Hasil untuk "Analytical chemistry"

C. S. James

Lei You, Daijun Zha, E. Anslyn

R. Wrolstad

T. S. West

D. Skoog

F. Kurul, Beyzanur Doruk, S. N. Topkaya

Green chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on minimizing hazardous substances and promoting sustainable alternatives in chemical processes to conventional chemical processes and products. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles, historical development, and practical applications of green chemistry with a particular emphasis on its role in advancing sustainable chemical synthesis, analytical methodologies, and industrial practices. Originating from the environmental activism of the 1960 s inspired by Rachel Carson's"Silent Spring,"green chemistry was formally established in the 1990 s through the 12 principles set by Paul Anastas and John C. Warner. These principles emphasize waste prevention, atomic economy, reducing hazardous chemicals, and using renewable raw materials. Green chemistry significantly impacts sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and education. In the pharmaceutical industry, it fosters environmentally safer analytical methods. The cosmetics sector benefits from biodegradable materials, while educational institutions implement sustainable waste management and laboratory practices. International conferences and academic publications have advanced global awareness of green chemistry, promoting sustainability goals like reducing environmental impacts, optimizing resource use, and minimizing waste. A key focus of this study is the green synthesis of nanoparticles which has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional synthesis methods that often rely on toxic reagents Plant-derived biomolecules serve as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These eco-friendly approaches eliminate the hazardous chemicals while yielding biocompatible nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial and catalytic properties, demonstrating their potential in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. Additionally, green analytical chemistry has revolutionized chemical monitoring by implementing solvent-free methodologies, real-time pollution tracking, and waste minimization techniques. The integration of green chemistry into academic and industrial settings has played a critical role in addressing global challenges such as environmental pollution, climate change, and resource depletion. This review highlights the necessity of widespread adoption of green chemistry principles to ensure economic sustainability, regulatory compliance, and scientific innovation. Future research should focus on optimizing green synthetic techniques, addressing scalability challenges, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the transition toward a more sustainable future. Green chemistry integrates renewable resources, green synthesis, and safer solvents to support sustainability and reduce environmental impact. The 12 principles of green chemistry guide eco-friendly and efficient chemical process development, minimizing waste, pollution, cost, and risk. Green chemistry principles in nanoparticle synthesis, emphasizing eco-friendly approaches, sustainable applications, and future challenges in achieving scalable and biocompatible nanomaterials. Green chemistry integrates renewable resources, green synthesis, and safer solvents to support sustainability and reduce environmental impact. The 12 principles of green chemistry guide eco-friendly and efficient chemical process development, minimizing waste, pollution, cost, and risk. Green chemistry principles in nanoparticle synthesis, emphasizing eco-friendly approaches, sustainable applications, and future challenges in achieving scalable and biocompatible nanomaterials.

Reem M. Alqahtani, R. S. Alatwi, M. Almohammed Jinan Mohammed et al.

Background: Isotretinoin is used to treat severe, disfiguring nodular acne. It is effective against acne vulgaris and its systemic adverse effects are documented, but there is limited research on oral side effects. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral side effects associated with isotretinoin therapy in patients diagnosed with acne vulgaris. Particular attention was given to manifestations such as cheilitis, xerostomia, mucosal ulcerations, and gingival changes, as these may affect patient comfort and adherence to therapy. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted on 60 patients receiving oral isotretinoin. Comprehensive oral examinations were performed at baseline and repeated at regular intervals throughout the treatment period to monitor for the onset, type, and severity of oral adverse effects. Patient-reported symptoms were also recorded to complement clinical observations. Results: Cheilitis was the most frequently observed oral side effect, occurring in 45 patients (75%), followed by xerostomia in 30 patients (50%). Less frequent manifestations included mucosal ulcerations (16.7%) and gingival changes (13.3%). All adverse effects were generally mild to moderate in severity and were effectively managed with supportive care without interrupting therapy. Conclusion: Oral side effects of isotretinoin therapy are predictable, primarily mild to moderate, and manageable with appropriate care. Early recognition, preventive measures, and patient education can minimize discomfort and ensure adherence, allowing patients to safely benefit from the therapeutic effects of isotretinoin.

Dashty K. Ali, Hemn A. Qader, Nabil A. Fakhre

Four rapid, accurate, and straightforward derivative spectrophotometric methods were developed to quantify a binary mixture of creatinine (CRT) and uric acid (UA) in human urine samples. The first technique was based on a zero-crossing technique for first-derivative spectrophotometry. The second technique was based on the first derivative of the ratio spectra. The third technique was based on the ratio subtraction method. The fourth technique was based on the mean centring of ratio spectra. There are no prior separation processes in these methods. The calibration graphs for the four spectrophotometric techniques are linear in the concentration ranges 1.0 – 16.0 µg/mL and 2.0 – 15.0 µg/mL for CRT and UA, respectively. CRT determines the selected wavelength 261.71 nm zero-crossing point for UA, while UA can be chosen at 234 and 282 nm zero-crossing points of CRT. The limit of detection ranged from 0.025 µg/mL to 0.330 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification was 0.076 µg/mL to 0.998 µg/mL for CRT and 0.115 µg/mL to 0.622 µg/mL and 0.176 µg/mL to 1.885 µg/mL for UA. The recoveries ranged from 97.93 – 103.07 % for CRT and 97.03 –102.11 % for UA, with relative standard deviations of <4.55 % and 2.07 % for CRT and UA, respectively. With a one-way ANOVA, the results of the suggested procedures were compared. The outcomes didn't reveal any appreciable variations among the proposed methods. The greenness of the methods compared with the literature using white analytical chemistry, analytical greenness, and green analytical procedure index, where the results indicated that the proposed methods were greener than the literature methods.

Arshdeep S. Kohli, Ganaraj Shetty, Hari P. Gone et al.

Background: Forensic dentistry plays a pivotal role in the identification of individuals, particularly in mass disasters and criminal investigations. This study evaluates various dental materials used in forensic identification. Methods: Different dental materials were assessed for their effectiveness in forensic applications. Samples included dental amalgam, composite resins, glass ionomer cements, and dental ceramics. Parameters such as durability, ease of identification under forensic conditions, and resistance to environmental factors were analyzed. Results: Dental ceramics exhibited the highest durability and resistance to environmental degradation, followed by dental amalgam. Composite resins and glass ionomer cements showed lower performance in forensic conditions. Conclusion: Dental ceramics and amalgam provide superior forensic identification capabilities compared to other materials. This study supports the use of these materials in forensic dentistry due to their robustness and reliability.

Ahmed A Alfawzan

Background: The efficacy of orthodontic treatments is often influenced by patient acceptance and compliance. This study aims to compare patient acceptance and compliance between clear aligners and lingual braces in a randomized clinical trial. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients requiring orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated into two groups: clear aligners (n = 50) and lingual braces (n = 50). Data on patient acceptance and compliance were collected through self-reported questionnaires and clinical observations over a period of 12 months. Results: Patient acceptance was significantly higher in the clear aligner group, with 80% reporting high levels of comfort, compared to 60% in the lingual braces group (P < 0.05). Compliance rates were 92% for clear aligners and 85% for lingual braces (P = 0.1). Conclusion: Clear aligners showed a higher level of patient acceptance and a slightly better compliance rate, although the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that clear aligners may be a preferable option for patients prioritizing comfort.

Mohammad K Alam, Balqees Alahmari

Background: Orthodontic tooth movement, the process of aligning teeth, can often be time-consuming, particularly in adult patients. Micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) have emerged as a potential technique to accelerate this process. Materials and Methods: A sample of 30 adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was selected. The patients were divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG) receiving MOPs and a control group (CG) without MOPs. Standard orthodontic treatment was administered to both groups. The rate of tooth movement was measured using digital models and recorded in millimeters per month. Pain levels reported by patients were also noted. The data were analyzed using basic statistical methods. Results: The EG demonstrated a significantly higher rate of orthodontic tooth movement compared to the CG. The average rate of tooth movement in the EG was 1.5 millimeters per month, while the CG exhibited an average rate of 0.8 millimeters per month. Additionally, pain levels reported by patients in the EG were slightly elevated immediately after MOPs but subsided within a few days. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that MOPs can effectively expedite orthodontic tooth movement in adult patients.

G. Fukuhara

Abstract Chemical sensing using indicators, or chemosensor, has rapidly developed over the past decades. Its chemistry covers a wide range of scientific fields, in which analytical and supramolecular chemistry are key ideas to create functional and smart chemosensors. The principle of such a chemosensor design consists of three major processes: (1) to separate analytes, (2) to capture a specific analyte from a complex mixture, and (3) to output a signal from a [chemosensor•analyte] complex. In this review, “Analytical Supramolecular Chemistry” as a new scientific area was proposed, enabling us to promote deep insights into the mechanistic understanding of chemosensors. This review describes the interesting and representative chemosensors involving significant photochemical and photophysical processes and recent our advances in analytical supramolecular chemistry.

Arthur Omran, Asbell Gonzalez, Cesar Menor-Salvan et al.

The formose reaction is a plausible prebiotic chemistry, famed for its production of sugars. In this work, we demonstrate that the Cannizzaro process is the dominant process in the formose reaction under many different conditions, thus necessitating a catalyst for the formose reaction under various environmental circumstances. The investigated formose reactions produce primarily organic acids associated with metabolism, a protometabolic system, and yield very little sugar left over. This is due to many of the acids forming from the degradation and Cannizaro reactions of many of the sugars produced during the formose reaction. We also show the heterogeneous Lewis-acid-based catalysis of the formose reaction by mineral systems associated with serpentinization. The minerals that showed catalytic activity include olivine, serpentinite, and calcium, and magnesium minerals including dolomite, calcite, and our Ca/Mg-chemical gardens. In addition, computational studies were performed for the first step of the formose reaction to investigate the reaction of formaldehyde, to either form methanol and formic acid under a Cannizzaro reaction or to react to form glycolaldehyde. Here, we postulate that serpentinization is therefore the startup process necessary to kick off a simple proto metabolic system—the formose protometabolic system.

Wenyuan Pu, Zhenzi Su, Junaid Wazir et al.

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic remitting disease with no satisfactory treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), and to determine the underlying mechanism of its activity. Methods The expression and distribution of α7nAChR in the intestinal tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease were analyzed. The effects of vagal excitation on murine experimental colitis were investigated. The colitis model was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the administration of 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The therapeutic group received treatment with the α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 by intraperitoneal injection. Results Our results showed that there was significantly increased expression of α7nAChR in colitis and Crohn’s disease intestinal tissue, and its expression was mainly located in macrophages and neutrophils, which were extensively infiltrated in the disease status. Treatment with an α7nAChR agonist potently ameliorated the DSS-induced illness state, including weight loss, stool consistency, bleeding, colon shortening, and colon histological injury. α7nAChR agonist exerted anti-inflammatory effects in DSS colitis mice by suppressing the secretion of multiple types of proinflammatory factors, such as IL6, TNFα, and IL1β, and it also inhibited the colonic infiltration of inflammatory cells by blocking the DSS-induced overactivation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Mechanistically, activation of α7nAChR decreased the number of infiltrated M1 macrophages in the colitis intestine and inhibited the phagocytosis ability of macrophages, which were activated in response to LPS stimulation. Conclusion Thus, an α7nAChR agonist ameliorated colonic pathology and inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mice by blocking the activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages.

David Rabus, Fanny Lotthammer, Joscelyn Degret et al.

The detection of organophosphates, a wide class of pesticides, in water-solution has a huge impact in environmental monitoring. Acoustic transducers are used to design passive wireless sensors for the direct detection of pesticides in water-solution by using tailored polymers as sensitive layers. We demonstrate by combining analytical chemistry tools that organophosphate molecules strongly alter polymer layers widely used in acoustic sensors in the presence of water. This chemical degradation can limit the use of these polymers in detection of organophosphates in water-solution.

Hadi Afsaneh, Rasool Mohammadi

The vast majority of researches in cell biology, biomedicine, biotechnology, and chemistry require cell/particle separation from a pool of samples for disease diagnostics and clinical applications. Hence, diverse techniques are proposed to effectively manipulate cells and particles in macro and microsystems. Conventional techniques are time-consuming and hand-laborious, bringing about the advent of new microfluidic techniques used for cell/particle handling. Several high-throughput, label-free, and reliable techniques are proposed that accurately manipulate cells and particles in microsystems. Herein, we present a concise review on the operation principles of various cell/particle manipulation methods and explain their merits and limitations. First, an overview of the conventional techniques currently being utilized in clinical applications is given, and then novel microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip techniques, including hydrodynamics, acoustics, electric, magnetic, optical, and thermal, are introduced. Finally, the future trends of this field are briefly studied, and some of the novel mechanisms that exhibit great potential in the cell or particle manipulation are presented.

Ioanna Barla, Panagiotis Efentakis, Sofia Lamprou et al.

Background: Carfilzomib (Cfz) is an anti-cancer drug related to cardiorenal adverse events, with cardiovascular and renal complications limiting its clinical use. Despite the important progress concerning the discovery of the underlying causes of Cfz-induced nephrotoxicity, the molecular/biochemical background is still not well clarified. Furthermore, the number of metabolomics-based studies concerning Cfz-induced nephrotoxicity is limited. Methods: A metabolomics UPLC–HRMS–DIA methodology was applied to three bio-sample types i.e., plasma, kidney, and urine, obtained from two groups of mice, namely (i) Cfz (8 mg Cfz/ kg) and (ii) Control (0.9% NaCl) (<i>n</i> = 6 per group). Statistical analysis, involving univariate and multivariate tools, was applied for biomarker detection. Furthermore, a sub-study was developed, aiming to estimate metabolites’ correlation among bio-samples, and to enlighten potential mechanisms. Results: Cfz mostly affects the kidneys and urine metabolome. Fifty-four statistically important metabolites were discovered, and some of them have already been related to renal diseases. Furthermore, the correlations between bio-samples revealed patterns of metabolome alterations due to Cfz. Conclusions: Cfz causes metabolite retention in kidney and dysregulates (up and down) several metabolites associated with the occurrence of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Anibal Alviz-Meza, Manuel H. Vásquez-Coronado, Jorge G. Delgado-Caramutti et al.

Abstract Using past material and spiritual remains, cultural heritage examines communities’ identity formation across time. Cultural heritage requires public and private institutions to care about its restoration, maintenance, conservation, and promotion. Through a bibliometric perspective, this study has analyzed, quantified, and mapped the scientific production of the fourth industrial revolution applied to heritage studies from 2016 to 2021 in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Biblioshiny software from RStudio was employed to categorize and evaluate the contribution of authors, countries, institutions, and journals. In addition, VOSviewer was used to visualize their collaboration networks. As a main result, we found that augmented reality and remote sensing represent the research hotspot concerning heritage studies. Those techniques have become common in archaeology, as well as museums, leading to an increase in their activity. Perhaps, more recent tools, such as machine learning and deep learning, will provide future pathways in cultural heritage from data collected in social networks. This bibliometric analysis, therefore, provides an updated perspective of the implementations of technologies from industry 4.0 in heritage science as a possible guideline for future worldwide research.

Beatriz Fresco-Cala, Soumya Rajpal, Tamara Rudolf et al.

The development of new methods for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of SARS-CoV-2 is a key factor in overcoming the global pandemic that we have been facing for over a year. In this work, we focused on the preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) based on the self-polymerization of dopamine at the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Instead of using the whole SARS-CoV-2 virion as a template, a peptide of the viral spike protein, which is present at the viral surface, was innovatively used for the imprinting step. Thus, problems associated with the infectious nature of the virus along with its potential instability when used as a template and under the polymerization conditions were avoided. Dopamine was selected as a functional monomer following a rational computational screening approach that revealed not only a high binding energy of the dopamine–peptide complex but also multi-point interactions across the entire peptide template surface as opposed to other monomers with similar binding affinity. Moreover, variables affecting the imprinting efficiency including polymerization time and amount of peptide and dopamine were experimentally evaluated. Finally, the selectivity of the prepared MMIPs vs. other peptide sequences (i.e., from Zika virus) was evaluated, demonstrating that the developed MMIPs were only specific for the target SARS-CoV-2 peptide.

Clara Bratt Lauridsen, Theis Brock-Nannestad, Kim Pilkjær Simonsen

Abstract Due to the coating materials used, historic raincoats are vulnerable to degradation and rarely survive long periods of time. The investigated raincoat dating from 1943 is no exception—the coating is unusually stiff and flaking off in areas around folds and cracks. Study into its material composition can contribute to important knowledge of the availability of materials for waterproof clothing during the time of the German occupation of Denmark (1940–1945) when the usual materials for raincoats, cotton fabric and rubber, were in short supply. Optical microscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) identified the fabric to consist of rayon staple fibres and paper yarn, and the coating to be based on cellulose nitrate (CN) lacquer and an unknown plasticiser. Though the results are atypical for a raincoat, they are in good accordance with the raw materials available in Denmark in 1943. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), identified the plasticiser as poly(1,3-butylene) adipate. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) moreover identified the pigment as titanium white of the anatase form. By historical discussion, this study argues that IG Farben is the likely producer of poly(1,3-butylene) adipate, even though the first known marketing of the plasticiser is from 1986 where the Swiss firm Ciba-Geigy introduced poly(1,3-butylene) adipate as a plasticiser for PVC cling films under the tradename Reoplex® 346. The results give an interesting insight into the use of substitution products during WWII and provide new information on polymer science of the time.