Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Kasia Szymanska

Brian Conway

Using case pattern analysis, this study examines Catholic male workforce trends in the majority Catholic countries of Chile, Ireland, and Poland. Employing denominational data for three categories of church male professionals in the 1950–2010 time period, I document four important trends. First, ordinations to the diocesan priesthood in Ireland went into decline especially after Vatican II, have been relatively stable in Chile with only a moderate increase in the 1990s, and spiked in Poland in the 1980s, 20 years after Vatican II. Second, in all three countries the average defection rate among diocesan seminarians increased in the 2000s compared with the earlier two decades. Third, the religious priest workforce has declined in Chile, has been relatively stable in Ireland until the 2000s, and is growing in Poland. Fourth, from the late 1960s there has been a decline in the workforce of religious brothers in each country, especially in Ireland. The theoretical contribution to the Catholic workforce literature is discussed in terms of a critical events argument emphasizing the impact of Vatican II, prophetic stances, sexual scandals, and papal visits on labor market trends. I conclude with implications for the study of religion and society in general.

Gregory F. Domber

Matthew R. Schwonek

Air power came to Poland in the chaos that followed the First World War. The most outstanding feature of the establishment of the Polish Air Service was improvisation. A few dozen airmen constituted it on the basis of equipment and manpower available at war’s end. Officials had greater success in crafting cadres and organizations than meeting material needs, as obtaining advanced equipment proved a difficult nut to crack. Nevertheless war surplus and equipment from foreign suppliers sustained the force for 18 months of action during the Polish-Soviet War. Although logistical difficulties often hobbled operations, during major campaigns air units gave Polish commanders an important advantage over opponents.

O. Antczak-Orlewska, University of Gdansk, Laboratory of Palaeoecology and Archaeobotany, Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Gdansk, Poland, University of Lodz, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Lodz, Poland et al.

Robert Frost

Robert Frost

Robert Frost

Robert Frost

Robert Frost

Robert Frost

Z. Dalewski

Laura Stanciu

Alexander Kaun, Oscar Halecki, Manfred Kridl et al.

David Sheinin

Basia A Nowak

J. Ellis Barker