Hasil untuk "Chemical technology"

Wei Li, Bingnan Mu, Yiqi Yang

This review emphasizes the importance of costs in industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater and provides a way to assess the cost-based feasibility of bio-adsorption technologies. Dye wastewater is one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. Bio-adsorption has attracted considerable attentions in dye wastewater treatment due to its technical feasibility, flexibility and operation simplicity. However, industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater via bio-adsorption technologies remains stagnant, mainly due to high costs. So far, no review or research articles have systematically discussed the criteria for successful utilization of bio-adsorption technologies on a large scale. This review discusses the major factors affecting adsorption and desorption performance based on basic chemical and physical structures of bio-adsorbents available in literatures. A quantitative relationship has been summarized based on previous studies to assess the cost to utilize a bio-adsorption technology and serve as an access threshold for quality bio-adsorbents to be taken into real applications.

Bingdi Cao, Tao Zhang, Weijun Zhang et al.

Sludge is an inevitable by product of sewage treatment, and it includes pathogens, heavy metals, organic pollutants and other toxic substances. The components of sludge are complex and variable with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) being one. EPS are highly hydrophilic and compressible, and make sludge dewatering difficult. Therefore, the development of efficient sludge-dewatering technology is an important means of mitigating rapid sludge growth. At present, the main methods used for sludge deep-dewatering technology are chemical preconditioning with high-pressure filtration and electrical mechanical dewatering. The selection of chemical preconditioning directly determines the final efficiency of the sludge-dewatering process. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of the problems related to sludge dewatering and systematically summarise the impact of different chemical conditioning technologies on the efficiency of sludge dewatering. Furthermore, the characteristics of different enhanced dewatering technologies are evaluated and analysed for their adaptability and final disposal methods. We believe that this review can clarify the chemical conditioner mechanism to improve sludge dewatering, provide reference debugging information for the sludge-dewatering process and promote the development of efficient and environmentally friendly sludge-dewatering technology.

Xizhe Fu, T. Belwal, G. Cravotto et al.

Ultrasound is an advanced non-thermal food-processing technology that has received increasing amounts of interest as an alternative to, or an adjuvant method for, conventional processing techniques. This review explores the sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound on food processing as it reviews two typical food-processing applications that are predominantly driven by sono-physical effects, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound-assisted freezing (UAF), and the components modifications to food matrices that can be triggered by sono-chemical effects. Efficiency enhancements and quality improvements in products (and extracts) using ultrasound are discussed in terms of mechanism and principles for a range of food-matrix categories, while efforts to improve existing ultrasound-assist patterns was also seen. Furthermore, the progress of experimental ultrasonic equipments for UAE and UAF as food-processing technologies, the core of the development in food-processing techniques is considered. Moreover, sono-chemical reactions that are usually overlooked, such as degradation, oxidation and other particular chemical modifications that occur in common food components under specific conditions, and the influence on bioactivity, which was also affected by food processing to varying degrees, are also summarised. Further trends as well as some challenges for, and limitations of, ultrasound technology for food processing, with UAE and UAF used as examples herein, are also taken into consideration and possible future recommendations were made.

B. N. Nzeribe, M. Crimi, S. Mededovic Thagard et al.

Abstract The recalcitrant behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to most traditional water treatment processes is driving the development of new or modified treatment approaches for PFAS destruction. This paper evaluates and compares the strengths and limitations of available physico-chemical treatment techniques. A comparative assessment based on effectiveness (extent of degradation and defluorination) and efficiency (rate, cost, and energy use) revealed that electrochemical oxidation, advanced reduction processes (ARPs) and plasma-based technology exhibited the best potential towards overall process efficiency. Sonolysis and heat-activated persulfate had the highest energy demand while photochemical oxidation was the most ineffective method.

Yashuai Wu, Ruiyang Yin, Wenjing Tian et al.

Umami taste in lager beer not only determined body fullness and the backbone of aftertaste, but also affected the controllability and interpretability of flavor expression across the entire brewing process. Based on stage-wise sampling, peptidomic profiles were established on wort fermentation day 0, day 1, day 3, and day 9. A total of 25,592 peptides were identified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RPLC-QTOF-MS). Molecular informatics screening was performed using UMPred-FRL (a feature representation learning-based meta-predictor for umami peptides) and TastePeptides-Meta (a one-stop platform for taste peptides and prediction models), yielding 7255 potential umami peptides. From these, 145 peptides were further selected for molecular docking. In addition, 6 representative umami peptides were selected for receptor-level validation and structural analysis. Mechanistically, the umami receptor taste receptor type 1 member 1/taste receptor type 1 member 3 (T1R1/T1R3) belonged to class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and relied on the extracellular Venus flytrap (VFT) domain for ligand capture. Ligand-induced VFT conformational convergence transmitted changes to the transmembrane region and triggered signal transduction. Docking and energy decomposition indicated that the ionic group primarily contributed to orientation and anchoring. Salt-bridge or hydrogen-bond networks were formed around Lys228, Arg240, Glu206, Asp210, Asn141, and Gln138, thereby reducing conformational freedom. Meanwhile, hydrophobic side chains obtained major binding gains within a hydrophobic microenvironment formed by Val135, Ile137, Leu165, Tyr166, Trp78, and His79. These results reflected a synergistic mode in which charge pairing enabled positioning and hydro-phobic complementarity promoted VFT closure. To experimentally confirm sensory relevance, 6 representative peptides were individually spiked into 4 brewing-stage beer samples, which produced a clear stratification pattern across stages. Notably, peptides with favorable docking-derived binding propensity did not necessarily enhance umami perception, and several longer peptides showed persistent negative sensory shifts, supporting that binding affinity alone could not be treated as a proxy for perceived umami in the beer matrix. At the node level, the cumulative abundance of umami peptides showed a significant positive correlation with umami scores, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.963 and <i>p</i> = 0.037. This result indicated good linear consistency between umami peptide content and the upward shift in umami taste in lager beer. Umami peptide clusters were further proposed as a more appropriate functional unit, and an umami peptide cluster database spanning the full process was constructed. This database provided a reusable resource for process control and flavor prediction.

Qing Zhang, Jiaoyang Cheng, Jinxin Cao et al.

Lithium‐rich manganese‐based oxides are accepted as a promising cathode material for high‐energy density batteries. However, they suffer from irreversible structural transformations and detrimental interfacial reactions, especially under deep charge/discharge states, causing severe voltage fade and capacity degradation. Herein, Li‐rich binary oxide Li1.16(Ni0.25Mn0.75)0.84O2 is proposed to dual‐coated by superionic conductor Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 and conductive polymer polyaniline, displaying nearly two orders of magnitude promotion for lithium ion transmission coefficient (10−9.5 cm2 S−1) at the end of charge/discharge. COMSOL Multiphysics simulation indicates the synergistic interfacial coating elevates the homogeneous distribution of lithium–ions and current density, improving utilization rates of lithium–ions, mitigating irreversible structural transformation, and suppressing the dissolution of transition metal ions and side reactions between the cathode and electrolyte. Therefore, Li1.16(Ni0.25Mn0.75)0.84O2 with the significantly promoted charge transfer kinetics exhibits greatly strengthened specific capacity of 293.6 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 within the range of 2.0–4.8 V, with an increased initial Coulombic efficiency of 84.42% and capacity retention of 88.94% in 150 cycles, alongside with a low voltage decay (0.23 V within 150 cycles) and a high rate capability of 160 mAh g−1 at 5 C.

T. Nageshkumar, Prateek Shrivastava, L. Ammayapan et al.

Machine learning model coupled with graphical user interface was developed to predict mechanical properties of flax fiber. The experiment was conducted using test setup which applies constant rate of loading (CRL). Flax fiber was tested under five independent parameters i.e, type of fiber (Tf), moisture content (Mc), weight of sample (Ws), gauge length (Gl) and loading rate (Lr) with response variables, i.e., breaking load and elongation. In this study, a total of 432 patterns of input and output parameters obtained from laboratory experiments were used to develop machine learning algorithms (Random forest, support vector, and XGBoost). Among the machine learning models, random forest regressor yielded high R2 value, low mean squared error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed and found sample weight and gauge length were the most influential features for breaking load and elongation, respectively. The developed GUI, integrated with a random forest regressor, predicted breaking load and elongation with an error range of −2.5% to 2.3% for raw fiber and 1.5% to 6.5% for cleaned fiber. The developed GUI coupled random forest regressor can be used to predict the mechanical properties of fibers with ease.

Ying Lou

The recent clinical success of chemically induced pluripotent stem cell (CiPSC)–derived islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes represents a landmark achievement in regenerative medicine. This article delves into the groundbreaking work presented by Dr. Hongkui Deng and Dr. Candice S.Y. Liew at International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) 2025, focusing on their innovative chemical reprogramming technology and its clinical application. The discussion highlights the scientific rationale behind chemical reprogramming, the development of functional islets, the novel transplantation strategy, and the remarkable clinical outcomes observed in their first patient. The implications for future stem cell therapies and the challenges of scalability are also explored.

Tanja Guček, Sebastjan Radišek

Viroidne bolezni predstavljajo nenehno grožnjo svetovnemu kmetijstvu, saj lahko ti majhni in strukturno preprosti patogeni okužijo širok spekter gospodarsko pomembnih rastlin. Učinkovito preprečevanje in obvladovanje viroidnih okužb zato zahteva diagnostične pristope, ki omogočajo zanesljivo, občutljivo in specifično identifikacijo povzročiteljev bolezni. Z razvojem biokemije in molekularne biologije se je v zadnjih letih izboljšala občutljivost in specifičnost številnih diagnostičnih metod. Z zniževanjem stroškov sekvenciranja in večjo dostopnostjo se zelo hitro povečuje zanimanje za uporabo tehnologij visokopretočnega sekvenciranja (HTS) v rutinski rastlinski diagnostiki. Kljub velikemu potencialu HTS pa uvedba teh tehnologij v laboratorijsko prakso ostaja zahtevna. Med ključne izzive sodijo izbira ustrezne sekvenčne platforme in laboratorijskih protokolov, uporaba primernih bioinformacijskih orodij, zagotavljanje strokovno usposobljenega kadra ter vzpostavitev ustrezne računalniške infrastrukture. Čeprav so že oblikovani določeni standardi in smernice za uporabo HTS, ti zaradi specifičnih potreb laboratorijev niso univerzalno uporabni. Pregledni članek obravnava ključne vidike različnih pristopov HTS, njihove prednosti in omejitve ter prikazuje njihovo uporabnost na primeru diagnostike viroidnih bolezni.

Elinor Randi Schoenfeld, Tracy Trimboli, Kaylyn Schwartz et al.

By 2050, most adults aged 65 and older in the United States will want to age independently at home, a goal that will strain healthcare resources. Adults aged 50 and older (N = 112) were recruited for study participation between 2018 and 2022. They completed surveys and participated in discussion sessions to explore their needs and opinions regarding smart home sensors. Survey results indicated that older adults’ comfort with smart home sensors increased with their perceived need for monitoring when home alone (OR = 1.46; <i>p</i> = 0.012) or sick/recovering from an illness (OR = 2.21; <i>p</i> < 0.001). When sick compared to when healthy, individuals were 2.65 times more likely to prefer installing multiple sensors in the living room, 1.75 times more likely in the kitchen, 3.66 times more likely in the bedroom, and 3.41 times more likely in the bathroom (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Regarding data sharing, participants were most willing to share information with healthcare providers and family members on a regular basis (80 and 81%, respectively) and 71% on a regular basis or when sick/recovering. Comfort with data sharing with professional caregivers (OR = 1.67; <i>p</i> = 0.0017) and monitoring companies (OR = 1.34; <i>p</i> = 0.030) significantly increased when sick/recovering. Discussion sessions highlighted overwhelming concerns about personal security/privacy, loss of independence, and ethical issues in data collection. Participants emphasized the need for new systems to be flexible, cost-effective, user-friendly, and respectful of user autonomy, accommodating diverse life stages, comfort levels, home environments, income levels, and support structures. Insights are now informing sensor data collection in our model home. Study findings underscore the importance of involving potential users in technology development to create effective and acceptable solutions for aging in place.

Zhen Huang, Na Gao, Yan Lin et al.

Abstract Chemical looping (CL) technology using an oxygen carrier (OC) offers a versatile platform to convert various fuels (e.g., CH4, coal, and biomass) to value-added products (e.g., heat, syngas, and H2) in a clean and efficient approach. Currently, the migration and transformation mechanisms of lattice oxygen in spinel OCs were not extensively investigated, which are considered the cornerstone of OC. In this work, the release-uptake paths of lattice oxygen and the chemical reaction laws at interface were studied in detail using a composite metal oxide (NiFe2O4) as an OC through (in-situ) XPS technology coupled with fixed bed experiments. Mechanistic studies indicate that the chemical reaction interface is fixed on the surface of OC particles, and the concentration gradient between the surface and the bulk drives the transmission of lattice oxygen to achieve the reduction or oxidation of OC. Additionally, an important hydroxyl ions formation process of OC is confirmed by an in-situ XPS.

Lian Jin, Xin-Peng Zeng, Ming Liu et al.

Gene transfer methods are promising in the field of gene therapy. Current methods for gene transfer include three major groups: viral, physical and chemical methods. This review mainly summarizes development of several types of chemical methods for gene transfer in vitro and in vivo by means of nano-carriers like; calcium phosphates, lipids, and cationic polymers including chitosan, polyethylenimine, polyamidoamine dendrimers, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide). This review also briefly introduces applications of these chemical methods for gene delivery.

Ling Zhang, Jinpeng Lin, Xuan Zhao et al.

Introduction: This study employed surgical robot to perform anatomic single-bundle reconstruction using the modified transtibial (TT) technique and anteromedial (AM) portal technique. The purpose was to directly compare tunnel and graft characteristics of the two techniques.Methods: Eight cadaveric knees without ligament injury were used in the study. The modified TT and AM portal technique were both conducted under surgical robotic system. Postoperative data acquisition of the tunnel and graft characteristics included tibial tunnel position, tunnel angle, tunnel length and femoral tunnel-graft angle.Results: The mean tibial tunnel length of the modified TT technique was significantly shorter than in the AM portal technique (p &lt; 0.001). The mean length of the femoral tunnel was significantly longer for the modified TT technique than for the AM portal technique (p &lt; 0.001). The mean coronal angle of the tibial tunnel was significantly lower for the modified TT technique than for the AM portal technique (p &lt; 0.001). The mean coronal angle of the femoral tunnel was significantly lower for the AM portal technique than for the modified TT technique (p &lt; 0.001). The AM portal technique resulted in a graft bending angle that was significantly more angulated in the coronal (p &lt; 0.001) and the sagittal planes (p &lt; 0.001) compared with the modified TT technique.Discussion: Comparison of the preoperative planning and postoperative femoral tunnel positions showed that the mean difference of the tunnel position was 1.8 ± 0.4 mm. It suggested that the surgical navigation robot could make predictable tunnel position with high accuracy. The findings may support that the modified TT technique has benefits on femoral tunnel length and obliquity compared with AM portal technique. The modified TT technique showed a larger femoral tunnel angle in the coronal plane than the AM portal technique. Compared with the modified TT technique, the more horizontal trajectory of the femoral tunnel in the AM portal technique creates a shorter femoral tunnel length and a more acute graft bending angle.

Vasiliki Bikia, Georgios Rovas, Stamatia Pagoulatou et al.

Zhengxiong Su, Jun Ding, M. Song et al.

Zhengxiong Su, Jun Ding, Miao Song, Li Jiang, Tan Shi, Zhiming Li, Sheng Wang, Fei Gao, Di Yun, Chenyang Lu, En Ma a Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China b Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China c Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States d School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China e School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

G. Li, E. K. Wilbourn, Z. Cheng et al.

<p>Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) initiate primary ice formation in Arctic mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), altering cloud radiative properties and modulating precipitation. For atmospheric INPs, the complexity of their spatiotemporal variations, heterogeneous sources, and evolution via intricate atmospheric interactions challenge the understanding of their impact on microphysical processes in Arctic MPCs and induce an uncertain representation in climate models. In this work, we performed a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric aerosols at the Arctic coastal site in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard, Norway) from October to November 2019, including their ice nucleation ability, physicochemical properties, and potential sources. Overall, INP concentrations (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i>_INP</span>) during the observation season were approximately up to 3 orders of magnitude lower compared to the global average, with several samples showing degradation of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i>_INP</span> after heat treatment, implying the presence of proteinaceous INPs. Particle fluorescence was substantially associated with INP concentrations at warmer ice nucleation temperatures, indicating that in the far-reaching Arctic, aerosols of biogenic origin throughout the snow- and ice-free season may serve as important INP sources. In addition, case studies revealed the links between elevated <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i>_INP</span> and heat lability, fluorescence, high wind speeds originating from the ocean, augmented concentration of coarse-mode particles, and abundant organics. Backward trajectory analysis demonstrated a potential connection between high-latitude dust sources and high INP concentrations, while prolonged air mass history over the ice pack was identified for most scant INP cases. The combination of the above analyses demonstrates that the abundance, physicochemical properties, and potential sources of INPs in the Arctic are highly variable despite its remote location.</p>

Huiyong Wang, Hongmei Yu, Ayman AL-Zubi et al.

The synthesis of room temperature phosphorescent carbon dots (RTP-CDs) without any matrix is important in various applications. In particular, RTP-CDs with dual modes of excitation are more interesting. Here, we successfully synthesized matrix-free carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) that can generate green RTP under visible and ultraviolet light dual-mode excitation. Using acrylic acid (AA) and ammonium oxalate as precursors, a simple one-pot hydrothermal method was selected to prepare AA-CPDs. Here, acrylic acid is easy to polymerize under high temperature and high pressure, which makes AA-CPDs form a dense cross-linked internal structure. Ammonium oxalate as a nitrogen source can form amino groups during the reaction, which reacts with a large number of pendant carboxyl groups on the polymer chains to further form a cross-linked structure. The carboxyl and amino groups on the surface of AA-CPDs are connected by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds can provide space protection (isolation of oxygen) around the AA-CPDs phosphor, which can stably excite the triplet state. This self-matrix structure effectively inhibits the non-radiative transition by blocking the intramolecular motion of CPDs. Under the excitation of WLED and 365 nm ultraviolet light, AA-CPDs exhibit the phosphorescence emission at 464 nm and 476 nm, respectively. The naked-eye observation exceeds 5 s and 10 s, respectively, and the average lifetime at 365 nm excitation wavelength is as long as 412.03 ms. In addition, it successfully proved the potential application of AA-CPDs in image anti-counterfeiting.

Concetta Di Natale, Concetta Di Natale, Concetta Di Natale et al.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose produced by bacteria, which possesses numerous advantages such as good mechanical properties, high chemical flexibility, and the ability to assemble in nanostructures. Thanks to these features, it achieved a key role in the biomedical field and in drug delivery applications. BC showed its ability to modulate the release of several drugs and biomolecules to the skin, thus improving their clinical outcomes. This work displays the loading of a 3D BC nanonetwork with an innovative drug delivery nanoemulsion system. BC was optimized by static culture of SCOBY (symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast) and characterized by morphological and ultrastructural analyses, which indicate a cellulose fiber diameter range of 30–50 nm. BC layers were then incubated at different time points with a nanocarrier based on a secondary nanoemulsion (SNE) previously loaded with a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, namely, coenzyme-Q10 (Co-Q10). Incubation of Co-Q10–SNE in the BC nanonetwork and its release were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Jiahui Cai, Ziling Wu, Yanwei Hao et al.

As an inhibitor of ethylene receptors, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) can delay the ripening of papaya. However, improper 1-MCP treatment will cause a rubbery texture in papaya. Understanding of the underlying mechanism is still lacking. In the present work, a comparative sRNA analysis was conducted after different 1-MCP treatments and identified a total of 213 miRNAs, of which 44 were known miRNAs and 169 were novel miRNAs in papaya. Comprehensive functional enrichment analysis indicated that plant hormone signal pathways play an important role in fruit ripening. Through the comparative analysis of sRNAs and transcriptome sequencing, a total of 11 miRNAs and 12 target genes were associated with the ethylene and auxin signaling pathways. A total of 1741 target genes of miRNAs were identified by degradome sequencing, and nine miRNAs and eight miRNAs were differentially expressed under the ethylene and auxin signaling pathways, respectively. The network regulation diagram of miRNAs and target genes during fruit ripening was drawn. The expression of 11 miRNAs and 12 target genes was verified by RT-qPCR. The target gene verification showed that <i>cpa-miR390a</i> and <i>cpa-miR396</i> target <i>CpARF19-like</i> and <i>CpERF RAP2-12-like</i>, respectively, affecting the ethylene and auxin signaling pathways and, therefore, papaya ripening.

Roi Yozevitch, Revital Marbel, Nir Flysher et al.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) jamming is an acute problem in the world of modern navigation. As more and more applications rely on GNSS for both position and timing, jamming ramifications are becoming more severe. In this paper we suggest a novel framework to cope with these threats. First, a Bayesian jamming detection algorithm is introduced. The algorithm can both detect and track several jammers in a pre-defined region of interest. Then, a jamming coverage map algorithm is offered. Similar to cellular <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>G</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>G</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> coverage maps, such a map can detect “weak” GNSS reception spots and handle them. Since jamming interference can be a dynamic phenomenon (e.g., a vehicle equipped with a jammer), the coverage map changes with time. Thus, interference patterns can be detected more easily. Utilizing the offered algorithm, both on simulation and field experiments, we have succeeded to localize an arbitrary jammer(s) within the region of interest. Thus, the results validate the viability of the proposed method.