Hasil untuk "Animal biochemistry"

J. Rothman, L. Orci

C. Lasagna-Reeves, Dennisse Gonzalez-Romero, Dennisse Gonzalez-Romero et al.

Ahmad Muchlis, Muhammad Yusuf, Ako Ambo et al.

Mastitis caused by Escherichia coli remains a significant health and productivity problem in the Indonesian dairy goat sector, and increasing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have prompted the search for non-antibiotic alternatives to conventional treatments. This study conducted a preliminary evaluation of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a natural antibody derived from chicken egg yolks, as a potential supportive agent against E. coli-associated mastitis. Chickens were immunized with heat-inactivated E. coli ATCC 25922 to generate specific IgY, which was subsequently purified using the caprylic acid method. IgY concentration and purity were determined spectrophotometrically, providing a reliable measurement of the antibody yield. Antibacterial activity was assessed using two in vitro approaches: a Growth Inhibition Assay on solid media and a Total Plate Count (TPC) test in liquid culture. The highest IgY concentration obtained was 80.54 mg/mL on Day 40. At a 4 mL dose, IgY produced an inhibition zone of 9.67 mm, whereas the amoxicillin control produced 18.67 mm. Although the inhibition remained below standard interpretive thresholds, indicating limited activity in the diffusion-based assay, the TPC test revealed a partial reduction in bacterial load at the same dose, suggesting that higher IgY concentrations may be required to achieve consistent functional effects in broth cultures. Overall, these findings confirm that IgY possesses measurable in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli and demonstrate its potential as a safe, sustainable, and residue-free complementary approach for mastitis management. Further research involving clinical mastitis isolates, antimicrobial-resistant strains, and standardized MIC determination is warranted to establish its broader therapeutic applicability and guide future in vivo studies.

D. F. Carlson, C. Lancto, Bin Zang et al.

G. Charras, J. Yarrow, M. Horton et al.

M. Estévez

Poultry and poultry meat are particularly susceptible to oxidative reactions. Oxidation processes have been for decades the focus of animal and meat scientists owing to the negative impact of these reactions on animal growth, performance, and food quality. Lipid oxidation has been recognized a major threat to the quality of processed poultry products. The recent discoveries on the occurrence of protein oxidation in muscle foods have increased the scientific and technological interest in a topic that broadens the horizons of food biochemistry into innovative fields. Furthermore, in recent years we have witnessed a growing interest in consumers on the impact of diet and oxidation on health and aging. Hence, the general description of oxidative reactions as harmful phenomena goes beyond the actual impact on animal production and food quality and reaches the potential influence of oxidized foods on consumer health. Likewise, the current antioxidant strategies aim for the protection of the living tissues, the food systems, and a potential health benefit in the consumer upon ingestion. Along these lines, the application of phytochemicals and other microelements (Se, Cu) with antioxidant potential in the feeds or directly in the meat product are strategies of substantial significance. The present paper reviews in a concise manner the most relevant and novel aspects of the mechanisms and consequences of oxidative reactions in poultry and poultry meat, and describes current antioxidant strategies against these undesirable reactions.

Xueying Shi, Da Yue, Qingqing Guo et al.

Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) frequently encounters period of starvation during its life cycle, but the impact of starvation on its intestinal physiology remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of starvation on the antioxidant status, autophagy, microflora, and histological structure in the intestinal of P. sinensis. Turtles were subjected to starvation for 1, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days (referred to as S1, S4, S8, S16, and S32). The results of histological examination showed a progressive shortening of intestine villus and thickening of the muscle layer as starvation duration increased. The ROS and MDA contents showed a gradual increase with the prolonged starvation. The activities of SOD and GPx were significantly elevated after 16 and 32 days of starvation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of autophagosomes starting from S4, with a significant increase observed after 8 days of starvation. The mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes (atg5, atg12, p53, p62, and lc3) were significantly upregulated with the prolonged starvation, while the expressions of mtor1 and s6k1 were significantly decreased in S32 group. Moreover, microbiota analysis via 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated a distinct separation between the S1 group and the starving groups. Starvation led to an increase in intestinal microbial diversity, as evidenced by an elevated Shannon index and a decreased Simpson index. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes decreased, whereas Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria increased with prolonged starvation. A Mantel test showed that the abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly positively correlated to ROS contents and the expression levels of p53. In conclusion, this study suggests that starvation induce the oxidative stress and autophagy, change the structure of microbiota and morphology in the gut of P. sinensis, and provides valuable insights to the adaptive mechanisms of this species.

Victoria Wessely, Jan S. Suchodolski, João P. Cavasin et al.

Several recent studies have reported a significantly greater prevalence of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> encoding the novel pore-forming <i>netF</i> toxin gene in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. However, the presence of <i>netF</i> in other canine diarrheal diseases remains poorly characterized. This retrospective, cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence and abundance of <i>netF</i>-positive <i>C. perfringens</i> in fecal samples from 352 dogs with acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Dogs were divided into five groups: acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS), acute diarrhea (AD), chronic enteropathy (CE), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), and healthy controls (HCs). The abundances of <i>C. perfringens</i> 16S rRNA, the <i>C. perfringens</i> enterotoxin gene and the <i>C. perfringens netF</i> gene in fecal samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In total, 7 of 15 (46.7%) dogs with AHDS, 10 of 75 (13.3%) dogs with AD, 2 of 120 (1.7%) dogs with CE, 1 of 12 (8.3%) dogs with EPI, and 1 of 130 (0.8%) HC dogs tested positive for <i>netF</i>. This study provides further evidence that NetF may be a significant contributor to the etiology of AHDS and potentially to a subset of acute nonhemorrhagic diarrhea cases, while it was only rarely detected in chronic gastrointestinal disease phenotypes.

Hugo Markoff, Jevgenijs Galaktionovs

State-of-the-art animal classification models like SpeciesNet provide predictions across thousands of species but use conservative rollup strategies, resulting in many animals labeled at high taxonomic levels rather than species. We present a hierarchical re-classification system for the Animal Detect platform that combines SpeciesNet EfficientNetV2-M predictions with CLIP embeddings and metric learning to refine high-level taxonomic labels toward species-level identification. Our five-stage pipeline (high-confidence acceptance, bird override, centroid building, triplet-loss metric learning, and adaptive cosine-distance scoring) is evaluated on a segment of the LILA BC Desert Lion Conservation dataset (4,018 images, 15,031 detections). After recovering 761 bird detections from "blank" and "animal" labels, we re-classify 456 detections labeled animal, mammal, or blank with 96.5% accuracy, achieving species-level identification for 64.9 percent

Isobel Voysey, Lynne Baillie, Joanne Williams et al.

Animal welfare education could greatly benefit from customized robots to help children learn about animals and their behavior, and thereby promote positive, safe child-animal interactions. To this end, we ran Participatory Design workshops with animal welfare educators and children to identify key requirements for zoomorphic robots from their perspectives. Our findings encompass a zoomorphic robot's appearance, behavior, and features, as well as concepts for a narrative surrounding the robot. Through comparing and contrasting the two groups, we find the importance of: negative reactions to undesirable behavior from children; using the facial features and tail to provide cues signaling an animal's internal state; and a natural, furry appearance and texture. We also contribute some novel activities for Participatory Design with children, including branching storyboards inspired by thematic apperception tests and interactive narratives, and reflect on some of the key design challenges of achieving consensus between the groups, despite much overlap in their design concepts.

Chen Liu, Haitao Wu, Kafeng Wang et al.

Personalized animal image generation is challenging due to rich appearance cues and large morphological variability. Existing approaches often exhibit feature misalignment across domains, which leads to identity drift. We present AnimalBooth, a framework that strengthens identity preservation with an Animal Net and an adaptive attention module, mitigating cross domain alignment errors. We further introduce a frequency controlled feature integration module that applies Discrete Cosine Transform filtering in the latent space to guide the diffusion process, enabling a coarse to fine progression from global structure to detailed texture. To advance research in this area, we curate AnimalBench, a high resolution dataset for animal personalization. Extensive experiments show that AnimalBooth consistently outperforms strong baselines on multiple benchmarks and improves both identity fidelity and perceptual quality.

H. D. Chapman

This article describes some of the milestones in research concerned with protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria that infect birds and cause the disease coccidiosis. The time period covered is from 1891, when oocysts were first found in the ceca of diseased chickens, to the present. Progress in our understanding has lagged behind that of other protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium despite the enormous importance of Eimeria to animal livestock production. Nevertheless, applied research by universities, government agencies, and private industry has resulted in the successful development of methods of control, research that continues today. The topics covered and the references provided are selective and include life cycles and biology, pathology, ultrastructure, biochemistry, immunity, genetics, host cell invasion, species identification, taxonomy, chemotherapy, vaccination, and literature concerned with avian coccidiosis. This review is primarily concerned with the avian species of Eimeria that infect poultry, but some important advances, principally in immunology, have been made using species that infect rodents and rabbits. These are included where appropriate.

Florencia di Pietro, A. Echard, X. Morin

Josephine Dresler, Josephine Dresler, Ignazio Avella et al.

Spiders are ancient and highly successful predators, which use venom for both predation and defense. Their venoms are complex mixtures of potent biological molecules, emerging as a prolific source of biomolecular innovation in agriculture, biomedicine, and bioeconomy. While small cysteine-rich neurotoxins are typically considered the main components of spider venoms, recent research has shown that spider venoms also contain many high-molecular-weight proteins, especially enzymes. To date, very little is known about the diversity, biochemistry and ecology of these components. Here, we provide the first systematic overview of spider venom enzymes, describing all known examples in terms of their properties and functions in the spider venom system. We argue that the sheer diversity of these neglected spider venom compounds offers significant translational potential and holds great potential for the bioeconomy, reflecting a wide range of technical applications such as industrial production, food processing, and waste management.

Irtiqa Manzoor, Akhter Rasool

Gastric ulcer is a significant clinical issue in dogs, with higher prevalence in mature animals and often occurs secondary to systemic diseases such as hepatic or renal disorders, Addison’s disease or shock. This case report highlights a four-and-a-half-year-old intact male Rottweiler presented with persistent vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain and anemia. Diagnostic imaging, including radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy, revealed gastric ulceration and the presence of radiopaque lead pellets in the pyloric region of the stomach. Histopathological examination confirmed extensive gastric mucosal damage.Treatment included the elimination of lead, fluid therapy and administration of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics and mucosal protectants. Incorporating psyllium husk into the diet helped to enhance lead excretion. Follow-up imaging after two weeks showed absence of lead pellets and normal gastric mucosa. This case underscores the importance of comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for chronic gastric ulcers in dogs, emphasising the role of multimodal imaging and targeted treatment strategies. Keywords: Dog, gastric ulcers, diagnostics, therapeutics

Peter Kulits, Michael J. Black, Silvia Zuffi

The idea of 3D reconstruction as scene understanding is foundational in computer vision. Reconstructing 3D scenes from 2D visual observations requires strong priors to disambiguate structure. Much work has been focused on the anthropocentric, which, characterized by smooth surfaces, coherent normals, and regular edges, allows for the integration of strong geometric inductive biases. Here, we consider a more challenging problem where such assumptions do not hold: the reconstruction of natural scenes containing trees, bushes, boulders, and animals. While numerous works have attempted to tackle the problem of reconstructing animals in the wild, they have focused solely on the animal, neglecting environmental context. This limits their usefulness for analysis tasks, as animals exist inherently within the 3D world, and information is lost when environmental factors are disregarded. We propose a method to reconstruct natural scenes from single images. We base our approach on recent advances leveraging the strong world priors ingrained in Large Language Models and train an autoregressive model to decode a CLIP embedding into a structured compositional scene representation, encompassing both animals and the wild (RAW). To enable this, we propose a synthetic dataset comprising one million images and thousands of assets. Our approach, having been trained solely on synthetic data, generalizes to the task of reconstructing animals and their environments in real-world images. We will release our dataset and code to encourage future research at https://raw.is.tue.mpg.de/

Yuhao Lin, Lingqiao Liu, Javen Shi

Animal re-identification (ReID) has become an indispensable tool in ecological research, playing a critical role in tracking population dynamics, analyzing behavioral patterns, and assessing ecological impacts, all of which are vital for informed conservation strategies. Unlike human ReID, animal ReID faces significant challenges due to the high variability in animal poses, diverse environmental conditions, and the inability to directly apply pre-trained models to animal data, making the identification process across species more complex. This work introduces an innovative keypoint propagation mechanism, which utilizes a single annotated image and a pre-trained diffusion model to propagate keypoints across an entire dataset, significantly reducing the cost of manual annotation. Additionally, we enhance the Vision Transformer (ViT) by implementing Keypoint Positional Encoding (KPE) and Categorical Keypoint Positional Embedding (CKPE), enabling the ViT to learn more robust and semantically-aware representations. This provides more comprehensive and detailed keypoint representations, leading to more accurate and efficient re-identification. Our extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that this approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across four wildlife datasets. The code will be publicly released.

Sruthi Chandramohan , S. Sooryadas, P. T. Dinesh et al.

Six client-owned dogs which underwent various surgical procedures under multimodal general anaesthesia with meloxicam premedication (0.2mg/kg IM), and induction thirty minutes later with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (2 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (5 mcg/kg) and administered intramuscularly, were studied. The signs of sedation and induction of anaesthesia, and their respective times of onset were observed and recorded. All animals received 100% oxygen through an endotracheal tube connected to a breathing circuit of anaesthesia machine. The quality of induction, quality of surgical anaesthesia and response to intraoperative surgical stimuli were noted and recorded. Prolongation of general anaesthesia, when anaesthesia becomes lighter, was done using isoflurane in oxygen with or without propofol. All observations were recorded, and the findings are reported here.

Afaf N. Abdel Rahman, Shimaa R. Masoud, Moustafa M.S. Fouda et al.

Recently, researchers in aquaculture become interested in green synthesized nanomaterials as a superior alternative to current conventional methodologies. The present work shows that Moringa oleifera synthesized magnetite nanoparticles (MS-Fe3O4NPs) might offer a possible substitute for common antibiotics to treat Aeromonas sobria infection in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). MS-Fe3O4NPs demonstrated an in vitro antibacterial potential (21 mm inhibition zone) against A. sobria. The fish (n = 120; average body weight: 90 ± 3.5 g) were randomized into four groups (control, MS-Fe3O4NPs, A. sobria, and MS-Fe3O4NPs + A. sobria), where 1.2 mg/L of MS-Fe3O4NPs was used as bath treatment for seven-days. A. sobria infection caused substantial elevations in malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, stress indices, and hepato-renal biomarkers as well as a lower survival rate. Moreover, an apparent depletion in the level of antioxidants, the protein profile, and immune indicators were the consequences of A. sobria infection. Surprisingly, treatment of A. sobria-infected fish with MS-Fe3O4NPs recovered these parameters. Hence, MS-Fe3O4NPs as a water additive show promise as an antibacterial treatment against A. sobria in fish.

Neam M Khazaal, Hasan F Alghetaa, Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib

Physiological status and litter size can indeed have a significant impact on ewes' ‎hematological parameters, which are essential indicators of their health. Therefore, this study ‎examined the hematological profiles of ewes during pregnancy with single and twins in the ‎Awassi ewes. The present study involved 232 ewes in good health and at sexual maturity. ‎Among them, 123 ewes had single pregnancies, while 109 ewes had twin pregnancies. The age ‎range of the ewes included in the study was between 3.5 and 4.5 years. Hematological tests ‎were conducted on the sheep's blood samples promptly following collection. The findings ‎demonstrated variations in hematological parameters among pregnant ewes, with differences ‎based on litter size. Ewes carrying twin pregnancies exhibited significantly higher levels of ‎red blood corpuscular, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin ‎concentration during pregnancy. In comparison to single-pregnant ewes, Awassi ewes with ‎twin pregnancies displayed elevated counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, ‎and granulocyte percentage compared to ewes with single pregnancies. Awassi ewes with twin ‎pregnancies also exhibited a strong positive correlation with the leukocytes and erythrocytes ‎constituents. In conclusion, these findings indicate that litter size significantly influences ‎hematological parameters, highlighting the importance of considering the physiological status ‎and litter size as indicators of ewes' health. The findings have practical implications in sheep ‎breeding and reproduction, as they can be utilized to enhance the diagnosis, prognosis, and ‎treatment of related conditions‎.