Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo

The Carlist Party was a minority and extraparliamentary party during the Spanish Transition. Among the exogenous reasons expressed by this party as causes for its limited political success is the lack of opportunities to access the media. Based on this idea, we have considered a need for a review of how this political formation was portrayed by the daily press during the transition to democracy in Spain. Qualitative research methods, content and discourse analysis of the press, as well as an approach to written media from political sociology, have been employed for this purpose. The documentation from the Digital Newspaper Archive of the National Library of Spain (BNE) and the documentation from the National Historical Archive (AHN), among others, along with relevant bibliography, have served as sources for this research.

M. Bartz, M. Duval, M. Duval et al.

Jesús Mateos-Nozal, Mario Rodríguez-Domínguez, Jesús San Román et al.

Persons living or working in nursing homes faced a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the pandemic, resulting in heightened morbidity and mortality among older adults despite robust vaccination efforts. This prospective study evaluated the humoral and cellular immunity in fully vaccinated residents and workers from two nursing homes in Madrid, Spain, from 2020 to 2021. Measurements of IgG levels were conducted in August 2020 (pre-vaccination) and June and September 2021 (post-vaccination), alongside assessments of neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses in September 2021 among the most vulnerable individuals. Follow-up extended until February 2022 to identify risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection or mortality, involving 267 residents (mean age 87.6 years, 81.3% women) and 302 workers (mean age 50.7 years, 82.1% women). Residents exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing COVID-19 before June 2021 compared with nursing staff (OR [95% CI], 7.2 [3.0 to 17.2], <i>p</i> < 0.01). Participants with a history of previous COVID-19 infection showed more significant increases in IgG levels in August 2020, June 2021 and September 2021, alongside an increased proportion of neutralizing antibodies in the most vulnerable individuals. However, IgG decay remained the same between June and September 2021 based on the previous COVID-19 status. During the <i>Omicron</i> variant wave, residents and staff showed a similar rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, preceding clinical or immunological factors before receiving three vaccination doses did not demonstrate associations with COVID-19 infection or overall mortality in our participant cohort.

Elena García Cruz

La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades con mayores tasas de mortalidad en España en gran parte del siglo XX y que más ha perdurado hasta conseguir reducir su incidencia. Durante el primer franquismo fue la primera causa de mortalidad de la población española. Ni siquiera los esfuerzos por aumentar el número de sanatorios del Patronato Nacional Antituberculoso consiguió que la mortalidad por esta causa disminuyese. El cambio de tendencia vino de la mano de otros factores, como la introducción en el país de la estreptomicina, un antibiótico muy costoso de conseguir durante los primeros años de la dictadura o la introducción de campañas de higiene y vacunación. El último esfuerzo del franquismo para frenar esta enfermedad fue la creación del Plan Nacional de Erradicación de la Tuberculosis, cuyos resultados son cuestionables. El objetivo de este trabajo es incidir en la cuantificación y evolución de los sanatorios del Plan Nacional, dibujar su papel en la estrategia de lucha antituberculosa en este periodo y analizar su decadencia y cambio de funcionalidad de muchos de ellos en los últimos años del franquismo.

Jesús Heredia-Carroza, Carlos Chavarría-Ortiz, Sebastián López-Estrada et al.

This study investigates the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among university students in the rural region of Comarca Sierra Sur, Andalusia, Spain. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, the analysis reveals that attitudes toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control are significant predictors of entrepreneurial intentions. Positive attitudes and a strong sense of control are closely associated with entrepreneurial intentions, while subjective norms show no significant effect, suggesting that social expectations may function differently in rural areas. Additionally, personal values such as openness to change and self-enhancement positively influence entrepreneurial intentions, whereas conservatism is negatively associated. This research fills a gap in the literature by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior to a rural context, where prior studies have been limited. The findings highlight the need to tailor entrepreneurship policies to the unique characteristics of rural areas and emphasize the importance of personal values and perceived control in fostering entrepreneurship. These insights are particularly relevant for policymakers aiming to stimulate economic development and entrepreneurship in rural regions.

Валерия Игоревна Настусевич

The article examines the history of the emergence and development of the Catholic organisation Opus Dei. The key stages of its development are determined, the social and political, educational and intra-church activities of Opus Dei members during the Franco period are analysed. Special attention is given to the history of the origin of the organisation, its structure and institutionalisation, its influence on economic policy and education in Spain, as well as obtaining the official standing of Opus Dei in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. The problems of opening the first centers of the organisation, the foundation of the Priestly Society of the Holy Cross, the formation of legal mechanisms that allowed regulating the activities of Opus Dei are considered. It also examines the economic policy of the Spanish government during the period of the second Francoism, in which the main places were occupied by members of Opus Dei. The economic reforms carried out according to the stabilisation plan (1959) and development plans (1964–1967, 1968–1971, 1972–1973) are analysed.

Pedro Ruiz Torres

Carlos Lixó Gómez

La densidad y las particularidades que los poblados de la Edad del Hierro tienen en Galicia los han convertido en elementos estructuradores del territorio y portadores de una fortísima carga simbólica a lo largo de los siglos, hasta hoy. El duradero e irregular proceso de desaparición del modelo castral hacia una red campesina de asentamientos abiertos en los valles y llanuras parece haberse culminado en la Alta Edad Media, cuando las villae, predecesoras de las aldeas y parroquias de época feudal, son ya la célula de población hegemónica. En el presente trabajo analizaremos el papel social que tenían los castros en el valle del Sarria en esa altura basándonos en el análisis de los documentos del tumbo de Samos y en el estudio histórico del paisaje. [gl] A densidade e as particularidades que os poboados da Idade do Ferro teñen en Galiza convertéronos en elementos estruturadores do territorio e portadores dunha fortísima carga simbólica ao longo dos séculos, até hoxe. O duradeiro e irregular proceso de desaparición do modelo castral cara a unha rede campesiña de asentamentos abertos nos vales e chairas parece terse culminado na Alta Idade Media, cando as villae, predecesoras das aldeas e parroquias de época feudal, son xa a célula de poboación hexemónica. No presente traballo analizaremos o papel social que tiñan os castros no val do Sarria nesa altura baseándonos na análise dos documentos do tombo de Samos e no estudo histórico da paisaxe.

Verena Schwetz, Christian Trummer, Claudia Friedl et al.

Key Clinical Message An Austrian patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 developed visceral leishmaniasis after trips to Spain and Crete, presenting with slight bicytopenia, later developing severe pancytopenia. Travel history taking is important due to an extended incubation period. Coexistence of diabetes mellitus can impair T lymphocyte function and cause higher relapse rates.

Pepa Cassinello

The huge housing demand existing in Spain in 1949 could not be met by traditional construction systems. The severe social problem thus generated was not exclusive to Spain: the countries that had participated in World War II were facing the same challenge, i.e., the need to build large numbers of housing units in record time. Industrialised systems consequently underwent intense development, generating a wide range of alternatives specific to the material and industrial resources and policies in place in each country. In that year, Eduardo Torroja, director of the institute that now bears his name, organised an unprecedented international competition around industrialised housing. A total of 89 designs were submitted by authors from 17 countries. The aim was to establish industrialised housing systems specifically intended for Spain. That competition, today a nearly forgotten chapter in the history of housing industrialisation, is one of the three most significant milestones in Eduardo Torroja’s strategy to drive progress in housing construction. The absence of a single awardee did not detract from the effectiveness of this international competition. Torroja acquired a wealth of relevant information on the most advanced construction systems and patents in use in other countries to build low-cost housing. He also obtained the results of international reflection on how to solve this problem in Spain. This final factor strengthened and broadened the role played by Torroja’s institute as scientific ambassador.

Agüero Díez, María Teresa

Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII los conceptos de pobreza y marginación fueron evolucionando en Europa, así como las intervenciones de Estado e Iglesia al respecto. En todo caso, para las mujeres con pocos recursos, el paso de una capa social a otra inferior podía precipitarse si se conjugaban una serie de factores adversos. Este estudio trata de acercarse a esa dinámica descendente que solía afectar a la mujer ciñéndonos a un espacio y un tiempo concretos: Alicante durante el siglo XVIII. Paralelamente, también se plantea en qué medida familia, sociedad e instituciones condicionan, bien acelerando o amortiguando, esta deriva hacia la pauperización femenina, ya fuese sobrevenida o heredada.

Anne Réach-Ngô

<div class="page"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Le </span><span><em>Chevalier de la Croix</em> </span><span>constitue l’un des récits de chevalerie de la Bibliothèque de Troyes (Oudot, 1612) qui a été importé d’Espagne, </span><span>via </span><span>Lyon, sur la scène éditoriale française au XVI</span><span>e </span><span>siècle (Saint-Lucie, 1534), avant de paraître à Paris l’année qui suit (Janot, 1535). C’est également à Lyon, un demi- siècle plus tard, que l’ouvrage connaît une seconde jeunesse (Rigaud, 1581), rapidement prolongée par une nouvelle édition parisienne (Bonfons, 1584). L’examen des mutations éditoriales de l’œuvre tout au long du siècle, et l’analyse de ces deux vagues de publication, permet de mettre au jour l’évolution des relations de concurrence entre Paris et Lyon dans l’histoire éditoriale de l’œuvre. </span></p><div class="page"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Le <em>Chevalier de la Croix </em></span><span>is one of the Troyes Library (Oudot, 1612) chivalric romances imported from Spain through Lyon onto the French publishing scene in the 16</span><span>th </span><span>century (Saint-Lucie, 1534), before its publication in Paris the following year (Janot, 1535). Half a century later, Lyon was also the place where the book had a second youth (Rigaud, 1581), which was soon to be extended through a new parisian publication (Bonfons, 1584). The examination of the book’s editorial transformations throughout the century, along with the analysis of those two waves of publication, enables to bring to light the evolution of the competitive relationship between Paris and Lyon in the editorial history of this work. </span></p></div></div></div><p><span><br /></span></p></div></div></div>

Juan Carlos Sola-Corbacho, Peer Schmidt, Antolín Sánchez Cuervo et al.

Gregorio Salinero, Christine Lebeau

Hélène Thieulin-Pardo

Dans cet article, l’auteur présente quelques réflexions suscitées par la préparation d’une édition numérique du Liber regum (ou Libro de las generaciones y linajes de los reyes). Grâce aux possibilités offertes par l’outil informatique, cette nouvelle édition proposera plusieurs approches du texte. Deux transcriptions seront mises en regard de la reproduction photographique du manuscrit : la première, destinée aux chercheurs, aux linguistes et aux philologues, s’attachera à respecter la langue et les formes pour permettre une étude de philologie historique ; la seconde, « normalisée » et plus accessible, est conçue comme un outil de travail pour les chercheurs désirant accéder directement au texte et souhaitant « interroger » son contenu par une recherche lexicographique. L’édition sera publiée en 2011 dans la collection en ligne  Les Livres d’e-Spania.

Jacques Maurice

Alfonso Franco Silva

The present paper deals with a text of great value for it mentions a great variety of objects which Cardinal Mendoza wanted to offer as gifts to the royal family and other high aristocrats of that age related to him in one way of another.

Fabrizio Bernardi, Juan-Ignacio Mart&#xed;nez-Pastor

The aim of this article is to analyse the determinants of marriage dissolution in Spain and their variation over time for women married between 1949 and 2006. Data are drawn from the Survey of Fertility, Family and Values of 2006. The article analyses the transition from first marriage to marital dissolution for couples who married in two eras: one prior to the Divorce Law of 1981, during which social and legal barriers to dissolution were many, and one in the period after the law was introduced, during which barriers to marriage dissolution were far fewer. Analyses are conducted using a continuous time event history model. The results indicate some similarities between Spain and other countries, such as the positive relationship between the typical features of unconventional families and marital dissolution, but also some specific differences, such as an increase in the importance of premarital pregnancy and/or not having children. It is also important to stress the declining importance of socio-economic variables, such as education and the labour market situation of women.

Delfina Serrano Ruano

Gema Iglesias Rodríguez

Sin resumen