investigates the relationship between economic media sentiment and individuals' expetations and perceptions about economic conditions. We test if economic media sentiment Granger-causes individuals' expectations and opinions concerning economic conditions, controlling for macroeconomic variables. We develop a measure of economic media sentiment using a supervised machine learning method on a data set of Swedish economic media during the period 1993-2017. We classify the sentiment of 179,846 media items, stemming from 1,071 unique media outlets, and use the number of news items with positive and negative sentiment to construct a time series index of economic media sentiment. Our results show that this index Granger-causes individuals' perception of macroeconomic conditions. This indicates that the way the economic media selects and frames macroeconomic news matters for individuals' aggregate perception of macroeconomic reality.

Mikhail G. Katz

We compare several approaches to the history of mathematics recently proposed by Blasjo, Fraser--Schroter, Fried, and others. We argue that tools from both mathematics and history are essential for a meaningful history of the discipline. In an extension of the Unguru-Weil controversy over the concept of geometric algebra, Michael Fried presents a case against both Andre Weil the "privileged observer" and Pierre de Fermat the "mathematical conqueror." We analyze Fried's version of Unguru's alleged polarity between a historian's and a mathematician's history. We identify some axioms of Friedian historiographic ideology, and propose a thought experiment to gauge its pertinence. Unguru and his disciples Corry, Fried, and Rowe have described Freudenthal, van der Waerden, and Weil as Platonists but provided no evidence; we provide evidence to the contrary. We analyze how the various historiographic approaches play themselves out in the study of the pioneers of mathematical analysis including Fermat, Leibniz, Euler, and Cauchy.

Graham Brownlow

JOSÉ VÍCTOR PINZÓN, OMAR GIOVANNI ROSERO, CARLOS ANDRÉS ZAPATA

Los atributos de gobierno corporativo de una empresa son de gran importancia para sus inversionistas, debido a la relación que estos guardan con el desempeño financiero. Este trabajo busca soportar la evidencia internacional sobre tal relación y justifica la implementación de buenas prácticas de gobierno corporativo en las empresas colombianas que cotizan en el mercado de valores. Para ello, se implementa conjuntamente un análisis no lineal de componentes principales y el método generalizado de momentos. En este ejercicio, se extraen las complejas dimensiones de gobierno corporativo a través de sus relaciones locales y, luego, se evalúa su relación con los indicadores de desempeño financiero: ROA y Q de Tobin.

Peyman Nasehpour

In this note, we investigate the history of algebra briefly. We particularly focus on the history of rings, semirings, and the distributive law.

Adam Burrows

The histories of core-collapse supernova theory and of neutrino physics have paralleled one another for more than seventy years. Almost every development in neutrino physics necessitated modifications in supernova models. What has emerged is a complex and rich dynamical scenario for stellar death that is being progressively better tested by increasingly sophisiticated computer simulations. Though there is still much to learn about the agency and details of supernova explosions, whatever final theory emerges will have the neutrino at its core. I summarize in this brief contribution some of the salient developments in neutrino physics as they related to supernova theory, while avoiding any attempt to review the hundreds of pivotal papers that have pushed supernova theory forward. My goal has been merely to highlight the debt of supernova astrophysics to neutrino physics.

Yong Tao, Xiangjun Wu, Tao Zhou et al.

Economic competition between humans leads to income inequality, but, so far, there has been little understanding of underlying quantitative mechanisms governing such a collective behavior. We analyze datasets of household income from 67 countries, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia. For all of the countries, we find a surprisingly uniform rule: Income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential law. To explain this empirical observation, we propose a theoretical model within the standard framework of modern economics and show that free competition and Rawls' fairness are the underlying mechanisms producing the exponential pattern. The free parameters of the exponential distribution in our model have an explicit economic interpretation and direct relevance to policy measures intended to alleviate income inequality.