Hasil untuk "American literature"

Sarah E. Finch, Ellie S. Paek, Ikseon Choi et al.

As chatbots become integral to daily life, personalizing systems is key for fostering trust, engagement, and inclusivity. This study examines how linguistic similarity affects chatbot performance, focusing on integrating African American English (AAE) into virtual agents to better serve the African American community. We develop text-based and spoken chatbots using large language models and text-to-speech technology, then evaluate them with AAE speakers against standard English chatbots. Our results show that while text-based AAE chatbots often underperform, spoken chatbots benefit from an African American voice and AAE elements, improving performance and preference. These findings underscore the complexities of linguistic personalization and the dynamics between text and speech modalities, highlighting technological limitations that affect chatbots' AA speech generation and pointing to promising future research directions.

Rintaro Otsubo, Kanta Sawafuji, Hideo Saito

Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) plays a critical role in analyzing player behavior from videos, enabling performance evaluation. Current MOT methods are often evaluated using publicly available datasets. However, most of these focus on everyday scenarios such as pedestrian tracking or are tailored to specific sports, including soccer and basketball. Despite the inherent challenges of tracking players in American football, such as frequent occlusion and physical contact, no standardized dataset has been publicly available, making fair comparisons between methods difficult. To address this gap, we constructed the first dedicated detection and tracking dataset for the American football players and conducted a comparative evaluation of various detection and tracking methods. Our results demonstrate that accurate detection and tracking can be achieved even in crowded scenarios. Fine-tuning detection models improved performance over pre-trained models. Furthermore, when these fine-tuned detectors and re-identification models were integrated into tracking systems, we observed notable improvements in tracking accuracy compared to existing approaches. This work thus enables robust detection and tracking of American football players in challenging, high-density scenarios previously underserved by conventional methods.

Yuhao Liu, Nian Yang, Gongqiu Zhang

This paper develops general approaches for pricing various types of American-style Parisian options (down-in/-out, perpetual/finite-maturity) with general payoff functions based on continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) approximation under general 1D time-inhomogeneous Markov models. For the down-in types, by conditioning on the Parisian stopping time, we reduce the pricing problem to that of a series of vanilla American options with different maturities and their prices integrated with the distribution function of the Parisian stopping time yield the American Parisian down-in option price. This facilitates an efficient application of CTMC approximation to obtain the approximate option price by calculating the required quantities. For the perpetual down-in cases under time-homogeneous models, significant computational cost can be reduced. The down-out cases are more complicated, for which we use the state augmentation approach to record the excursion duration and then the approximate option price is obtained by solving a series of variational inequalities recursively with the Lemke's pivoting method. We show the convergence of CTMC approximation for all the types of American Parisian options under general time-inhomogeneous Markov models, and the accuracy and efficiency of our algorithms are confirmed with extensive numerical experiments.

Gregory Tierney

Elite-level American football and rugby union are two high-contact sports with growing clinical and legal concerns over player safety. A comparison of current indicative trends in concussion and head acceleration events (HAEs) in elite-level American football and rugby union was undertaken. Rugby union players have a greater number of professional playing years and matches available in a season than their American football counterparts. Rugby union players have a greater number of concussions reported per match and a higher proportion of concussions occurring during training sessions, based on National Football League (NFL) and Rugby Football Union (RFU) injury reports. Preliminary findings indicate that rugby union forwards experience a higher incidence of HAEs per player match over lower and higher magnitude thresholds, than American football defensive players. Taken collectively, current evidence indicates a trend toward greater reported exposure in elite-level rugby union across several key metrics. These patterns highlight the need for independent, transparent, and scientifically rigorous research to better understand concussion and HAE biomechanics and to support the development of effective mitigation strategies in contact sport.

Jasper Rou

In this research, we explore neural network-based methods for pricing multidimensional American put options under the BlackScholes and Heston model, extending up to five dimensions. We focus on two approaches: the Time Deep Gradient Flow (TDGF) method and the Deep Galerkin Method (DGM). We extend the TDGF method to handle the free-boundary partial differential equation inherent in American options. We carefully design the sampling strategy during training to enhance performance. Both TDGF and DGM achieve high accuracy while outperforming conventional Monte Carlo methods in terms of computational speed. In particular, TDGF tends to be faster during training than DGM.

Célia Cristina Franco de Godoy, Anacleta Rodrigues Lima, Paula Hino et al.

Abstract Context Burnout syndrome is characterized by intense physical and psychological exhaustion related to work. Many professionals are exposed to this condition, but nursing workers stand out. Working in primary healthcare requires a lot of attention and constant demands that can lead to exhaustion and thus make them more vulnerable to occupational accidents. This study aimed to map the profile and summarize the available scientific evidence on burnout syndrome and its relationship with accidents among primary health care nursing workers, as well as ways of coping. Methods A scoping review was carried out in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science (WoS), Excerpa Medica DataBASE (Embase), PsycINFO—APA PsycNET (American Psychological Association) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) databases, published in Portuguese, Spanish, or English, without a time frame. Partial research reports, editorials and response letters were excluded. Results A total of 872 articles were found from primary sources and 11 from references cited in articles. After selection and application of eligibility criteria, a sample of 11 materials was obtained. The studies showed convergence in some findings that were grouped into the following categories: Profile and risk factors for occupational accidents associated with burnout; Risks and harm to patients; and Strategies for coping with and reducing accidents associated with burnout. Conclusion The materials were published mainly in English, produced in various regions of the world and using different methods. Primary healthcare nursing professionals providing direct patient care, with less experience and with a medium level of education were those who most frequently reported accidents resulting from burnout. Accidents involving biological and chemical materials were the most frequent and were associated with the need for very quick decision-making, little training, excessive demands and long working hours. There were repercussions on patient safety and accidents further aggravated the feeling of professional burnout. Coping measures include the use of stress and fatigue measurement instruments, training to reduce accidents and internet-based interventions. The studies’ methodological quality suggests the need for more in-depth experimental research to suggest more assertive evidence.

Sharma Ajay

There are two distinct forms of Newton’s second law of motion (1686) i.e. original or Principia’s form of (change in motion is proportional to impressed force, F = KdV) and textbook form (rate of change of momentum is proportional to impressed force, F =ma). Newton neither gave acceleration nor F =ma, it is mentioned by IOP England, publications of the American Institute of Physics, etc. Truesdell has inconsistently pointed out in 1960 that Euler had given F =ma in 1752, but the truth is that Euler had given F=2ma in the said paper. Euler had also given various equations such as F =ma/n, F =2ma, F =ma/2g, F =ma etc.; but these are ignored by Truesdell. The exceptionally useful equation F =ma was given by Euler in 1775, and then succeeding scientists inconsistently tried to show that F =ma follows from the original form of the law. Consequently, some arbitrary assumptions are made, original form, F =KdV; and the fact that Euler gave F =ma are not mentioned in the standard textbooks. For comparison, Newton’s first law and third law (Reaction =-Action) are the same in the Principia and textbooks. In the existing literature, F =ma is obtained from Principia’s definition of NSLM, by replacing ‘change in motion’ equal to ‘rate of change of momentum’, but motion is not ascribed to any units and dimensions. If the original definition of Newton’s law is changed in a postulatory way i.e. ‘change in motion’ is replaced by ‘rate of change in momentum’ and ‘proportionality’ by ‘equality’; then F=ma is obtained from a modified equation without any arbitrary assumption. In 1893, Rouse Ball randomly altered Newton’s second law as a change in momentum [per unit time] is always proportional to the impressed force.

Kipus

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1993.

Grínor Rojo

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 2002.

Gabriela Goudard, Leila Limberger, Camila Bertoletti Carpenedo

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a very important role in modulating rainfall variability in South America. Although the effects of conventional ENSO are well known, there are significant variations in rainfall patterns when sea surface temperature anomalies manifest over the different regions along the equatorial Pacific, namely, Niño 3 (East), Niño 3 and Niño 4 (Mix), and Niño 4 (Central) ENSO. This work aims to analyze the variability of precipitation in southeastern South America associated with different types of El Niño (EN). For this, composite analyzes of precipitation, winds at low and high levels, vertical velocity and geopotential height were carried out. The results indicate that the rainfall pattern associated with Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño shows the classic features expected from EN described in previous literature, i.e., a stronger and well-defined positive precipitation anomaly over southeast South America, while Central Pacific (CP) El Niño shows weaker and even an opposite sign over the region. Mix (MX) El Niño events present a spatial pattern of precipitation anomalies similar to EP El Niño events, but with lower intensity in the study area. The heterogeneity of EN-related precipitation effects results from a change in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns: the Walker cell in the tropics, the Rossby waves in the extratropics, and the circulation of low and high-level jet streams. EP El Niño events feature a configuration similar to the South American Low-Level Jet, the strengthening of the subtropical jet, better structured Rossby waves and the Pacific-South America pattern. These characteristics are observed in MX El Niños, but in a weaker way compared to EP El Niños. CP El Niño events, on the other hand, present a weakening and spatial displacement of the aforementioned conditions, which is reflected in negative precipitation anomalies in most seasons. Thus, more significant rainfall variations are noted between the EP El Niños and CP El Niños, with a predominance of positive and negative rainfall anomalies in the study area, respectively.

Deepthi Kolady, Amrit Dumre, Weiwei Zhang et al.

Social media use data is widely being used in health, psychology, and marketing research to analyze human behavior. However, we have very limited knowledge on social media use among American Indians. In this context, this study was designed to assess preferences and perceptions of social media use among American Indians during COVID-19. We collected data from American Indians in South Dakota using online survey. Results show that Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Instagram and Snapchat are the most preferred social media platforms. Most of the participants reported that the use of social media increased tremendously during COVID-19 and had perceptions of more negative effects than positive effects. Hate/harassment/extremism, misinformation/made up news, and people getting one point of view were the top reasons for negative effects.

Alexandra Hotca, Julie R. Bloom, Juliana Runnels et al.

Since 2014, American states have had the option to expand their Medicaid programs as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was signed into law by former President Barack H. Obama in 2010. Emerging research has found that Medicaid expansion has had a significant impact on patients with cancer, who often face significant financial barriers to receiving the care they need. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive examination of the research conducted thus far on the impact of Medicaid expansion on patients with cancer. We begin with a discussion of the history of Medicaid expansion and the key features of the ACA that facilitated it. We then review the literature, analyzing studies that have investigated the impact of Medicaid expansion on cancer patients in terms of access to care, quality of care, and health outcomes. Our findings suggest that Medicaid expansion has had a positive impact on patients with cancer in a number of ways. Patients in expansion states are more likely to receive timely cancer screening and diagnoses, and are more likely to receive appropriate cancer-directed treatment. Additionally, Medicaid expansion has been associated with improvements in cancer-related health outcomes, including improved survival rates. However, limitations and gaps in the current research on the impact of Medicaid expansion on patients with cancer exist, including a lack of long-term data on health outcomes. Additionally, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which Medicaid expansion impacts cancer care.

Davis W. Houck

1963 was a defining year in James Baldwin’s life as a public intellectual. Beginning in January with a trip to Jackson, Mississippi, and closing at a Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee conference in Washington, DC, Baldwin often frequented the speaking rostrum. On October 7, he spoke at a Freedom Day event organized by SNCC’s Jim Forman in Selma, Alabama. That speech, recorded by a private citizen and heretofore unremarked upon, can be productively read as part of Baldwin’s ongoing radicalization, away from a solution that privileged rhetorical (re)invention and toward destructive and collective acts designed to subvert American capitalism. At another register, Baldwin’s speech functioned as an important culmination to an eight-month campaign to bring voting rights—and the federal government—to Dallas County, Alabama.

Nelly Elsayed, Zag ElSayed, Anthony S. Maida

Hearing-impaired is the disability of partial or total hearing loss that causes a significant problem for communication with other people in society. American Sign Language (ASL) is one of the sign languages that most commonly used language used by Hearing impaired communities to communicate with each other. In this paper, we proposed a simple deep learning model that aims to classify the American Sign Language letters as a step in a path for removing communication barriers that are related to disabilities.

Mark L. Spinrad, Stefani R. Relles, Doris L. Watson

American public universities have assumed business-minded practices and norms that more closely align with the goals and values of corporations than social institutions charged with creating and disseminating knowledge. One consistent strategy to lower costs involves faculty labor. Institutions have outsourced educational missions to a largely contingent workforce to decrease instructional costs; over the last two decades, the number of adjunct or part-time faculty now comprises 70% of all faculty. As a result, policies have decreased instructional costs and provided administrators with increased flexibility to respond to student demands. However, research indicates compromised student outcomes, less shared governance, and faculty work–life pressures that can undermine commitment, motivation, and professional identity. The following literature review examines the locus of academic capitalism and faculty labor, theorizing how faculty labor policies infer consequences for equity, inclusion, and social justice in higher education.

Duygu Beste Başer Özcan

Not only did Elizabeth Kim never meet her American father who impregnated her mother during the Korean War, but she also witnessed the murder of her mother who was the only family member she had. After her mother’s death, she was sent to an orphanage and was adopted by an oppressive and abusive American family who forced her to marry a man who turned out to be a schizophrenic and sadistic brute. Her traumatic experiences left permanent marks on Kim as she has suffered from prolonged depression and anxiety. Ten Thousand Sorrows: The Extraordinary Journey of a Korean War Orphan (2000) is Elizabeth Kim’s only book in which she details her encounters with death, violence, sexual abuse and rape. This article will analyze Kim’s memoir as an example of what Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari have called minor literature which is defined by the deterritorialization of language, a work’s political stance against oppression and its collective value. It will also discuss Elizabeth Kim as a deterritorialized character who eventually becomes a nomad. Taken through this framework, Ten Thousand Sorrows does not emerge as a cultural assimilation story, nor is it the breakthrough narrative of an oppressed minority woman. Rather, the book is Elizabeth Kim’s attempt to heal the wounds caused by the constant physical and spiritual abuse she had to endure throughout her life.

H. Aihara, A. Aranda, R. Camacho Toro et al.

For the first time the scientific community in Latin America working at the forefront of research in high energy, cosmology and astroparticle physics (HECAP) have come together to discuss and provide scientific input towards the development of a regional strategy. The present document, the Latin American HECAP Physics Briefing Book, is the result of this ambitious bottom-up effort. This report contains the work performed by the Preparatory Group to synthesize the main contributions and discussions for each of the topical working groups. This briefing book discusses the relevant emerging projects developing in the region and considers potentially impactful future initiatives and participation of the Latin American HECAP community in international flagship projects to provide the essential input for the creation of a long-term HECAP strategy in the region.

Jonas Al-Hadad, Zbigniew Palmowski

In this paper we consider the following optimal stopping problem $$V^ω_{\rm A}(s) = \sup_{τ\in\mathcal{T}} \mathbb{E}_{s}[e^{-\int_0^τω(S_w) dw} g(S_τ)],$$ where the process $S_t$ is a jump-diffusion process, $\mathcal{T}$ is a family of stopping times while $g$ and $ω$ are fixed payoff function and discount function, respectively. In a financial market context, if $g(s)=(K-s)^+$ or $g(s)=(s-K)^+$ and $\mathbb{E}$ is the expectation taken with respect to a martingale measure, $V^ω_{\rm A}(s)$ describes the price of a perpetual American option with a discount rate depending on the value of the asset process $S_t$. If $ω$ is a constant, the above problem produces the standard case of pricing perpetual American options. In the first part of this paper we find sufficient conditions for the convexity of the value function $V^ω_{\rm A}(s)$. This allows us to determine the stopping region as a certain interval and hence we are able to identify the form of $V^ω_{\rm A}(s)$. We also prove a put-call symmetry for American options with asset-dependent discounting. In the case when $S_t$ is a geometric Lévy process we give exact expressions using the so-called omega scale functions introduced in Li and Palmowski (2018). We prove that the analysed value function satisfies the HJB equation and we give sufficient conditions for the smooth fit property as well. Finally, we present a few examples for which we obtain the analytical form of the value function $V^ω_{\rm A}(s)$.

Shuaiqiang Liu, Álvaro Leitao, Anastasia Borovykh et al.

Extracting implied information, like volatility and/or dividend, from observed option prices is a challenging task when dealing with American options, because of the computational costs needed to solve the corresponding mathematical problem many thousands of times. We will employ a data-driven machine learning approach to estimate the Black-Scholes implied volatility and the dividend yield for American options in a fast and robust way. To determine the implied volatility, the inverse function is approximated by an artificial neural network on the computational domain of interest, which decouples the offline (training) and online (prediction) phases and thus eliminates the need for an iterative process. For the implied dividend yield, we formulate the inverse problem as a calibration problem and determine simultaneously the implied volatility and dividend yield. For this, a generic and robust calibration framework, the Calibration Neural Network (CaNN), is introduced to estimate multiple parameters. It is shown that machine learning can be used as an efficient numerical technique to extract implied information from American options.

Hervé Le Corre