Hasil untuk "Communities. Classes. Races"

Robert D. Putnam

J. Coleman, Thomas B. Hoffer

Bernard C. Watson, W. Wilson

David R. Williams, Yan Yu, J. Jackson et al.

W. Wilson

G. Bell, S. Horita, J. Karam

Caren Kaplan

Contemporary theory is replete with metaphors of travel - displacement, diaspora, borders, exile, migration, nomadism, homelessness, and tourism to name a few. In Questions of Travel, Caren Kaplan explores the various metaphoric uses of travel and displacement in literary and feminist theory, traces the political implications of this "travelling theory," and shows how various discourses of displacement link, rather than separate, modernism and postmodernism. Addressing a wide range of writers, including Paul Fussell, Edward Said, James Clifford, Gilles Deleuze, Jean Baudrillard, Gayatri Spivak, Edward Soja, Doreen Massey, Chandra Mohanty, and Adrienne Rich, Kaplan demonstrates that symbols and metaphors of travel are used in ways that obscure key differences of power between nationalities, classes, races, and genders. Neither rejecting nor dismissing the powerful testimony of individual experiences of modern exile or displacement, Kaplan asks how mystified metaphors of travel might be avoided. With a focus on theory's colonial discourses, she reveals how these metaphors continue to operate in the seemingly liberatory critical zones of poststructuralism and feminist theory. The book concludes with a critique of the politics of location as a form of essentialist identity politics and calls for new feminist geographies of place and displacement. An important and timely intervention into contemporary theoretical debates, Questions of Travel will be of interest to scholars in a wide variety of disciplines, including literary criticism, cultural studies, feminist theory, colonial and postcolonial studies, geography, anthropology, and sociology.

Marta Bottero, Caterina Caprioli, Marcus Foth et al.

Increasing concerns about sustainable development and climate change have pushed public and private actors and organisations to intensify their efforts to embed these issues in their plans, projects, programmes, and strategies. Within this context, the article examines sustainability as it relates to the Olympic Games, providing an overview of the measures taken by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the attention that these events' organisers have paid to integrating it over time. A comparative analysis of two cases – the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, and the 2032 Summer Olympic Games in Brisbane, Australia – has been developed to identify specificities and opportunities in staging such a global event, examining diverse and interconnected aspects of sustainability that could help evaluate it in future games. The article highlights that interpretations of the meaning of sustainability change over time and vary across stakeholders and that the long-term impact assessment of the legacy of such events requires further research.

Saiful Anwar, Ega Rusanti, Dewi Rahmawati Maulidiyah

This study aims to examine whether the adoption of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards enhances carbon emission disclosure among banks in Indonesia. Furthermore, it provides empirical evidence that the presence of women on boards moderates the relationship between GRI adoption and carbon emission disclosure. The study was conducted on 40 conventional and Islamic banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2015–2021. The analysis employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, with robustness tests conducted using alternative measurement variables to ensure the consistency of the results. The findings consistently demonstrate that the adoption of GRI Standards positively influences carbon emission disclosure in Indonesian banks. The presence of women on boards promotes banks’ engagement in global climate change agendas, aligning with the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5, 8, and 13. This study reinforces stakeholder theory and Critical Mass Theory, indicating that a minimum threshold of female board members is necessary to influence strategic decisions, particularly in encouraging voluntary disclosures such as carbon emission reporting. Notably, the study also finds that carbon emission disclosure is valued by banking stakeholders in Indonesia. Therefore, policymakers are encouraged to establish regulations that mandate GRI adoption and ensure a minimum representation of women in strategic decision-making positions within the banking sector.

Dian Megah Sari, Musyrifah Musyrifah, Andi Seppewali et al.

Kelompok Usaha Maloppo merupakan usaha mikro yang bergerak dalam produksi minyak kelapa murni di Kabupaten Majene, Sulawesi Barat. Meskipun produk yang dihasilkan telah memiliki sertifikat halal dan berpotensi besar di pasaran, proses produksi masih menggunakan metode tradisional sehingga menyebabkan suhu pemanasan tidak stabil, kualitas produk tidak konsisten, dan masa simpan singkat. Selain itu, pemasaran masih terbatas pada pasar tradisional tanpa memanfaatkan media digital. Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan proses produksi serta memperkuat kapasitas pemasaran melalui penerapan teknologi tepat guna dan strategi digital. Kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu sosialisasi, pelatihan, penerapan teknologi, pendampingan, dan keberlanjutan program. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan evaporator berbasis IoT mampu meningkatkan konsistensi produk, membuat minyak lebih jernih dan beraroma segar, serta memperpanjang masa simpan hingga dua bulan. Kapasitas produksi juga meningkat sekitar 40%. Dari sisi pemasaran, penerapan digital marketing memungkinkan mitra memanfaatkan media sosial seperti Facebook, WhatsApp Business, dan TikTok untuk promosi dengan konten yang lebih menarik. Perubahan ini memperluas jangkauan pasar dan meningkatkan interaksi dengan konsumen. Dengan demikian, integrasi teknologi tepat guna dan strategi digital marketing berkontribusi signifikan terhadap pemberdayaan UMKM lokal dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

Michael Schwarz, Julian Erhard

Sound static analysis can prove the absence of data races by establishing that no two conflicting memory accesses can occur at the same time. We repurpose the concept of digests -- summaries of computational histories originally introduced to bring tunable concurrency-sensitivity to thread-modular value analysis by abstract interpretation, extending this idea to race detection: We use digests to capture the conditions under which conflicting accesses may not happen in parallel. To formalize this, we give a definition of data races in the thread-modular local trace semantics and show how exclusion criteria for potential conflicts can be expressed as digests. We report on our implementation of digest-driven data race detection in the static analyzer Goblint, and evaluate it on the SV-COMP benchmark suite. Combining the lockset digest with digests reasoning on thread ids and thread joins increases the number of correctly solved tasks by more than a factor of five compared to lockset reasoning alone.

Giona Fieni, Joschua Wüthrich, Marc-Philippe Neumann et al.

This paper presents two complementary frameworks to optimize Formula 1 race strategies, jointly accounting for energy allocation, tire wear and pit stop timing. First, the race scenario is modeled using lap time maps and a dynamic tire wear model capturing the main trade-offs arising during a race. Then, we solve the problem by means of a mixed-integer nonlinear program that handles the integer nature of the pit stop decisions. The same race scenario is embedded into a reinforcement learning environment, on which an agent is trained. Providing fast inference at runtime, this method is suited to improve human decision-making during real races. The learned policy's suboptimality is assessed with respect to the optimal solution, both in a nominal scenario and with an unforeseen disturbance. In both cases, the agent achieves approximately 5s of suboptimality on 1.5h of race time, mainly attributable to the different energy allocation strategy. This work lays the foundations for learning-based race strategies and provides a benchmark for future developments.

S. Parida, S. Siddharth, Yuqing Xia et al.

Racial disparities are most accentuated among Black women as their lifetime risk of breast cancer incidence is lower than white and Asian women but their breast cancer related mortality is the highest among all races. Black women are more likely to develop triple-negative breast cancer at a younger age and harbor more aggressive tumors. In addition to tumor-centric alterations, tumor growth is also influenced by multiple other tumor microenvironment-related features, including resident immune cells and microbiota. Hence, in this study, we conduct concurrent genomic and metagenomic analyses, and uncover distinctive intratumoral microbial community compositions and tumor immune microenvironment-related traits in breast tumors from Asian, Black and white women. Interestingly, unique racially associated genomic nodes are found in the breast tumors from Asian, Black and white women. Examination of the cellular heterogeneity show differential enrichment of 11 out of 64 immune and stroma cell types in the breast tumors from different racial groups. In terms of microbial diversity, significant differences are revealed in alpha and beta-diversity measures. Intriguingly, potential race-specific microbial biomarkers of breast cancer are identified which significantly correlate with genes involved with tumor aggressiveness, angiogenesis, tumor cell migration and metastasis as well as oncogenic pathways-GLI and Notch. Investigating the metabolic features of intratumoral microbes, we find a significant differential enrichment of environmental information processing pathways, oncogenic pathways, and lipid metabolism pathways. Concomitantly investigating tumor-centric, tumor immune microenvironment-related and microbial alterations, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of racial disparities in breast cancer and warrants further exploration.

Larisa G Tereshchenko, K. Haq, Stacey J. Howell et al.

Abstract Aims Despite the highest prevalence of stroke, obesity, and diabetes across races/ethnicities, paradoxically, Hispanic/Latino populations have the lowest prevalence of atrial fibrillation and major Minnesota code–defined ECG abnormalities. We aimed to use Latent Profile Analysis in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) population to obtain insight into epidemiological discrepancies. Methods and results We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline HCHS/SOL visit. Global electrical heterogeneity (GEH) was measured as spatial QRS-T angle (QRSTa), spatial ventricular gradient azimuth (SVGaz), elevation (SVGel), magnitude (SVGmag), and sum absolute QRST integral (SAIQRST). Statistical analysis accounted for the stratified two-stage area probability sample design. We fitted a multivariate latent profile generalized structural equation model adjusted for age, sex, ethnic background, education, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidaemia, obesity, chronic kidney disease, physical activity, diet quality, average RR’ interval, median beat type, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) to gain insight into the GEH profiles. Among 15 684 participants (age 41 years; 53% females; 6% known CVD), 17% had an increased probability of likely abnormal GEH profile (QRSTa 80 ± 27°, SVGaz −4 ± 21°, SVGel 72 ± 12°, SVGmag 45 ± 12 mVms, and SAIQRST 120 ± 23 mVms). There was a 23% probability for a participant of being in Class 1 with a narrow QRSTa (40.0 ± 10.2°) and large SVG (SVGmag 108.3 ± 22.6 mVms; SAIQRST 203.4 ± 39.1 mVms) and a 60% probability of being in intermediate Class 2. Conclusion A substantial proportion (17%) in the Hispanic/Latino population had an increased probability of altered, likely abnormal GEH profile, whereas 83% of the population was resilient to harmful risk factors exposures.

Audrin Yi, M B Moran

As the world becomes more diversified and globalized, it is important to better understand how diversity affects our understanding and perceptions of people around us. Despite the continual increase of diversity within the United States, ethnic groups are still severely segregated in public schools, and this segregation is often accompanied by feelings of dislike and/or fear amongst students. With the rapid growth in number of minorities in K-12 education in mind, we investigated how high school students’ ethnic and individual backgrounds affect their attitudes towards the integration of diverse cultures and ethnicities in their learning at school. We also examined their social relationships with others of such diverse backgrounds. Sixty-seven 9th and 10th grade students participated in a survey that took about 15 minutes to complete. Their ethnic and racial background included White (24 students), Native American (Navajo) (15 students), Hispanic (14 students), and Mixed races (14 students). We performed inferential statistics for mean comparisons and correlational analyses. Results showed that although students generally perceived other cultures and ethnic groups positively (70-80%), Hispanic students felt judged by their peers in class due to their ethnic, racial, and cultural backgrounds. Moreover, 20-30% of the students reported their culture not being well-embraced by their school or their friends (especially Native American) and expressed their ‘dislike’ for some ethnic groups. Positive correlations emerged between the number of multi-cultural friends and students’ positive cultural attitudes. These findings have practical implications for curriculum development and educational planning in a global community.

Qingfang Wang, Wei Kang

Using the Household Pulse Survey and American Community Survey, this study examines employment insecurity experienced across different racial/ethnic groups of the U.S. labor force under the pandemic disruptions. It highlights significant employment security disparities based on race, ethnicity, and income during the pandemic. However, there are no significant gender and racial disparities within the lowest income group when controlling for other conditions. In contrast, gender and racial disparities in EI are much more pronounced among mid-to-high income groups. Non-White individuals were disproportionately affected by job loss due to health and COVID-related employment issues, unlike Whites who faced unemployment more due to other factors. This pattern was more evident among lower-income groups. The trends shifted in later stages, with high-income Black and Hispanic workers becoming more likely to be unemployed due to non-health and non-employment reasons. Middle-income workers across all races were least likely to stop working for reasons other than COVID-related health or employment issues. In addition, regardless race or ethnicity, women more likely to be unemployed due to health reasons and less so due to employment issues compared to men, and the gender disparities increased with higher household incomes. We propose that the apparent immediate effects of the pandemic are actually indicative of deeper, systemic issues within the U.S. labor market, specifically the occupational segregation tied to race/ethnicity, gender, and class. Recovery efforts must take a holistic approach and integrate economic development policies, workforce development strategies, and social policies targeting poverty alleviation, health disparities, and people of color.

Armand Fréjuis Akpa, Augustin Foster Chabossou

The introduction of information and communication technology (ICT) has altered the way society operates things. ICT is used in various sectors, including agriculture. It can be used in the agricultural sector to distribute pricing and encourage agricultural commodity exports. The study aims to investigate the effect of ICT on cashew nut export in Benin using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Data were collected over the period of 31 years (1990–2020) in Benin. The estimated results showed that mobile cellular telephone subscription is negatively and significantly correlated with cashew nut export in the short-run. However, in the long-run, it exhibits a positive and significant correlation. On the other hand, internet usage had no significant effect on cashew nut export in the short-run, but negatively influenced cashew nut export in the long-run. These results suggest that to increase its cashew nut export, the Beninese government should invest in technological infrastructure to improve internet access by reducing the cost of internet and increasing education that will allow farmers to better understand and use ICT.

Georgiana Caltais, Mahboobeh Zangiabady, Ervin Zvirbulis

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has become a new paradigm in computer networking, introducing a decoupled architecture that separates the network into the data plane and the control plane. The control plane acts as the centralized brain, managing configuration updates and network management tasks, while the data plane handles traffic based on the configurations provided by the control plane. Given its asynchronous distributed nature, SDN can experience data races due to message passing between the control and data planes. This paper presents Tracer, a tool designed to automatically detect and explain the occurrence of data races in DyNetKAT SDN models. DyNetKAT is a formal framework for modeling and analyzing SDN behaviors, with robust operational semantics and a complete axiomatization implemented in Maude. Built on NetKAT, a language leveraging Kleene Algebra with Tests to express data plane forwarding behavior, DyNetKAT extends these capabilities by adding primitives for communication between the control and data planes. Tracer exploits the DyNetKAT axiomatization and enables race detection in SDNs based on Lamport vector clocks. Tracer is a publicly available tool.

Nora Gera, Emma Pierson

Tests for racial bias commonly assess whether two people of different races are treated differently. A fundamental challenge is that, because two people may differ in many ways, factors besides race might explain differences in treatment. Here, we propose a test for bias which circumvents the difficulty of comparing two people by instead assessing whether the $\textit{same person}$ is treated differently when their race is perceived differently. We apply our method to test for bias in police traffic stops, finding that the same driver is likelier to be searched or arrested by police when they are perceived as Hispanic than when they are perceived as white. Our test is broadly applicable to other datasets where race, gender, or other identity data are perceived rather than self-reported, and the same person is observed multiple times.

Tejas S Mehta, Julie D. Thompson, J. Applegate et al.

The number of individuals identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) has doubled over the past 10 years, and this figure continues to rise. The LGBTQ+ community is diverse, encompassing a vast array of differences in gender identity and sexual orientation. Additionally, it is inclusive of people from all races, ethnicities, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds. This intersectionality of identities and experiences impacts both access to health care and its delivery. Barriers to care for this population are multifactorial and include stigma, discrimination, bias, limited role models, issues with insurance coverage, lack of education and training for health care providers, and lack of research on LGBTQ+ health-related issues. Specific to breast cancer, the screening recommendations for this group are influenced not only by risk but also by gender-affirming hormonal and surgical therapies. This article will provide an overview of the LGBTQ+ population, review breast cancer screening compliance and recommendations, summarize the multitude of health disparities, and offer potential interventions to improve care delivery at the individual, facility, organizational, and health policy levels.