Hasil untuk "Details in building design and construction. Including walls, roofs"

Eleftheria Alexandri, Phil Jones

Seyed Hossein Neshat Safavi, Elham Shokri, Behzad Vasigh et al.

Designing daylight-based spaces has gained increasing attention due to its numerous benefits and alignment with global sustainability standards. However, limited research has focused on how architectural layouts affect daylight distribution and visual quality, particularly in educational environments. This research aims to address this gap by integrating spatial layout analysis with daylighting and visual quality metrics to enhance daylight benefits across seven school plan layouts as case studies. Using a systematic review and simulation-based methodology, daylight performance is evaluated with Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI up, UDI, UDI low) and Daylight Autonomy (DA) using the Honeybee plugin and Radiance engine in Rhinoceros software. Visual quality is also explored through Isovist and Depth Map analysis, focusing on metrics including connectivity (C), Isovist area (A), drift angle (DA), Maximum radial line (RL(L)), Minimum radial line (RL(S)), and Visual Mean Depth. Simulation validation is conducted through a lux meter in a real classroom in Tehran, Iran, along with SPSS analysis to explore the accuracy and correlations between the results. Findings reveal that well-designed interior layouts significantly enhance both daylight distribution and visual quality. School with layout C, by higher Drift Angle (DA) and longer visual range (Max radial) can provide a dynamic and open environment, outperforming other layouts in both daylighting (DA = 52.93%, UDI = 68.17%) and visual quality metrics (Drift Angle ≈ 220, Connectivity ≈ 600). Layouts F and E also perform well, while Models D and G show less daylight performance (UDI-low ≈ 31–34%). The outcomes emphasize the importance of an integrated design approach including DA, UDI, Isovist metrics, and plan layouts, offering a new framework to enhance daylight benefits in educational spaces. It also provides valuable insights to improve architectural schools’ designs, contributing to more sustainable, visually enriched, and energy-efficient learning environments.

Parisa Javid, Niloufar Nikghadam, Alireza Karimpour et al.

The increasing demand for energy and the impact of climate change underscore the necessity of energy-efficient building designs. This study optimizes atrium skylights as a passive design solution for Yazd, Iran aiming to enhance thermal and visual comfort. The research team used simulation tools, including Rhino 8, Grasshopper, Ladybug, and Honeybee, to model key design parameters: skylight geometry, skylight-to-roof ratio, and material properties. The study applied multi-objective optimizations to four key metrics: Daylight Glare Probability (DGP), Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), and Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA). The A-3A configuration, with the highest length-to-width ratio of 3, provided the best thermal comfort (PMV = -0.49), optimal daylight distribution (sDA = 98.4%), minimal glare (DGP = 29.6%), and a moderate ASE (29.6%), demonstrating superior comfort and reduced solar heat gain. The sensitivity analysis showed that the A-3A model outperformed other configurations, improving thermal comfort (PMV) by 24% and sDA by 7.2% over the base model. The Morris method identified skylight geometry and SRR as most influential for solar exposure and daylight distribution. This study offers clear guidance for optimizing atrium skylight designs in to enhance thermal and visual comfort, laying the groundwork for further research, including the integration of renewable energy, to enhance performance in hot climates.

Fatima Zohra Ferahta, Mourad Dahmani

In educational architecture, particularly in high-solar climates, achieving a balance between ample daylight and visual comfort is a significant challenge. This numerical study evaluates the daylighting performance of nine tubular daylight device (TDD) configurations, with diameters of 250 mm, 350 mm, and 540 mm, using one, two, or four units, in a 35 m² classroom located in Batna’s high-sun climate. By combining glare hotspot distribution with a weighted multi-criteria assessment (Daylight Autonomy, Useful Daylight Illuminance, Annual Sunlight Exposure, and uniformity), the research identifies optimal solutions that balance daylight provision and visual comfort. Among them, the 4×350 mm configuration performs best, limiting overlit areas to 20.7% (vs. 37.1% for 4×540 mm) and significantly reducing glare hotspots, while the 2×540 mm and 4×540 mm setups lead to 1.6-fold and 3.6-fold increases in glare zones, respectively, compared to 4×350 mm. This configuration also achieves the highest global score (66.5%) thanks to its low ASE (10%) and high UDI-a (74%). In contrast, the 4×540 mm setup, despite its superior DA (81%), presents unacceptable glare risks (65% ASE) and poor lighting uniformity. The study underscores the importance of prioritizing daylight quality metrics (UDI-a, ASE, glare control) over simply maximizing illuminance in sunny climates. These findings align with EN 17037 and LEED v4 guidelines and offer actionable insights for improving visual comfort in educational spaces.

Serhii Litnitskyi, Eugene Pugachov, Taras Kundrat et al.

Article is devoted to determination of efficiency of the vertical specularly reflecting cylindrical light shaft for various types of the firmaments standardized by CIE (International Commission on Illumination). Efficiency of the light shaft was calculated as the relation of the output luminous flux (exiting through the lower base of the shaft) to the entering luminous flux (entering through the upper base of the shaft). The output luminous flux consists of the luminous flux created by direct light (gets on base of the shaft directly from the sky) and the luminous flux created by light which is repeatedly reflected from its inner side surface. For the 4th and 15th types of firmaments surfaces of dependence of the total efficiency (formed by the direct and reflected light) of the light shaft from solar time and the index of the shaft and also – graphs of dependence of total efficiency of the light shaft on the index of the shaft are given. For the 4th types of firmament the maximum values correspond to solar noon (from 29.3% to 96.3%), and the minimum values are at sunrise and sunset (from 28.7% to 95.3%). For the 15th types of firmament the maximum values correspond to solar noon (from 15.5% to 95.8%), and the minimum values are at sunrise and sunset (from 13% to 91.5%). The results showed that the solar time has almost no effect on the efficiency of the light shaft, which allows us to average the results in a certain way. As the light shaft index increases, that is, as the ratio of the radius to the shaft height increases, the efficiency value asymptotically approaches one hundred percent, which is physically correct. Knowing the radius, height, index of the shaft and the specular reflection coefficient of its inner surface, it is possible to predict natural lighting under the shaft and use energy resources more rationally.

Philip Emma, Eren Kurshan

Although it is not a new concept, 3D integration increasingly receives widespread interest and focus as lithographic scaling becomes more challenging, and as the ability to make miniature vias greatly improves. Like Moores law, 3D integration improves density. With improvements in packaging density, however, come the challenges associated with its inherently higher power density. And though it acts somewhat as a scaling accelerator, the vertical integration also poses new challenges to design and manufacturing technologies. The placement of circuits, vias, and macros in the planes of a 3D stack must be co-designed across layers (or must conform to new standards) so that, when assembled, they have correct spatial correspondence. Each layer, although perhaps being a mere functional slice through a system (and we can slice the system in many different ways), must be independently testable so that we can systematically test and diagnose subsystems before and after final assembly. When those layers are assembled, they must come together in a way that enables a sensible yield and facilitates testing the finished product. To make the most of 3D integration, we should articulate the leverages of 3D systems (other researchers offer a more complete treatment elsewhere). Then we can enumerate and elucidate many of the new challenges posed by the design, assembly, and test of 3D systems.

Ahmed Mustaffa Saleem, Abdullah A. Badr, Bahjat Hassan Alyas et al.

Shirin Aghamohammadiha, Narges Dehghan

The significant energy consumption in educational spaces worldwide and its environmental impact greatly influence the quality of space, learning levels, and student comfort. Despite offering free school energy costs, developing countries like Iran have not established specific design principles to ensure student comfort. Additionally, the poor design of school building exteriors, such as the common installation of large, unshaded windows in Iranian schools, causes glare issues. The primary objective of this study is to control direct sunlight and increase shading, thereby reducing its impact on energy consumption and enhancing visual comfort. This paper proposes a novel solution that combines a self-shading facade with a double-skin facade for classroom spaces. The study variables, involving the modification of the geometry of the double-skin self-shading facade via DesignBuilder software and the Daysim plugin, were compared to a simple double-layer facade. Based on the results, the optimal scenario for the self-shading double-skin façade with the specifications of a triangular pyramid module shape, ridge position fold 3/2 the module height, cavity depth 7.0, and number of module 2×2 exhibited 40% lower cooling load, 25% lower heating load, and 95% lower lighting load than a simple double-skin facade. At the same time, all scenarios of the new solution provided better visual comfort and daylighting criteria compared to the simple double-skin facade. The modularity and use of indigenous brick materials in the double-skin self-shading facade design reduce construction costs.

Ali Ahmed Bahdad, Nooriati Taib, Fahad Saud Allahaim et al.

This research aims to support the choice of an appropriate dynamic louver shading system (DL-SS) within double-skin facade insulated glazed units (DSF-IGUs) as a high-performance integrated window system (DSF-IGUs/DL-SS) that meets both thermal and energy performance via daylight availability under a tropical climate. The research framework has developed a multi-objective optimization method to achieve research objectives via optimizing two different scenarios of the proposed system. The first scenario was optimized for daylighting availability, meanwhile, the second scenario was optimized for energy and thermal performance. For each scenario, the best solutions are selected from respective Pareto fronts according to energy efficiency criteria, thermal comfort via enhancing daylighting availability. Based on the best options resulting from both optimizations, the final step involved comparing the results of all performance indicators in the best cases to select the best solution. Overall, based on the optimizing objectives, the ranking of the best cases varied based on giving priority to the improvement objective in the optimization process. For each scenario, the best solutions are selected from the respective Pareto fronts. Overall, ranking of the best cases varied based on giving priority to the improvement objectives. Optimizing DL-SS within DSF-IGUs while giving priority to improving energy and thermal comfort while maintaining daylighting at acceptable levels is more reasonable. Thus, the DSF-IGUs/DL-SS best-case resulting from the second optimization scenario was overcome all best cases and ranked first in energy and thermal comfort. Compared to the base case, the differences of total Predicted mean vote and percentage of dissatisfied for better thermal comfort achieved were -0.35% and -1.48% with an average decreased by 22.99% and 28.72%, respectively. The differences of total energy and cooling load for better energy performance reduced by -96.84 kwh/m2. and -86.88 kwh with an average decreased by 25.33% and 26.20%, respectively. Meanwhile, the total satisfied of spatial Daylight Autonomy for better daylighting distribution and better daylighting availability of useful daylighting illuminance improvement were improved by -5.54% and +24.76% with an average percentage variation increased by 6.25% and 36.87%, respectively.

Ramazan Sarı, Ekrem Bahadır Çalışkan

Sourojit Ghosh, Sarah Coppola

Traditional and currently-prevalent pedagogies of design perpetuate ableist and exclusionary notions of what it means to be a designer. In this paper, we trace such historically exclusionary norms of design education, and highlight modern-day instances from our own experiences as design educators in such epistemologies. Towards imagining a more inclusive and sustainable future of design education, we present three case studies from our own experience as design educators in redesigning course experiences for blind and low-vision (BLV), deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students, and students with other disabilities. In documenting successful and unsuccessful practices, we imagine what a pedagogy of care in design education would look like.

Jia-Rui Lin, Da-Peng Wu

Understanding complex collaboration processes is essential for the success of construction projects. However, there is still a lack of efficient methods for timely collection and analysis of collaborative networks. Therefore, an integrated framework consisting three parts, namely, system updating for data collection, data preprocessing, and social network analysis, is proposed for the twinning and mining collaborative network of a construction project. First, a system updating strategy for automatic data collection is introduced. Centrality measures are then utilized to identify key players, including hubs and brokers. Meanwhile, information sharing frequency (ISF) and association rule mining are introduced to discover collaborative patterns, that is, frequently collaborating users (FCUs) and associations between information flows and task levels. Finally, the proposed framework is validated and demonstrated in a large-scale project. The results show that key players, FCUs, and associations between information flows and task levels were successfully discovered, providing a deep understanding of collaboration and communication for decision-making processes. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by: 1) introducing ISF and Apriori-based association mining algorithm to identify FCUs and information flow patterns in collaboration; 2) establishing a new data-driven framework to map and analyze fine-grained collaborative networks automatically. It is also shown that people tend to form small groups to handle certain levels or types of tasks more efficiently. Other researchers and industrial practitioners may use this work as a foundation to further improve the efficiency of collaboration and communication.

Sukran Tanriverdi, Cihat Yavuz

Husni Thamrin, Ferry Anderson S.

Steel column structures can be used for various types of buildings, various advantages can be obtained when using steel as a building material, but its use cannot be estimated. Each of these elements will bear forces such as moments, normal or latitude, although the percentages differ from one another. Structures that carry normal forces are generally found in columns, both compressive and tensile so that a normal stress occurs. At this time the framework for the column is conventional steel but at this time there are other alternative materials, namely frames made of mild steel. As we know so far that most of the use of mild steel for roof truss construction, technological advances in the field of steel materials, especially mild steel, have been able to produce high quality mild steel, namely with a minimum tensile strength of 550 MPa. (Zincalume). Based on the results of the analysis, there is a critical stress difference in two cross sections with the same size from different types of materials, namely mild steel and conventional steel.

Rizky Khairi, Faurantia Forlana Sigit, Novalinda et al.

The condition of Taman Sri Deli currently functions as a public space where one of its functions is used as a culinary tourism spot. The problem that occurs is when the Ramadan Fair event is held and there are road closures that disrupt the activities of road users. Therefore, it is necessary to do a solution by referring to the design of the culinary tourism area allocated in Taman Sri Deli in order to maximize the design that can support the activities of existing events. The theme that will be applied in the design of Taman Sri Deli Culinary Tour is the Green Space theme.

Peranita Sagala, Yendi Jhon Frijal Situmorang, Donald Pardede

Indonesia has a distinctive array of architectural styles. Architecture that is rooted in regionalism offers a platform for the revival of traditional design elements in modern structures. One of North Sumatra's first private campuses is that of Medan Area University. The architecture and culture in this region are extremely varied. There is no prevailing architectural style like there is in Riau, West Sumatra, or Java. This campus uses conventional architecture in its construction as it is a university with an architectural study program. The scope of the use of regional architecture on a multicultural campus environment is investigated in this study. Several regional architectural applications have been made using the technique of observation and research of traditional architectural theories of the tribes living in North Sumatra.

Stefano Cascone

The construction industry is currently witnessing a transformative period characterized by the convergence of the green and digital transitions. The green transition seeks to address environmental challenges such as climate change and resource depletion, while the digital transition leverages advanced technologies to enhance construction processes. This paper specifically explores the integration of green roofs, as component of sustainable buildings, into the Building Information Modeling (BIM) framework, a key enabler of the digital transition. Green roofs, known for their environmental benefits, consist of layers that contribute to energy efficiency, stormwater management, and biodiversity enhancement. To optimize their design and performance, this research employs Dynamo Visual Programming Language (VPL) within Autodesk Revit to create parametric models of green roofs. These models facilitate the evaluation of thermal and structural characteristics under varying water content conditions (dry and saturated). Results reveal that the choice of substrate and drainage materials significantly impacts thermal resistance, particularly in dry conditions. However, in saturated conditions, the influence on thermal performance converges, emphasizing the importance of structural considerations in both scenarios. The research also highlights various limitations and outlines avenues for future studies, including expanding the range of materials, exploring additional performance metrics, and incorporating AI and machine learning techniques. By addressing these aspects, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the integration of green roofs and BIM. It provides designers and researchers with a practical tool for optimizing green roof designs, aligning with contemporary sustainable construction practices, and promoting the holistic development of green buildings

Aruna Jayasena, Prabhat Mishra

Increasing design complexity and reduced time-to-market have motivated manufacturers to outsource some parts of the System-on-Chip (SoC) design flow to third-party vendors. This provides an opportunity for attackers to introduce hardware Trojans by constructing stealthy triggers consisting of rare events (e.g., rare signals, states, and transitions). There are promising test generation-based hardware Trojan detection techniques that rely on the activation of rare events. In this paper, we investigate rareness reduction as a design-for-trust solution to make it harder for an adversary to hide Trojans (easier for Trojan detection). Specifically, we analyze different avenues to reduce the potential rare trigger cases, including design diversity and area optimization. While there is a good understanding of the relationship between area, power, energy, and performance, this research provides a better insight into the dependency between area and security. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that area reduction leads to a reduction in rareness. It also reveals that reducing rareness leads to faster Trojan detection as well as improved coverage by Trojan detection methods.

Yu-Wen Lin, Tsz Ling Elaine Tang, Stefano Schiavon et al.

The electronic design industry has undergone a significant transformation, transitioning from traditional hand-drawn designs to modern automated design processes. While Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools emerged alongside the electronic industry, the current building design process has little to no automation. There is a need for a unified platform to address the complexity of building design and provide a more systematic approach. Platform-based design (PBD), originally developed in the electronic industry, enables efficient design processes by promoting the reuse of hardware and software systems. It also facilitates design space exploration while optimizing performance. This paper proposes a modular approach that divides the building into various disciplines and introduces a design flow using the PBD framework to streamline the design process. We also present a case study that demonstrates the use of the PBD framework in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems design.

Shuochuan Meng, Mohammad Hesam Soleimani-Babakamali, Ertugrul Taciroglu

Roof type is one of the most critical building characteristics for wind vulnerability modeling. It is also the most frequently missing building feature from publicly available databases. An automatic roof classification framework is developed herein to generate high-resolution roof-type data using machine learning. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to classify roof types using building-level satellite images. The model achieved an F1 score of 0.96 on predicting roof types for 1,000 test buildings. The CNN model was then used to predict roof types for 161,772 single-family houses in New Hanover County, NC, and Miami-Dade County, FL. The distribution of roof type in city and census tract scales was presented. A high variance was observed in the dominant roof type among census tracts. To improve the completeness of the roof-type data, imputation algorithms were developed to populate missing roof data due to low-quality images, using critical building attributes and neighborhood-level roof characteristics.