Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Stephanie J. Cole, Heather M. Garvin

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Incomplete cut marks produced during dismemberment are often interpreted as indicative of saw class characteristics. However, empirical validation of these associations remains limited, with prior studies examining six or fewer saws. Considering the wide variety of saws available, it is critical to assess the reliability of reported relationships between kerf features and saw classification using a larger sample, particularly in light of the serious legal consequences of erroneous conclusions. This study examines the statistical relationships between five incomplete cut traits—kerf profile shape (KPS), kerf length shape (KLS), floor dip (FD), kerf flare (KF), and floor striae (FS)—and saw class characteristics, including tooth set, tooth shape, teeth-per-inch, power, handle orientation, and cut direction. <b>Methods:</b> Kerf features were scored on a sample of 472 incomplete cuts made with 34 power and hand saws. <b>Results:</b> In reciprocating saws, W-shaped KPS was exclusively associated with crosscut, alternating saws (100%; <i>p</i> < 0.001), with hourglass-shaped KLS also primarily made by alternating sets (95.6%). Necked KLS was linked to wavy sets (76.8%; <i>p</i> < 0.001). FD, though rare, could be correctly assigned to teeth-per-inch groups (86.4%), and was also predominantly associated with alternating saws (90.9%; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Undulating FS were indicative of alternating saws with less than 20 teeth-per-inch (100%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In contrast, KF showed no strong relationship with saw class characteristics, including handle side. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results of this large-scale analysis support most reported relationships in the saw mark literature but challenge assumptions that KF reliably indicates handle orientation or cut direction, suggesting instead that its location may reflect sawyer technique.

Bruno Cavalcante Leitão Santos

O objetivo principal do artigo é analisar criticamente a privacidade mental enquanto bem jurídico, promovendo uma reflexão sobre a atual abrangência da proteção da privacidade no direito penal brasileiro. A problemática parte do seguinte questionamento: a privacidade mental é tutelada pelo direito penal brasileiro? De forma genérica, pode-se afirmar que sim, mas de maneira insatisfatória no âmbito das ciências criminais, especialmente diante do crescente avanço de novas tecnologias com capacidade de mind reading. Assim, utilizando uma abordagem metodológica hipotético-dedutiva, serão apresentados os riscos a esse direito fundamental, bem como conceitos relevantes, para, ao final, concluir que, mesmo já sendo objeto de tutela, há uma necessidade premente de sua regulamentação, sendo esta uma das principais propostas para a mitigação dos riscos identificados.

Arthur Phillipe Milanez Santa Cecília

The Court of Jury in Brazil judges intentional crimes against life, with the popular participation of jurors. It must balance the sovereignty of verdicts and the presumption of innocence, ensuring a fair trial. The sovereignty of verdicts, though essential, can be influenced by extrajudicial factors. Measures such as the role of the presiding judge and the decision review are necessary to protect the defendant’s rights.

Vega Velasco-Sampedro, Cecilia Estrada-Villaseñor, Esther González-Doménech

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar buenas prácticas en el ámbito del trabajo social y la movilidad humana, identificadas en un estudio de caso sobre trata de mujeres en Andalucía, llevado a cabo por Red Acoge en el marco del Proyecto Europeo Global-ANSWER entre enero y noviembre de 2024. El estudio analiza de manera integral las políticas públicas, la legislación, los servicios sociales y las prácticas de trabajo social aplicadas en el acompañamiento a mujeres víctimas de trata sexual, con especial atención a las mujeres migrantes. La trata de seres humanos con fines de explotación sexual constituye una de las violaciones más graves de los derechos humanos, afectando de manera desproporcionada a las mujeres migrantes. Andalucía, que concentra casi un tercio de las víctimas de trata en España, se posiciona como un contexto clave para examinar este fenómeno. Mediante una metodología cualitativa, el estudio utilizó herramientas como encuestas, grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a profesionales del ámbito social. Este enfoque permitió recopilar información detallada sobre las experiencias, desafíos y prácticas de las organizaciones que trabajan directamente con mujeres supervivientes de trata. Las organizaciones sociales desempeñan un papel crucial en diversos ámbitos: la detección temprana de víctimas, el acompañamiento especializado, la incidencia política con las Administraciones públicas, el trabajo en red con otras entidades y la coordinación con agentes clave como las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado, la Fiscalía y el Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer. Además, el estudio destaca la relevancia de estas colaboraciones interinstitucionales para abordar de manera eficaz la trata de mujeres y mejorar las respuestas institucionales. El análisis también subraya que, a pesar de los esfuerzos actuales, muchas víctimas de trata permanecen invisibles. Según el informe Cultura de datos en la trata de seres humanos (Estrada Villaseñor et al., 2024), elaborado por el Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones de la Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, por cada víctima detectada existen aproximadamente 4,6 víctimas no identificadas en España. Esta brecha en la detección resalta la urgencia de fortalecer los sistemas de recopilación de datos y mejorar las estrategias de identificación. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes, se destaca que la cooperación efectiva entre las Administraciones públicas y las entidades del tercer sector de acción social es fundamental para abordar la compleja naturaleza de la trata de personas. Asimismo, se subraya la necesidad de reforzar los recursos y capacidades de las organizaciones sociales, que desempeñan un rol central en la atención y protección de las víctimas. Las buenas prácticas identificadas no solo ofrecen un modelo replicable en otras regiones, sino que también aportan valiosas recomendaciones para optimizar las políticas y los servicios públicos dirigidos a combatir la trata de mujeres y garantizar los derechos de sus víctimas.

Terje Olsen

Damian Weekers, Gohar Petrossian, Lauric Thiault

Abstract Protected Areas (PAs) are spatially representative management tools that impose various levels of protection for conservation purposes. As spatially regulated places, ensuring compliance with the rules represents a key element of effective management and positive conservation outcomes. Wildlife crime, and in particular poaching, is a serious global problem that undermines the success of PAs. This study applies a socio-ecological approach to understanding the opportunity structure of illegal recreational fishing (poaching) in no-take zones in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. We use Boosted Regression Trees to predict the spatio-temporal distribution of poaching risk within no-take Marine National Park zones. The results show that five risk factors account for nearly three quarters (73.6%) of the relative importance for poaching in no-take zones and that temporally varying conditions influence risk across space. We discuss these findings through the theoretical lens of Environmental Criminology and suggest that law enforcement strategies focus on reducing the negative outcomes associated with poaching by limiting the opportunity of would-be offenders to undertake illegal activity.

Kelly E. Moore, Shania Siebert, Garrett Brown et al.

Abstract Background Justice-involved populations report a higher than average number of pre-incarceration stressful life events. However, few studies have described stressful life events which occur during incarceration, explored gender differences in these events, or evaluated the effect of these events on well-being. Method This study draws from a sample of male and female adults incarcerated in 6 prison facilities across two states (n = 160) to identify the number and type of stressful life events they experienced during incarceration, gender differences in stressful events, and the relationship between stressful life events and markers of well-being (i.e., depression, hopelessness, loneliness, suicidality). We also examined whether perceived social support would buffer the relationship between stressful events and well-being outcomes. Results Participants on average reported experiencing 4 stressful life events during their current incarceration, the most common being relocation to another cell and being made fun of/insulted by someone in the prison. There were few gender differences in types of events experienced. Regression analyses showed that stressful life events were associated with more loneliness, as well as suicidality, but only when participants had low perceived social support. Conclusions Stressful life events, and drawing on social support networks to cope with stress, should be addressed in the context of correctional treatments to reduce suicide risk during incarceration.

Claire Autant-Dorier

Our research examined an NGO which applies educational measures in open environment. Inspired by non take-up benefit of social benefits theories, it aims at studying how the translation process of users’ demands operates at local level of social policies.This article presents an issue considered as problematic by professionals : release decision taken in situations where they “don’t know what to do anymore”. Release is expected to be sentenced when there is no more need of protection or no more requests for assistance. Here it would rather mean the renunciation of assistance. And the acknowledgement of powerlessness allows the no commitment of resources. Theses situations reveal the tensions between the imperative to do with the family, the concern for protection of children, and the difficulty in mobilizing the right means at the right time. A specific case is considered : the paper describes how the educational stakeholders (dis)qualify the parents, leading to point out both their inability to act and their responsibility in the failure of situation.However the timeline reconstruction of the social support record shows some acceleration moments and some caesura during the measures. It makes appear that each actor is successively able or unable to act depending on the framing of the situation. Therefore, responsibility and ability to act seems to be distributed between all the stakeholders, human and non-human (reports, order of the judge, working hours, knives, institutions, partners, territory), which should be better recognized. Firstly, from a care perspective, more open negotiations should be maintained. Secondly, community work should really be developed.

Norman E. Taylor

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Silvia Morales-Chainé, Danae Celeste Ramírez Arriaga, Marcela Rosas Peña et al.

Introduction: positive and negative raising practices are associated to severe child behavioral problems. Objective: to identify the raising practices that predict children behavioral moderated problems. Method: we worked with 508 parents, which mean years old was 35.6. We used the Raising Practices Inventory, the Parenting Questionnaire-Alabama, the Children Manegement Skills one and the Child Behavior Inventory. We used descriptive and multiple lineal regression analysis. Throughouth an structured equation modeling, we obtained a data adjustment with a χ2 (1310) = 1879.18; p = 0.000, CFI = 0.872, RMSEA = 0.048, CI of 0.043, a 0.053 and a SRMR = 0.076. The characteristical behaviors of hiperactivity had a highest mean (M=40.6 DE= 21.9), followed by the opositional and defiant (M=40.5 DE= 22.4), innatentional (M=37.9 DE= 23.2) and aggresive and disruptional ones (M=21.3 DE= 20.1). The inconsistent discipline did predict oppositional and defiant behaviors (r2 = 0.785); lack of monitoring and supervision did predict disruption and aggression (r2 = 0.723); physical punishment did predict hiperactivity (r2 = 0.590); and material gains delivering (r2 = -0.174) and inconsistent discipline (r2 = 0.560) did predict inattentional behaviors. Conclusion and discussion: negative raising practices such as physical punishment, inconsistent discipline, delivery of material gains to improve children interaction, and poor monitoring and supervision, did predict moderate ocurrence of hiperactivity, oppositional, defiant, inattentional, disruptional and aggressive behaviors, respectivily. Behavioral parent training should consider positive raising practices to reduce children moderated behavioral problems.----------------------- Introducción: las prácticas positivas y negativas de crianza se asocian con problemas severos de conducta infantil. Objetivo: identificar las prácticas de crianza que predicen problemas moderados de conducta en niños. Método: participaron 508 padres, de 35.6 años de edad en promedio. Se utilizaron el Inventario de Prácticas de Crianza, el Cuestionario de Parentalidad de Alabama, el de Habilidades de Manejo Infantil y el Inventario de Conducta Infantil. Además, se usaron análisis descriptivos y de regresión lineal múltiple. A través del modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales, se obtuvo un ajuste de los datos con una χ2 (1310) = 1879.18; p = 0.000, cfi = 0.872, rmsea = 0.048, ic de 0.043 a 0.053 y un srmr = 0.076. Las conductas características de la hiperactividad tuvieron el mayor promedio (m = 40.6, de = 21.9), seguidas por las de oposición y desafío (m = 40.5 de = 22.4), la inatención (m = 37.9, de = 23.2) y la disrupción/agresión (m = 21.3, de = 20.1). El factor oposición y desafío estuvo predicho por el factor de disciplina inconsistente (r2 = 0.785), la disrupción/agresión por la falta de monitoreo y supervisión (r2 = 0.723) y la hiperactividad por el castigo corporal (r2 = 0.590), en tanto que la inatención estuvo predicha inversamente por las ganancias materiales entregadas por los padres (r2 = -0.175) y directamente por la disciplina inconsistente (r2 =0.560). Discusión y conclusione. las prácticas negativas de crianza como el uso del castigo corporal, la disciplina inconsistente, la entrega de ganancias materiales para mejorar la interacción con los hijos y el pobre monitoreo y supervisión predijeron de manera confiable la ocurrencia moderada de las conductas de hiperactividad, oposición, desafío, inatención, disrupción y agresión, respectivamente. El entrenamiento conductual a padres deberá incorporar prácticas positivas de crianza para la reducción de problemas moderados de conducta infantil.

Lyytikäinen Laura

AIMS – In Russia the paradigm of alcoholism as a disease is still in contrast to the general perception of alcoholics as weak-willed. This article studies alcoholism and recovery in Russia through the case study of the Russian Alcoholics Anonymous online group. It studies how people who are seeking help for their drinking problems in this online community come to incorporate a new self-understanding of being ill with alcoholism.

Lauro Francisco Mattei

Desde a década de 1990 diversos países da América Latina estão adotando políticas públicas visando à redução da pobreza e da exclusão social, destacando-se os programas de transferência de renda que passaram a compor o núcleo central das ações governamentais em vários países. O objetivo do estudo é analisar comparativamente a evolução da pobreza no Brasil e na Argentina no início do século 21, bem como as políticas públicas em curso. Como instrumento de análise foram utilizados dados secundários relativos aos dois temas disponíveis em ambos os países. Concluiu-se que esses programas contribuíram decisivamente para reduzir os níveis de pobreza nos dois países, todavia a erradicação da pobreza necessita de uma maior articulação entre as diversas políticas sociais visando à construção e consolidação de um sistema de proteção social amplo.

Dalie Giroux, Dimitrios Karmis, Christian Rouillard

In this article we argue that the university cannot fully contribute to democratic life without being both an institution whose governance is collegial and based on principles of equality, equity, inclusion, transparency, and accountability, and a vector of critical thinking closely linked to academic freedom. Based on this understanding of the ‘democratic university,’ we seek to highlight some of the key tensions between the ‘managerial university’ and the democratic university, as reflected in institutional structures, regulations, legal frameworks, and principles. In order to achieve this objective, we identify two sites of political struggles from which it is possible to examine the interaction between a managerial and a democratic conception and practice of the university. The first of these sites is the bicameral governing structure, membership, rules, and regulations of the University of Ottawa. The second site is academic freedom in Canada, which we will discuss by comparing the Canadian Association of University Teachers’ (CAUT) Statement on Academic Freedom (CAUT, 2011) with the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada’s (AUCC) Statement on Academic Freedom (AUCC, 2011). By stressing the necessary link and positive relationship between democratic governance and academic freedom, the article offers a normative evaluation of the impact the managerial reengineering of Canadian universities has had on the possibility and practice of a more democratic university.

Mythily Subramaniam, Edimansyah Abdin, Shazana Shahwan et al.

Objective: This study aimed to (i) examine the prevalence and types of gambling, (ii) establish prevalence of ‘pathological’ gambling, (iii) explore the correlates of gambling, and (iv) establish psychiatric and physical comorbidity in a sample of older adult gamblers (≥60 years) in contrast to younger gamblers in a representative population sample in Singapore. Method: This paper reports the results of a secondary analysis of data from a representative community survey of 6616 participants, of which 2252 had engaged in gambling activities at least once in their lifetime. Results: 48.9% of older adults reported lifetime gambling. Older gamblers were more likely to be males, married or widowed (vs. never married), with pre-primary, primary and secondary education (vs. university), economically inactive (vs. employed) and had personal annual income of SGD $19,999 and below (vs. SGD $50,000 and above). Older gamblers had significantly higher rates of betting on horses, playing numbers or betting on lotteries, and playing Mahjong. After adjusting for demographic variables in multiple logistic regression analyses, gamblers aged 60 years and older had significantly lower odds of having pathological gambling than those in the younger age group (OR = 0.4). Older gamblers had significantly higher odds of having diabetes (OR = 3.2), hypertension (OR = 4.9), and any comorbid chronic physical condition assessed in this study. Conclusions: For the majority of older adults, gambling remains a recreational activity that is entertaining and a way of socialization. However, one must remain cognizant of the possible risks for some to develop disordered gambling.

Cristiano Procentese, María Sabio-Esquiroz

En els darrers trenta anys, una de les principals característiques de l'economia mundial ha sigut l' augment dels moviments financers alhora que una disminució dels nivells de protecció laboral i de la qualitat dels serveis publics. Els agents econòmics són els protagonistes del model polític democràtic, però no tenen la capacitat de controlar la seva evolució. La crisi econòmica iniciada el 2008 s' ha vist acompanyada d' una crisi de la democràcia participativa i el neoliberalisme ha imposat un model econòmic que no depen de les polítiques gubernamentals. Aquest sistema no reconeix fronteres i tracta d'imposar-se arreu del món, i ara con ara sembla que només els nous moviments socials poden convertir-se en el seu oponent. Està en joc el futur de la societat del benestar.

CHRISTOPHER R. BROWNING, AUBREY L. JACKSON

Drawing on one element of the discussion by Jacobs () of the social control benefits of “eyes on the street,” this article explores the link between the prevalence of active streets and violence in urban neighborhoods. Three distinct data sources from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods are merged to explore the functional form and potential contingency of the active streets–violence relationship: 1) video data capturing the presence of people on neighborhood streets; 2) longitudinal data on adolescents (11 to 16 years of age) and their self‐reports of witnessing severe violence; and (3) community survey data on neighborhood social organizational characteristics. The results from multilevel models indicate that the proportion of neighborhood streets with adults present exhibits a nonlinear association with exposure to severe violence. At low prevalence, the increasing prevalence of active streets is positively associated with violence exposure. Beyond a threshold, however, increases in the prevalence of active streets serve to reduce the likelihood of violence exposure. The analyses offer no evidence that the curvilinear association between active streets and violence varies by levels of collective efficacy, and only limited evidence that it varies by anonymity. Analyses of data on homicide and violent victimization corroborate these findings.

Fernando Carrión M.

La violencia ha estado siempre presente en América Latina, desde sus orígenes hasta el día de hoy. Sin embargo, eso no quiere decir que su dinámica (lógica) y expresión (tipos) a lo largo del tiempo hayan sido siempre la misma; por el contrario, lo que ha existido es un proceso histórico donde se han ido moldeando sus particularidades, al extremo que la presencia actual no es otra cosa más que su consecuencia. Además hay que tener en cuenta que no sólo la violencia tiene una condición histórica, sino también su reverso: la seguridad, porque las dos son parte de una ecuación compleja donde la una (violencia) y la otra (la seguridad) son dos caras de una misma moneda.

Kathleen Staudt

Durante quase duas décadas, o olhar mundial voltou-se a Ciudad Juárez (México) pela sua característica de capital mundial dofeminicído. Desde o ápice do ativismo antifeminicida radical, em 2003-2004, o assassinato de mulheres não apenas cresceu,mas o fez de forma exponencial. Apesar disso, o ativismo diminuiu. Desde 2010, com o início de uma “segunda onda” deatenção na fronteira mexicana, mostrou-se importante esclarecer algumas definições e avaliar estratégias de mudança. Esteartigo fará um resumo da primeira onda de ativismo voltado à violência contra as mulheres, com foco em Ciudad Juárez enas redes que seus ativistas criaram para além da fronteira e com o resto do mundo. Dissecaremos as diversas definições dapalavra feminicídio e argumentaremos em favor de uma definição unificada que encontre ressonância nos contextos social e legal.Também discutiremos a importância de examinar todos os homicídios, qualquer que seja o gênero das vítimas, na esperança deprofissionalizar as práticas policiais. Por fim, apresentaremos um resumo da primeira onda de pesquisa e ativismo, acrescido demeus próprios pontos de vista.

Claudia Bermúdez-Peña

Este artículo realiza una propuesta analítica para comprender la intervención social en general y la intervención en lo social en particular que se realiza desde la disciplina-profesión de trabajo social. Apoyándose en la metáfora espacial del campo de Bourdieu, el texto hace un ejercicio preliminar de identificación de las fuerzas en pugna que convergen en la intervención en lo social y plantea la importancia de visibilizar estas fuerzas desde cada experiencia de intervención. Posteriormente, a manera de retos y reflexiones desde el trabajo social, realiza una reflexión disciplinar considerando la propuesta analítica del campo como una herramienta potente en la sistematización de experiencias. El trabajo social, se concluye, tendrá como tarea develar el juego que se instaura en las acciones que se emprenden desde la intervención.

J.F. Skone