Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Weiyang Liu, Xin Wang, Hu Zhan et al.

Recent JWST observations of Lyman-$α$ emission at $z \sim 11-6$ indicate a rapid reionization of the intergalactic medium within the first $\sim700$ Myr. The required Lyman continuum (LyC) photon budget may naturally arise from the unexpectedly high galaxy number densities revealed by JWST, reducing the need for scenarios invoking very high LyC escape fractions ($f_{\rm esc}\gtrsim0.2$) or dominant contributions from ultra-faint galaxies ($M_{\rm UV}>-15$) in the standard $Λ$CDM framework. In this work, we model the reionization history under the Early Dark Energy (EDE) paradigm -- originally proposed to ease the Hubble tension -- which also explains the observed over-abundance of high-$z$ galaxies without extreme star formation efficiencies. The EDE model yields reionization histories consistent with current constraints while requiring only moderate LyC escape fractions and UV luminosity densities ($f_{\rm esc}\sim 0.05-0.1$, $M_{\rm UV}\lesssim -17$ to $-15$). Our results suggest that, once key astrophysical parameters are better constrained, the reionization history could serve as an independent and complementary probe of EDE cosmologies.

Matthew P. Leighton, Christopher W. Lynn

Non-Markovian stochastic processes are ubiquitous in biology. Nevertheless, we lack a general framework for quantifying historical dependencies. In this Letter, we propose an information-theoretic approach to decompose history dependence in systems with non-Markovian dynamics, quantifying the information encoded in dependencies of each order. In minimal models of non-Markovian dynamics, we show that this framework correctly captures the underlying historical dependencies, even when autocorrelations do not. In prolonged recordings of fly behavior, we find that the scaling of non-Markovian dependencies is invariant across timescales from fractions of a second to minutes. Despite this invariance, the overall amount of non-Markovian information is non-monotonic, suggesting a unique timescale on which historical dependencies are strongest.

Emily K. Roberts, Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay, Mairi W. O'Brien et al.

We compare three methods of deriving the local Galactic star formation history, using as a benchmark the Gaia-defined 40 pc white dwarf sample, currently the largest volume complete sample of stellar remnants with medium-resolution spectroscopy. We create a population synthesis model to 1) reproduce the observed white dwarf luminosity function, 2) reproduce the observed absolute Gaia G magnitude distribution, and 3) directly calculate the ages of all individual white dwarfs in the 40 pc volume. We then compare the star formation histories determined from each method. Previous studies using these methods were based on different white dwarf samples and as such were difficult to compare. Uncertainties in each method such as the initial mass function, initial-final mass relation, main sequence lifetimes, stellar metallicity, white dwarf cooling ages and binary evolution are accounted for to estimate the precision and accuracy of each method. We conclude that no method is quantitatively better at determining the star formation history and all three produce star formation histories that agree within uncertainties of current external astrophysical relations.

Grzegorz Sroślak

Inflation has always been one of the most significant problems of market economies, and its nature and causes have changed throughout history. In Poland, it became particularly evident after World War I, reaching the scale of hyperinflation, and after World War II, it became a permanent element of economic processes. This article analyzes the definition of inflation, pointing out the difference between pure inflation and changes in the price structure, and presents the external and internal sources of the phenomenon. Particular attention is paid to the Polish experience of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, when both overt and suppressed inflation occurred. The study emphasizes the importance of political factors, the trade balance, currency devaluation, and excess money supply. It also points to the role of the monetarist concept of inflation in shaping economic policy after 1989. The conclusions show that inflation is a complex phenomenon, resulting from political, economic, and social interconnectedness, and that its effective containment requires a balance between the money supply and the rate of production growth.

Klara Leander Oh, Gunnar Austrheim, Julien Beguin et al.

Herbivores, including deer (Cervidae), influence ecosystem functions and carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure and composition. Given the increase in deer populations in Europe and North America, there is growing interest in their impact on carbon dynamics in temperate and boreal forests. We investigated the effects of deer on carbon stored in the seedling and sapling layer through two mechanisms: (1) deer affecting the overall aboveground woody biomass in these strata and (2) deer changing the composition of tree species in these strata, because species differ in wood density and carbon content. We performed a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from 12 cases, assessing the effects of deer exclusion on aboveground carbon stocks within the seedling and sapling layer (≤ 3 m) under two scenarios of carbon calculation, where we used either: (1) species-specific carbon content and wood density values (mean scenario) and (2) generic carbon content and wood density values (neutral scenario). Most cases reported inconclusive effects of deer exclusion on aboveground carbon stocks, regardless of species-specific carbon content or wood density values. A total of 35 % of cases showed positive outcomes, indicating that an increase in carbon stocks within deer exclosures. Despite the short duration of cases, and high variation in effect sizes between them, we still found a small, significant difference between coniferous- and deciduous-dominated forest systems. The among-case variability in effects suggests a complex interaction between the impact of deer browsing and forest carbon. Understanding these interactions is vital to assess wildlife-carbon relations and to develop appropriate forest conservation approaches in response to growing deer populations.

Rafał Nowakowski

Anna Kaganiec-Kamieńska

The objective of this article is to examine the historical development of the Puerto Rico Department of Education’s language policy towards migrant students learning Spanish, with a special focus on the current program. The article explores the legal basis, goals, and objectives of these programs, as well as the implementation procedures and evaluation. In the final discussion, the article reflects upon the transnational—rather than national—character of the Puerto Rican community and contemporary language practices on the Island. This study takes a historical approach. The discussion of language policy before 2008 is based on secondary sources, including reports, academic research, and press articles. To examine the current policy, a critical analysis was conducted on policy documents issued by the Puerto Rico Department of Education, with particular attention to six circular letters (cartas circulares) regulating the policy towards migrant students.

Luka Boršić, Ivana Skuhala Karasman

W artykule przybliżono relacje Elzy Kučery z dwiema wybitnymi polskimi intelektualistkami: Ludwiką Dobrzyńską-Rybicką oraz Zofią Korczyńską. Relacja Kučery z Dobrzyńską-Rybicką była szczególnie ciepła i serdeczna, charakteryzowała się głęboką więzią osobistą. Natomiast relacja Kučery z Korczyńską miała głównie charakter zawodowy i opierała się na ich wspólnych zainteresowaniach w dziedzinie psychologii. Dzięki zachowanej korespondencji możemy uzyskać cenne informacje zarówno o ich życiu prywatnym, jak i zawodowym. Obszerna wymiana listów pozwoliła Kučerze na dogłębne poznanie sytuacji i rozwoju psychologii w Polsce w tamtym okresie.

Marcin Nowakowski

In this paper we focus on the underlying quantum structure of temporal correlations and show their peculiar nature which differentiate them from spatial quantum correlations. With a growing interest in representation of quantum states as topological objects, we consider quantum history bundles based on the temporal manifold and show the source of violation of monogamous temporal Bell-like inequalities. We introduce definitions for the mixture of quantum histories and consider their entanglement as sections over the Hilbert vector bundles. As a generalization of temporal Bell-like inequalities, we derive the quantum bound for multi-time Bell-like inequalities.

A. Greinert, J. Kostecki

Death is inseparable from the functioning of the biosphere, including the presence of humans on the World. In 2023, the World population is 8.05 billion, with a global death toll of 150,000 per day. A number of burial sites are associated with the operation of cities, which today have a total population of 4.4 billion people. As settlement forms with a history of thousands of years, cities also have a history of burials implementing. So, the cities are the places for the living and the dead. Nowadays, the burial land includes areas of continuous burial use, such as those converted into parks, green spaces and even built-up areas. In all of these areas, soils have developed as a result of specific cemetery use and subsequent changes in soils caused by a change in a land use form. All of the soils of burial areas could be referred to necrosols, with characteristic features such as: soil profile turbation, burial remains, enrichment of deeper soil horizons with phosphorus and carbon, soil deep mixing, and the presence of various artifacts.In this paper we describe the current state of recognition of the cemeteries of the city of Zielona Góra (Poland) and their soils. In doing so, we draw attention to their spatial variation both concerning the location, relating to the structure of the soil profiles, and the main characteristics of soils. We have described examples of soils of former cemeteries, which, in the course of urban development, found themselves within built-up areas. Using modern classifications, they can unfortunately only be described as “technogenic” or “other soils” without indicating the presence of former burials. The soils remain in relation to the form of organization of burials, the different approaches to the use of these specific areas in the past and the modern location within the urban area and its form of use. We found the presence of diverse soil profiles in post-cemetery areas within the city, which cannot be well described using the WRB and local soil classification systems. The only choices for such a soils are: Terric Anthrosols and Urbic, Spolic, Ekranic Technosols or Regosols, with some supplementary qualifiers. According to the newest Soil Classification of Poland they represent: Anthrosols, Rigosols, Turbisols, Ekranosols, and Urbisols. Soil characteristics correlate strongly with present land use in urban areas. Historical cemeteries often do not show characteristics similar to recent burial sites apart from human remains at various depths. It is useful to indicate the presence of ancient burial sites for planning urban development. However, there is still not enough data to propose a new reference soil group. It is therefore recommended to propose a necric qualifier reflecting this.

Joanna D. Sakowska, Noelia E. D. Noël, Tomás Ruiz-Lara et al.

We present the spatially resolved star formation history (SFH) of a shell-like structure located in the northeastern Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We quantitatively obtain the SFH using unprecedented deep photometric data (g~24 magnitude) from the SMASH survey and colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) fitting techniques. We consider, for the first time, the SMC's line-of-sight depth and its optical effects on the CMDs. The SFH presents higher accuracy when a line-of-sight depth of ~3 Kpc is simulated. We find young star formation enhancements at ~150 Myr, ~200 Myr, ~450 Myr, ~650 Myr, and ~1 Gyr. Comparing the shell's SFH with the Large Magellanic Cloud's (LMC) northern arm SFH we show strong evidence of synchronicity from at least the past ~2.8 Gyr and, possibly, the past ~3.5 Gyr. Our results place constraints on the orbital history of the Magellanic Clouds which, potentially, have implications on their dynamical mass estimates.

Hyejin Hong, Hibiki Kawano, Takuto Maekawa et al.

In today's society, information overload presents challenges in providing optimal recommendations. Consequently, the importance of dialogue systems that can discern and provide the necessary information through dialogue is increasingly recognized. However, some concerns existing dialogue systems rely on pre-trained models and need help to cope with real-time or insufficient information. To address these concerns, models that allow the addition of missing information to dialogue robots are being proposed. Yet, maintaining the integrity of previous conversation history while integrating new data remains a formidable challenge. This paper presents a novel system for dialogue robots designed to remember user-specific characteristics by retaining past conversation history even as new information is added.

Andrea Santangelo, Rosalia Madonia, Santina Piraino

In this chapter, we briefly review the history of X-ray astronomy through its missions. We follow a temporal development, from the first instruments onboard rockets and balloons to the most recent and complex space missions. We intend to provide the reader with detailed information and references on the many missions and instruments that have contributed to the success of the exploration of the X-ray universe. We have not included missions that are still operating, providing the worldwide community with high-quality observations. Specific chapters for these missions are included in a dedicated section of the handbook.

Caitlin C. Doughty, Joseph F. Hennawi, Jose Oñorbe et al.

The epoch of hydrogen reionization is complete by $z=5$, but its progression at higher redshifts is uncertain. Measurements of Ly$α$ forest opacity show large scatter at $z<6$, suggestive of spatial fluctuations in neutral fraction ($x_\mathrm{HI}$), temperature, or ionizing background, either individually or in combination. However, these effects are degenerate, necessitating modeling these physics in tandem in order to properly interpret the observations. We begin this process by developing a framework for modeling the reionization history and associated temperature fluctuations, with the intention of incorporating ionizing background fluctuations at a later time. To do this, we generate several reionization histories using semi-numerical code AMBER, selecting histories with volume-weighted neutral fractions that adhere to the observed CMB optical depth and dark pixel fractions. Implementing these histories in the \texttt{Nyx} cosmological hydrodynamics code, we examine the evolution of gas within the simulation, and the associated metrics of the Ly$α$ forest opacity. We find that the pressure smoothing scale within the IGM is strongly correlated with the adiabatic index of the temperature-density relation. We find that while models with 20,000 K photoheating at reionization are better able to reproduce the shape of the observed $z=5$ 1D flux power spectrum than those with 10,000 K, they fail to match the highest wavenumbers. The simulated autocorrelation function and optical depth distributions are systematically low and narrow, respectively, compared to the observed values, but are in better agreement when the reionization history is longer in duration, more symmetric in its distribution of reionization redshifts, or if there are remaining neutral regions at $z<6$. The systematically low variance likely requires the addition of a fluctuating UVB.

Bartosz PASTERSKI

This article presents the circumstances of the birth of occupational medicine in the interwar period in Poland. The first regulations concerning preventive examinations of young employees were created on the basis of the Act of July 2, 1924, concerning the work of minors and women. This act imposed an obligation on business entities to carry out free medical examinations for minors as ordered by the labor inspector. The first examination of underage employees was carried out in 1926. However, compliance with the laws and orders of the labor inspectorate during the interwar period left much to be desired. There was a shortage of doctors in the labor inspectorate, and a shortage of specialized medics to carry out the examinations. Despite the difficulties, the period in question saw the successful introduction of compulsory medical examinations for young workers. In 1930, 16,121 underage employees were diagnosed in this way. The interwar years also saw the first initiatives resulting from an increased awareness of preventive care for adult workers.

Agata Derlaga, Beata Namyślak

Air passenger transport during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland Air transport development trends were disrupted as a result of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the emergence of a global pandemic. During this difficult period, the largest drop in the number of air passengers in history occurred. For example, in 2020, compared to 2019, there was a global decrease in the number of passengers in air transport by 60% and in Poland by 70%. Temporary restrictions were introduced, related to, inter alia, the cancellation of flights from countries with a high incidence rate, a mandatory SARS-CoV-2 virus test or a quarantine order upon arrival. The main aim of the study was to present the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on passenger traffic at Polish airports. Attempts were made to obtain answers to the following questions: (1) what were the changes in the number of passengers served in Poland before and during the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) what actions/restrictions were taken in the field of air transport in the face of an increased number of COVID-19 cases; and (3) how has the SARS-CoV-2 virus affected airports and air carriers in Poland. The research was based on the statistical data of: the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), Eurostat, Eurocontrol, and the Polish Central Statistical Office. The study presents the situation as of the end of 2021. Zarys treści: Tendencje rozwojowe transportu lotniczego zostały zachwiane w wyniku rozprzestrzeniania się SARS-CoV-2 i pojawienia się globalnej pandemii. W tym trudnym okresie miał miejsce największy w historii spadek liczby obsłużonych pasażerów. Przykładowo, w stosunku do 2019 r. nastąpił spadek liczby pasażerów w transporcie lotniczym na świecie o 60%, a w Polsce o 70%. Wprowadzone były czasowe obostrzenia związane m.in. z rezygnacją z lotów z państw o wysokim współczynniku zachorowań, obowiązkowym testem na obecność SARS-CoV-2 czy nakazem odbycia kwarantanny po przylocie. Celem głównym opracowania jest przedstawienie wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na ruch pasażerski w portach lotniczych w Polsce. Starano się uzyskać odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: (1) jakie były zmiany liczby obsłużonych pasażerów w Polsce przed i w czasie pandemii COVID-19; (2) jakie podejmowano działania/obostrzenia w zakresie transportu lotniczego w obliczu wzmożonej liczby zachorowań oraz (3) jak rozprzestrzenianie się SARS-CoV-2 wpłynęło na porty lotnicze i przewoźników w Polsce. Praca powstała na podstawie danych statystycznych Urzędu Lotnictwa Cywilnego (ULC), Eurostat-u, Eurocontrol-u i Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. Opracowanie przedstawia stan na koniec 2021 r.

E. Cukanovaite, P. -E. Tremblay, S. Toonen et al.

We derive the local stellar formation history from the Gaia-defined 40 pc white dwarf sample. This is currently the largest volume-complete sample of white dwarfs for which spectroscopy is available, allowing for classification of the chemical abundances at the photosphere, and subsequently accurate determination of the atmospheric parameters. We create a population synthesis model and show that a uniform stellar formation history for the last ~10.5 Gyr provides a satisfactory fit to the observed distribution of absolute Gaia G magnitudes. To test the robustness of our derivation, we vary various assumptions in the population synthesis model, including the initial mass function, initial-to-final mass relation, kinematic evolution, binary fraction and white dwarf cooling timescales. From these tests, we conclude that the assumptions in our model have an insignificant effect on the derived relative stellar formation rate as a function of look-back time. However, the onset of stellar formation (age of Galactic disc) is sensitive to a variety of input parameters including the white dwarf cooling models. Our derived stellar formation history gives a much better fit to the absolute Gaia G magnitudes than most previous studies.

Jarosław Wołkonowski

As many as 7465 Soviet soldiers died during fighting against the German troops in July 1944 in the Vilnius region (today’s Lithuania). After World War II, the Soviet authorities turned the soldiers’ burial sites into cemeteries and war memorials. Located in towns and cities, these places of remembrance served to perpetuate the Soviet perspective on World War II and the Soviet ideology. Nonetheless, the burial sites have been regarded as foreign elements in the region, both culturally and ideologically. After 1990, the Lithuanian government adopted new national and international regulations concerning the burial places of soldiers killed during World War II. In 1992, the local authorities in Nemenčinė (Polish: Niemenczyn) organized an official ceremony during which the remains of the Soviet soldiers were transferred from the town centre to a municipal cemetery. A red star on the monument was then replaced by an orthodox cross. Such changes may help to relieve the towns and cities from the bitter legacy of the former Soviet ideology. After 2000, using the Lithuanian international obligations, the Russian side began reconstructing and contemporizing the places of remembrance by placing the symbol of the orthodox cross next to the symbol of the red star. This may, in time, change the attitude of the local communities towards such places. However, Lithuanian authorities are inclined to believe that the cemeteries of the Soviet soldiers may become a “Trojan horse” and have an adverse effect on Lithuania.

Katarzyna Michalewicz

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie, w jaki sposób wybrane polskie czasopisma w latach 1931–1939, czyli w czasie pomiędzy nową fazą konfliktu pomiędzy Chinami i Japonią a wybuchem II wojny światowej, przedstawiały Szanghaj. Był on omawiany w kontekście modernizacji Chin, II wojny chińsko-japońskiej oraz działalności Polonii szanghajskiej. A także podobnie jak dziś, był postrzegany jako jeden z symboli Państwa Środka. W pierwszym przypadku, redakcje czasopism podkreślały jego szczególną rolę polityczną, gospodarczą i kulturową w Państwie Środka. Dziennikarze zazwyczaj oceniali metropolię jako miasto wielu kultur, szans i kontrastów społecznych. W przypadku konfliktu chińsko-japońskiego los bombardowanego Szanghaju i jego mieszkańców w polskiej prasie stał się symbolem japońskich zbrodni. Dziennikarze przy tym chwalili również męstwo chińskich żołnierzy, którzy ofiarnie bronili miasta. Polskie czasopisma niewiele wspominały o Polonii szanghajskiej. Zazwyczaj były to jedyne krótkie notatki na ten temat albo pojedyncze wzmianki dodawane przy omawianiu innych zagadnień.

Marta Szkiela, E. Kusideł, T. Makowiec-Dąbrowska et al.

Shift work is considered a risk factor for some health problems. This study aimed to determine whether night shift work is a significant factor for breast cancer risk. The case–control study was conducted from 2015–2019 in the Łódź region. The case group included 494 women diagnosed with malignant breast cancer; the control group included 515 healthy women. The research tool was an anonymous questionnaire. In the case group, the percentage of women working shift work was 51.9%, whereas in the control group, it was 34.1% (OR = 2.08 (95% CI: 1.61; 2.69)). A more insightful examination of shift work showed that only night work has a significant impact on breast cancer (OR = 2.61 (95% CI: 1.94; 3.53)). Even after considering the effect of other possible cancer factors (like high BMI, smoking, early menstruation, late menopause, pregnancy history, age, place of living, education), the odds of developing cancer were twice as high in the group of shift workers (OR = 2.20 (95% CI: 1.57; 3.08)). Considering a significantly higher risk of cancer among people working at night and a high percentage of such employees in Poland, the government should consider special action in the prophylactic treatment of cancers.