Hasil untuk "Public law"

S. Bowles

Alvaro Cuervo‐Cazurra

Susanto EA Susanto EA, Sofilda E Sofilda E, Kunawangsih T Kunawangsih T et al.

Road transportation safety remains a major public policy challenge in Indonesia, characterized by high accident rates and substantial socio-economic impacts. The government has introduced the National General Plan for Traffic and Road Transportation Safety 2021–2040, structured around five key safety pillars. However, policy implementation continues to face challenges, including institutional fragmentation, weak cross-sectoral coordination, limited data integration, and the suboptimal use of digital technologies. Prior studies have predominantly examined road safety from fragmented perspectives, often positioning technology as a supporting factor rather than a systemic component. Consequently, empirical evidence on the mediating role of technology in strengthening road safety policy outcomes remains limited, particularly within developing country contexts. This study addresses this gap by conceptualizing technology as a mediating variable within the national road safety policy framework. A quantitative approach was adopted using the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method, based on survey data from 1,000 respondents comprising policymakers, law enforcement officers, transportation stakeholders, and road users. The findings demonstrate that the five road safety pillars, safe systems, safe roads, safe vehicles, safe road users, and post-crash management have a positive and statistically significant effect on road transportation safety performance. In addition, technology was empirically validated as a significant mediating variable that enhances the effectiveness of each safety pillar. These results emphasize the strategic importance of digital transformation for achieving integrated, evidence-based road safety governance. Policy implications include strengthening integrated data systems, reinforcing lead agency functions, enhancing institutional capacity, and adopting a Digital Safe System approach.

Balazs Gyenis

I argue that if a special science satisfies certain key assumptions that are familiar from physicalist accounts of the special sciences and from physics, then its causal regularities have an associated notion of entropy, and that this causal entropy cannot decrease from a robust cause to its effect. Due to its analogy with the second laws of thermodynamics and statistical physics, I call the latter conclusion the causal second law. In this paper, I clarify the key assumptions, prove the causal second law, give sufficient conditions for causal entropy increase, relate the causal second law to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, and argue that the reversibility objection does not threaten it. In addition, I claim that the causal second law is compatible with a non-metaphysical understanding of supervenience and the open systems view, argue that it does not imply a causal time arrow, reflect on relaxing the robustness condition, question whether it is necessary to invoke thermodynamics to show that special sciences' time arrows exist, and discuss a transition-relative-frequency-based, special-science-internal characterization of causal regularities.

Marta Kożybska, Arkadiusz Prajzner, Fedortsiv Olha et al.

Abstract This manuscript presents the results research into support for the social restrictions and the application of preventive measures during the first, second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted three times between March, 2020 and April 2021 in Poland, via the Internet using the Google Forms platform. We used self-developed questionnaires to measure support for restrictions and compliance with preventive behaviors. Both tools demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. Support for the restrictions and application of the preventive measures were statistically significantly higher during the first wave than during waves II and III. Women, younger people, individuals with higher economic status, higher education, and less work experience were more likely to support the implemented restrictions and reported greater compliance with preventive measures, especially during the third wave. A higher level of compliance with COVID-19 recommendations was not associated with poorer self-rated health or belonging to a high-risk group, but was related to a higher perceived fear of infection. The correlation between the assessment of the possibility of obtaining information about COVID-19 and support for social restrictions was significant during each wave, and its strength increased over the course of the pandemic. In summary, social restrictions and preventive measures were increasingly less supported and applied, while the importance of information about COVID-19 grew. Therefore, providing reliable, evidence-based education is essential for shaping attitudes that help reduce adverse health outcomes.

Dou Landuo, Dou Xiaodong

With the rapid development of technologies like big data, artificial intelligence (herein after AI), and blockchain, society is ushering into a new era of digital civilization. However, the same algorithms that assist in efficient decision-making for human society may also introduce issues of algorithmic discrimination. Therefore, this paper focuses on the judicial domain to deeply explore potential instances of algorithmic discrimination in AI. It identifies three key dimensions of algorithmic discrimination risks in the judicial AI domain: the ambiguity of algorithm usage boundaries, the diversity in discriminatory outcomes, and the injustice within the algorithmic environment. Building upon this, the author examines global AI governance landscapes to extract corresponding governance strategies and practical insights. Finally, a systematic regulatory approach for addressing algorithmic discrimination in judicial AI is proposed, unfolding across three levels and nine aspects: making algorithmic limitations explicit, diversifying algorithmic regulations, and justifying the algorithmic environment. This framework aims to contribute to a more reasonable, systematic, and just governance of algorithms in judicial AI.

Wenjun Yang, Eyhab Al-Masri

This paper introduces a conversational interface system that enables participatory design of differentially private AI systems in public sector applications. Addressing the challenge of balancing mathematical privacy guarantees with democratic accountability, we propose three key contributions: (1) an adaptive $ε$-selection protocol leveraging TOPSIS multi-criteria decision analysis to align citizen preferences with differential privacy (DP) parameters, (2) an explainable noise-injection framework featuring real-time Mean Absolute Error (MAE) visualizations and GPT-4-powered impact analysis, and (3) an integrated legal-compliance mechanism that dynamically modulates privacy budgets based on evolving regulatory constraints. Our results advance participatory AI practices by demonstrating how conversational interfaces can enhance public engagement in algorithmic privacy mechanisms, ensuring that privacy-preserving AI in public sector governance remains both mathematically robust and democratically accountable.

Hlekane Ngobeni, Mike Wa Nkongolo

The evolving of digital transformation and increased use of technology comes with increased cyber vulnerabilities, which compromise national security. Cyber-threats become more sophisticated as the technology advances. This emphasises the need for strong risk mitigation strategies. To define strong and robust cybersecurity, policies requires an integrated approach of balancing technical expertise with public input. This paper aims to explore strategies used to balance technical expertise and public input to develop effective and robust cybersecurity policies. It also studied how the effective integration of technical expertise with public input is critical to developing effective strategies and resilient cybersecurity frameworks that strengthens national security. A lack of a holistic approach and collaborative efforts to cybersecurity can hinder the effectiveness of cybersecurity policies. This paper followed a systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis using the PRISMA methodology to explore how technical expertise and public input can be integrated to guide cybersecurity policy making. The thematic analysis identified five important themes in developing effective cybersecurity policies, these key themes are: Multi-Stakeholder Involvement and Human Centric Approaches (MSI & HCA), Governance and Policy Frameworks (GPF), Technical Infrastructure (TI), Evaluation and Compliance (EC), and Legal Rights and Sovereignty (LRS). The synthesis shows that there is no adequate exploration of collaborative efforts which undermines the effectiveness of the cybersecurity policies. The findings suggest that inclusive, flexible governance strategies that integrate public input at every stage are necessary for future cybersecurity policy research and practice, which must shift away from a primarily technical and legal perspective.

Allen Vong

I characterize optimal mediation dynamics with fixed discounting in a moral hazard model where a long-lived worker interacts with short-lived clients. I show that optimal mediation yields a nonstationary correlated information structure that transitions from private to public communication over time. In early periods, it occasionally creates information asymmetry about future play between the worker and the clients by randomizing over two continuations, with the realization privately revealed to the worker. In one, the worker shirks with impunity. In the other, the worker exerts effort subject to minimal punishment for underperformance. Eventually, optimal mediation prescribes only public communication that induces carrot-and-stick incentives.

D. Acemoglu, Matthew O. Jackson

Timo Eckhardt, David J. Pym

Proof-theoretic semantics, and base-extension semantics in particular, can be seen as a logical realization of inferentialism, in which the meaning of expressions is understood through their use. We present a base-extension semantics for public announcement logic, building on earlier work giving a base-extension semantics for the modal logic $S5$, which in turn builds on earlier such work for $K$, $KT$, $K4$, and $S4$. These analyses rely on a notion of `modal relation' on bases. The main difficulty in extending the existing B-eS for $S5$ to public announcement logic is to account announcements of the form $[ψ]φ$, which, in this setting, update the modal relations on bases. We provide a detailed analysis of two classical examples, namely the three-player card game and the muddy children puzzle. These examples illustrate how the inferentialist perspective requires fully explicit information about the state of the participating agents.

Patil Pratik Vijaykumar, Prerna Tulsiani, Sunil Mane

Public Cloud Computing has become a fundamental part of modern IT infrastructure as its adoption has transformed the way businesses operate. However, cloud security concerns introduce new risks and challenges related to data protection, sharing, and access control. A synergistic integration of blockchain with the cloud holds immense potential. Blockchain's distributed ledger ensures transparency, immutability, and efficiency as it reduces the reliance on centralized authorities. Motivated by this, our framework proposes a secure data ecosystem in the cloud with the key aspects being Data Rights, Data Sharing, and Data Validation. Also, this approach aims to increase its interoperability and scalability by eliminating the need for data migration. This will ensure that existing public cloud-based systems can easily deploy blockchain enhancing trustworthiness and non-repudiation of cloud data.

Sh. A. Yessimova, D. N. Yergaliyev

The purpose of the research is to conduct an in-depth analysis and evaluation of existing “the Public and Local Administration” (PA) educational programs across the universities of Kazakhstan. This study was carried out with the support of the Astana Civil Service Hub. The object of the research is 120 universities, 45 of which train personnel in 48 educational programs within the bachelor’s degree (PA), and 38 universities have 73 master’s degree programs in PA major. Only six universities provide eight doctoral educational programs respectively. The Academy of Public Administration (APA) under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan gives an opportunity to obtain a specialized PhD profile degree in PA. In the course of the study, the number of methods such as: comparative analysis, observation, induction and deduction, logical approach, and interviews were engaged. Current research has analyzed the higher education sources in the field of PA, namely educational programs from the open platforms of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, along with syllabuses, regulatory educational legal acts, legislation in the field of PA and expert interviews. The findings come from calculating the ratio of disciplines according to the components of which the taught disciplines were distributed: management, economics, law, public policy, digital knowledge, and interdisciplinary disciplines. Results indicate that the PA undegraduate programs (39 universities out of 45) are mainly synchronized with economic educational programs. The research will be continued with regard to the assessment of the academic personnel and research capacity of universities within PA educational programs, alongside with an analysis of the APA training programs correspondingly.

Jacek Gad

Purpose – The article aims to determine the implementation extent of the regulations around appointment and characteristics of audit committees and regulations concerning disclosure of information about the audit committee in Polish practice. Design/methodology/approach – The author analyzed the informative content of management reports and corporate governance statements. The survey covered all domestic companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the years from 2017 to 2021. Findings – The new guidelines resulting from hard law had a significant impact on the corporate governance on the Polish capital market. According to the research results, over the analyzed years, the share of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, which appointed an audit committee within the supervisory board, clearly increased. Moreover, the research found that in the period under study, not all companies fulfilled the obligation to disclose information about the audit committee resulting from hard law. In particular, this applies to disclosures on how the members of the audit committee acquired competencies in the area of accounting. Practical implications – The article concerns the operation of the audit committee in public companies listed on the Polish capital market. The study can serve as a reference point for further research on corporate governance. The results of the research may be an indication for those who create legal solutions in the area of corporate governance. Originality/value – This is the first such comprehensive study on the characteristics of the audit committee and disclosures about the audit committee resulting from the introduction of hard law in this area.

Varvara A. Nazaykinskaya

This article is a continuation of a previously published article on administrative regulations as a type of public administration acts. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of administrative regulations as a source of Russian law. It investigates existing shortcomings in the development and adoption of administrative regulations and proposes possible ways of their elimination. The study uses both general scientific and special research methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative and formal legal methods. The conducted research allows to identify the specifics of administrative regulations as sources of Russian law, to outline the place and the role of these regulatory legal acts in the legal system of Russia. The author gives the definition of administrative regulations, reflecting their most important and essential features. The article studies such negative aspects as the practice of approving administrative regulations, which are codified departmental acts, by simple acts - orders. Also, to date, administrative regulations are not subject to regulatory impact assessment, which is also recognized as a negative phenomenon. The results of the study can contribute to improving the processes of developing and adopting administrative regulations and enhancing the level of legal technology of these regulatory legal acts.

Guanhua Wang, Wuli Zuo, Mingyu Guo

Many important problems in multiagent systems involve resource allocations. Self-interested agents may lie about their valuations if doing so increases their own utilities. Therefore, it is necessary to design mechanisms (collective decision-making rules) with desired properties and objectives. The VCG redistribution mechanisms are efficient (the agents who value the resources the most will be allocated), strategy-proof (the agents have no incentives to lie about their valuations), and weakly budget-balanced (no deficits). We focus on the VCG redistribution mechanisms for the classic public project problem, where a group of agents needs to decide whether or not to build a non-excludable public project. We design mechanisms via neural networks with two welfare-maximizing objectives: optimal in the worst case and optimal in expectation. Previous studies showed two worst-case optimal mechanisms for 3 agents, but worst-case optimal mechanisms have not been identified for more than 3 agents. For maximizing expected welfare, there are no existing results. We use neural networks to design VCG redistribution mechanisms. Neural networks have been used to design the redistribution mechanisms for multi-unit auctions with unit demand. We show that for the public project problem, the previously proposed neural networks, which led to optimal/near-optimal mechanisms for multi-unit auctions with unit demand, perform abysmally for the public project problem. We significantly improve the existing networks on multiple fronts: We conduct a GAN network to generate worst-case type profiles and feed prior distribution into loss function to provide quality gradients for the optimal-in-expectation objective......

Mehdi Hatami

The present article, the analytical research conducted in an analytical-descriptive manner, seeks to answer the question of Conformity of The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) with the Treaty law and customary international law. As one of the most important restrictive arrangements for the rights of developing countries in the field of advanced technologies, critics of the PSI believe that the intention of the members of the PSI to seize ships in the high sea and territorial waters violates the principle of freedom of the high seas and the right of innocent passage in territorial waters. In addition, the practices conducted in the framework of this initiative violate the right to self-defense and Security Council resolutions such as 1718 and 1540. On the other hand, the nature and manner of joining the initial operations and statistics about the success of its operations are vague and distorted. The finding of this article is that regardless of the justifications and support formed by this initiative, such an arrangement cannot be considered in conformity with treaty law and customary international law as well as the Security Council resolutions. The Proliferation Security Initiative is an illegal arrangement worthy of persistent objection, non-recognition and tries to prevent it from becoming the customary rule of international law.

Onofrio Mazzarisi, Amanda de Azevedo-Lopes, Jeferson J. Arenzon et al.

Zipf's law describes the empirical size distribution of the components of many systems in natural and social sciences and humanities. We show, by solving a statistical model, that Zipf's law co-occurs with the maximization of the diversity of the component sizes. The law ruling the increase of such diversity with the total dimension of the system is derived and its relation with Heaps' law is discussed. As an example, we show that our analytical results compare very well with linguistics datasets.

Muhammad Farich Azhar, Kushandajani Kushandajani

This study aims to know the financial management of the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan) in the District of Jepara Regency and its connection to public trust. The financial management in the party determines its existence and electability in the political field. To increase the party‘s electability and to maintain the confidence of its members and public trust, financial transparency should be improved. Financial transparency of the political party is still beyond the expectations. Ideally, as a public institution, Indonesian political parties have a very large role in maintaining democracy and good governance. This research investigates the Branch (Dewan Pimpinan Cabang) of the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) in the district of Jepara, Central Java. This party won the 2014 General Election in the district. Although, its financial management is not transparent. This research applies quantitative methods to portray the phenomenon. This research chose 100 people as samples from the total population of the Jepara District who has the right to vote. The sample has been taken by probability sampling techniques. The results show that DPC-PDIP in Jepara District manages its finance with discipline and following law. PDIP is considered to know about good financial reporting. This increases public trust and the party‘s confidence.

Mauro Guilherme Maidana Capelari, Ricardo Corrêa Gomes, Suely Mara Vaz Guimarães de Araújo et al.

Brazil has one of the most extensive and effective sets of deforestation control policies in the world. One of the main deforestation control policies implemented by the Brazilian government over the last 15 years has been the creation of an extensive system of protected areas, including extractive reserves. Our study addresses the challenges of reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. We analyze the role of institutions in controlling deforestation, focusing on the formal rules contained within the Management Agreements of extractive reserves. We chose two extreme cases: the Rio Ouro Preto Extractive Reserve and the Rio Cautário Extractive Reserve, in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Within each case, we analyzed the association between the recognition of the formal rules and the extent of deforestation. We collected data through eight focus groups, with a total of 61 reserve residents, which used a didactic story to understand reserve residents’ familiarity with the Management Agreement rules. In both cases, there was high recognition of the formal rules governing natural resource use in the reserves, although there was heterogeneity among communities and in the mechanisms that facilitate recognition. The factors contributing to the recognition and non-recognition of the formal rules by reserve residents included: learning strategies (theoretical and practical); speed of institutional change; rules content (ambiguous and not well-adapted); endogenous factors (e.g. leadership, relationships); and exogenous factors (e.g. economic change, conflict and pressures).