Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Jorge Alberto Witker Velásquez, Reyes Enrique Vázquez May

Este artículo tiene como propósito principal el registro y examinación de estándares más relevantes que han sido aplicados para resolver casos relacionados con posibles medidas regresivas y falta de recursos disponibles en contextos de crisis económicas. Para tal propósito, se examinan las evaluaciones desarrolladas y empleadas en las decisiones judiciales de los tribunales constitucionales de España, Portugal, Colombia y México, en contraste con aquellas del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, especialmente en el Sistema Universal y los sistemas regionales europeo e interamericano. Todo lo anterior para identificar un test de medidas regresivas que atienda a los elementos en común de los DESCA: el núcleo esencial, las obligaciones básicas y sus dimensiones.

Mohammad Hassan Murad

We present an algebraic generalization of Euler's theorem for quadrilaterals. Starting from the parallelogram identity in an inner product space, we derive Apollonius' identity and obtain Euler's quadrilateral identity in a unified vector framework. Using combinatorial approach, we establish a general algebraic relation for $n\geq 4$ vectors in an arbitrary real or complex inner product space. This result shows that Euler's classical relation is a special case of a general identity involving sums of squared norms of vectors.

Sohaib Ahmed, Muhammad Zeeshan, David Parsons et al.

This article brings together the concepts of emerging technologies, game-based learning (GBL), and inquiry learning to conduct a research study undertaken in a maritime science museum. Over the last decade, the potential benefits of emerging technologies have enabled game-based inquiry activities in formal and informal pedagogical contexts. The use of ontologies has also grown significantly in representing learning content. In the science museum literature, there are a few applications found wherein ontologies are used for generating adaptive learning content. However, no study has been found in the literature that targets GBL for museum inquiry activities through emerging technologies using an ontology-driven approach. This paper outlines the results and analyses of research conducted on an ontology-driven GBL inquiry application, MUSEON. For evaluation purposes, the M3 evaluation framework was used and tested with 86 random visitors to explore visitors’ perspectives regarding the effectiveness of MUSEON. The results were encouraging as 71.6% of visitors were satisfied with their learning experiences in a game-based environment. Further, the experimental group performed well (74.6% score) in comparison with the control group (56.4% score) during inquiry learning activities about the maritime science museum exhibits.

Armando Cíntora

Critical and pancritical rationalism were mainly debated in the second half of the XXth century, however a new important paper on pancritical rationalism has been published recently, and hence a critical commentary of this recent publication is required, one is offered here.

Merve Süngü

İstanbul’un manevi fatihi olarak bilinen Akşemseddin (ö. 863/1459), tasavvufi kimliğinin yanı sıra hekimliği ile de oldukça meşhur olmuştur. O, tasavvuf alanında yazmış olduğu Risâletü’n-Nûriyye, Makāmât-ı Evliyâ ve Defʿu Meṭâʿini’ṣ-Ṣûfiyye isimli eserlerinin dışında tıp alanında da günümüzde hâlâ üzerinde çalışılması gereken Mâddetü’l-Hayât isimli eseri kaleme almıştır. Eserinde hastalığın ırsiliği, kanser gibi konulara değinmiş ayrıca mikrop ve bulaşma konusunda kesin bilgiler veren İtalyan hekim Fracastor’dan (ö.1553) en az bir asır önce mikroptan bahsetmiştir. Akşemseddin, gördüğü bir rüya üzerine eseriyle aynı adı taşıyan mâddetü’l-hayât ilacının diğer adıyla mübarek sıvının da her türlü hastalığa iyi geleceğini söylemiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda Akşemseddin’in her derde şifa olduğunu söylediği mâddetü’l-hayât isimli ilacın içeriğinde yer alan yakut, cıva ve kükürdün, geçmişte de birçok hekim tarafından kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu hekimlerden birisi Akşemseddin’den dört asır önce yaşayan ve eş-Şifâ, en-Necât, Uyûnü’l-Ḥikme gibi musiki, felsefe, tıp alanlarında birçok önemli eseri kaleme alan İbn Sînâ’dır.  Onun tıp alanında yazmış olduğu el-Kanun fi’t-Tıb isimli eseri ise yaşadığı döneme damgasını vurmuş, Batı’da yıllarca ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. İbn Sînâ tıp tarihinde önemli bir yeri bulunan bu eserinde Akşemseddin gibi her derde şifa olacak bir ilaçtan bahsetmemiştir. Ancak tedavilere dair vermiş olduğu reçetelerde yakut, cıva ve özelikle de kükürdü çok sık kullanmıştır. Bu çalışma, İbn Sînâ’nın el-Kanun fi’t-tıb isimli eserinin içeriği ile her derde şifa olduğu söylenen mâddetü’l-hayât’ın içeriğinin karşılaştırılarak kullanıldıkları yerlerdeki benzerliklerinin ve farklılıklarının tespit edilmesi amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır.

O. M. Polyakov

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on R-linguistics and is dedicated to the ternary hypothesis and the problem of modeling the world associated with it. The essence of the ternary hypothesis is based on the assumption that any natural language does not use verbs with arity (valency) above three. This hypothesis creates an epistemological problem, the essence of which lies in the mismatch between the constraints of the dimensionality of thinking and the dimensionality of some phenomena and processes of the surrounding world. The indicated problem is directly related to language, since language reflects human thinking and the structure of the world model.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations for verbs with high valence, the categorization axioms formulated earlier in the series are used.Results and discussion. It has been shown that cases of multiple indirect objects are related to data dependencies in the sentence. Methods of categorization have been developed for ternary relations and relations with higher arity. It has been demonstrated that even in this case, all conditional categorizations and conditional verbs can be reduced to a single categorization.Conclusion. The ternary hypothesis and the ternary problem are formulated. Based on the study of data dependencies, it is shown that the ternary hypothesis is most likely true for all natural languages. Based on the study of methods of categorizing relations with arity higher than three, it is demonstrated that in this case linguistic spaces show stability regardless of the location of categories in the sentence, which makes it possible to describe highdimensional interactions using subordinate clauses. Thus, the appearance of subordinate clauses in all languages of the world is associated with the need to describe highdimensional interactions in the world model human.

Yifan Cai, Tao Wang, Liu Zhao

Using the recently proposed covariant framework of general relativistic stochastic mechanics and stochastic thermodynamics, we proved the detailed and integral fluctuation theorems in curved spacetime. The time-reversal transformation is described as a transformation from the perspective of future-directed observer to that of the corresponding past-directed observer, which enables us to maintain general covariance throughout the construction.

Elena Ficara

My aim is to reconstruct the basic steps and the fundamental idea of Kant’s transcendental deduction of categories as well as Hegel’s interpretation and reframing of Kant’s idea. Hegel’s reading is crucial for two reasons: first, for fixing the basic form of the Kant­ian argument and secondly, for understanding its metaphilosophical relevance. For Hegel, philosophical proof has a specific nature, which distinguishes it from scientific proof and brings it closer to a juridical one. In this perspective the transcendental deduction, which is universally considered one of the most difficult chapters in the history of philosophy, reveals itself as the genuine clarification of specifically philosophical proof. I first present the idea of Kant’s transcendental deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason as well as its Hegelian reading in the Science of Logic and reformulation as the very method of philosophy in the Philo­sophy of Right. I show what in the Kantian argumentation constituted the basis for Hegel’s own interpretation and transformation. In so doing, I highlight a ‘red thread’ between the two ideas of the transcendental deduction. I conclude by proposing a formal account of Kant’s and Hegel’s ideas and by summing up the main metaphilosophical insights we can gain from Kant’s idea and its Hegelian interpretation.

Plinio Junqueira Smith

Neste artigo, pretende-se desenvolver uma concepção sobre as cores como parte de uma visão cética do mundo. Para isso, investiga-se como alguns dos principais céticos, ao longo da história da filosofia, conceberam as cores, seja em relação a outras qualidades sensíveis, seja em relação ao objeto físico. Depois, à luz do debate entre Barry Stroud e John McDowell, descreve-se aquela que parece ser a concepção comum das cores, sustentando-se que o cético não apenas aceita que os objetos são coloridos, mas que ele pode saber qual é a sua cor, por meio da percepção.

Yilmaz Simsek

The aim of this paper is to construct general forms of ordinary generating functions for special numbers and polynomials involving Fibonacci type numbers and polynomials, Lucas numbers and polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials, Sextet polynomials, Humbert-type numbers and polynomials, chain and anti-chain polynomials, rank polynomials of the lattices, length of any alphabet of words, partitions, and other graph polynomials. By applying the Euler transform and the Lambert series to these generating functions, many new identities and relations are derived. By using differential equations of these generating functions, some new recurrence relations for these polynomials are found. Moreover, general Binet's type formulas for these polynomials are given. Finally, some new classes of polynomials and their corresponding certain family of special numbers are investigated with the help of these generating functions.

Merle Munko, Marc Ditzhaus, Dennis Dobler et al.

Several methods in survival analysis are based on the proportional hazards assumption. However, this assumption is very restrictive and often not justifiable in practice. Therefore, effect estimands that do not rely on the proportional hazards assumption are highly desirable in practical applications. One popular example for this is the restricted mean survival time (RMST). It is defined as the area under the survival curve up to a prespecified time point and, thus, summarizes the survival curve into a meaningful estimand. For two-sample comparisons based on the RMST, previous research found the inflation of the type I error of the asymptotic test for small samples and, therefore, a two-sample permutation test has already been developed. The first goal of the present paper is to further extend the permutation test for general factorial designs and general contrast hypotheses by considering a Wald-type test statistic and its asymptotic behavior. Additionally, a groupwise bootstrap approach is considered. Moreover, when a global test detects a significant difference by comparing the RMSTs of more than two groups, it is of interest which specific RMST differences cause the result. However, global tests do not provide this information. Therefore, multiple tests for the RMST are developed in a second step to infer several null hypotheses simultaneously. Hereby, the asymptotically exact dependence structure between the local test statistics is incorporated to gain more power. Finally, the small sample performance of the proposed global and multiple testing procedures is analyzed in simulations and illustrated in a real data example.

Wesley Felipe de Oliveira

Este artigo analisa a concepção educacional de Martha Nussbaum no contexto da Teoria das Capacidades e de uma crise na educação. Para isso, é apresentada a sua teoria de desenvolvimento humano baseada nas capacidades. Em seguida se identifica as características dessa crise educacional que se manifesta, principalmente, numa ameaça à democracia e aos seus valores. A partir disso, o artigo analisa como e por que as disciplinas de humanidades propiciam o desenvolvimento de habilidades e valores condizentes com essas capacidades humanas e com a prática da cidadania numa democracia pluralista. As três habilidades são a ética-pedagógica socrática, a concepção de cidadania numa perspectiva global e a imaginação narrativa. Cada uma delas é analisada criticamente neste artigo em sua importância para a sustentação da democracia e seus valores éticos e políticos.

Thomas Kling, Eric Grotzke, Kevin Roebuck et al.

We examine the singularities of the wave fronts of null geodesics from point sources in the Kerr Metric. We find that the wave fronts develop a tube like structure that collapses non-symmetrically, leading to cusp features in the wave front singularities. As the wave front advances, the cusps trace out an astroidal shaped caustic tube, which had been discovered previously using lens mapping and geodesic deviation methods. Thus, the wave front approach in this study helps to complete a picture of caustics and gravitational lensing in the Kerr geometry.

Rhiannon Cuttell

In this thesis, I investigate how to construct a self-consistent model of deformed general relativity using canonical methods and metric variables. The specific deformation of general covariance is predicted by some studies into loop quantum cosmology. I firstly find the minimally-deformed model for a scalar-tensor theory, thereby establishing a classical reference point, and investigate the cosmological effects of a non-minimal coupled scalar field. By treating the deformation perturbatively, I derive the deformed gravitational action which includes the nearest order of curvature corrections. Then working more generally, I derive the deformed scalar-tensor constraint to all orders and I find that the momenta and spatial derivatives from gravity and matter must combine in a very specific form. It suggests that the deformation should be equally affected by matter field derivatives as it is by gravitational curvature. Finally, I derive the deformed gravitational action to all orders, and find how intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures differently affect the deformation. The deformation seems to be required to satisfy a non-linear equation usually found in fluid mechanics.

Xiao-Xiao Kou, Chi Tian, Shuang-Yong Zhou

Oscillons are dense objects that may be copiously produced in the preheating period after inflation, during which what role general relativity might play is largely unknown. We investigate the oscillon preheating scenario in full general relativity, and compare the general-relativistic simulations with the traditional ones done in an FLRW background. We find that in certain parameter regions the general-relativistic corrections are significant, producing more and denser oscillons, and can be strong enough to collapse the oscillons to black holes.

Tim Maudlin, Elias Okon, Daniel Sudarsky

We start by surveying the history of the idea of a fundamental conservation law and briefly examine the role conservation laws play in different classical contexts. In such contexts we find conservation laws to be useful, but often not essential. Next we consider the quantum setting, where the conceptual problems of the standard formalism obstruct a rigorous analysis of the issue. We then analyze the fate of energy conservation within the various viable paths to address such conceptual problems; in all cases we find no satisfactory way to define a (useful) notion of energy that is generically conserved. Finally, we focus on the implications of this for the semiclassical gravity program and conclude that Einstein's equations cannot be said to always hold.

سوزان هاک

Prof. Haack answers a series of questions on pragmatism, beginning with the origins of this tradition in the work of Peirce and James, its evolution in the work of Dewey and Mead, and its influence beyond the United States in, for example, the Italian pragmatists and the radical British pragmatist F. C. S. Schiller. Classical pragmatism, she observes, is a rich and varied tradition from which there is still much to be learned—as the many ways her own work in logic, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of law has been informed by the old pragmatists testify. Of late, however, this tradition has been misunderstood, impoverished, and vulgarized by self-styled neo-pragmatists; here, Haack turns her attention specifically to the conception of pragmatism as essentially a political philosophy, and the near-vacuous equation of pragmatism with “problem-solving.”

Linus Wulff

The equations that follow from kappa symmetry of the type II Green-Schwarz string are a certain deformation, by a Killing vector field $K$, of the type II supergravity equations. We analyze under what conditions solutions of these `generalized' supergravity equations are trivial in the sense that they solve also the standard supergravity equations. We argue that for this to happen $K$ must be null and satisfy $dK=i_KH$ with $H=dB$ the NSNS three-form field strength. Non-trivial examples are provided by symmetric pp-wave solutions. We then analyze the consequences for non-abelian T-duality and the closely related homogenous Yang-Baxter sigma models. When one performs non-abelian T-duality of a string sigma model on a non-unimodular (sub)algebra one generates a non-vanishing $K$ proportional to the trace of the structure constants. This is expected to lead to an anomaly but we show that when $K$ satisfies the same conditions the anomaly in fact goes away leading to more possibilities for non-anomalous non-abelian T-duality.

D. C. Robinson

This essay concerns the study of gravitation and general relativity at King's College London (KCL). It covers developments since the nineteenth century but its main focus is on the quarter of a century beginning in 1955. At King's research in the twenty-five years from 1955 was dominated initially by the study of gravitational waves and then by the investigation of the classical and quantum aspects of black holes. While general relativity has been studied extensively by both physicists and mathematicians, most of the work at King's described here was undertaken in the mathematics department.

Amanda Núñez García