Abstract No other country defined the trajectory of Churchill's political career more than Germany, a country of which he had little direct knowledge but which he either sought to emulate, accommodate or oppose throughout his time in politics. This article traces Churchill's relationship with Germany from his entry into politics at the beginning of the Edwardian era through to the end of his life, when a newly prosperous West Germany had become a fixture in Cold War international politics.
This article takes a comparative perspective on the question of how the history of Ukraine is represented in recent history textbooks of Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK in a categorical relation to Europe. It analyzes which themes, concepts, and narratives of European history are formative for the representations of Ukraine and how the representations have changed since the 1990s. The article asks to what extent Europe is articulated as a historical-political argument, which values characterized as European are invoked, and to what extent Europe has ultimately become a genuine promise for Ukraine. It focuses on the following questions: What significance is ascribed to Ukraine’s European past? With what specific values is such a European past of Ukraine associated, and to what extent does the reference to Europe function as a discursive resource? Which topics are associated with which value attributions, and which epochs are focused on? Finally, which spatial patterns and temporal narratives are used overall for the “European-ness” of Ukraine?
Shahidul Islam, Ashik Aowal, Md Sharif Uddin
et al.
Reconstructing a method's change history efficiently and accurately is critical for many software engineering tasks, including maintenance, refactoring, and comprehension. Despite the availability of method history generation tools such as CodeShovel and CodeTracker, existing evaluations of their effectiveness are limited by inaccuracies in the ground truth oracles used. In this study, we systematically construct two new oracles -- the corrected CodeShovel oracle and a newly developed HistoryFinder oracle -- by combining automated analysis with expert-guided manual validation. We also introduce HistoryFinder, a new method history generation tool designed to improve not only the accuracy and completeness of method change histories but also to offer competitive runtime performance. Through extensive evaluation across 400 methods from 40 open-source repositories, we show that HistoryFinder consistently outperforms CodeShovel, CodeTracker, IntelliJ, and Git-based baselines in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. Moreover, HistoryFinder achieves competitive runtime performance, offering the lowest mean and median execution times among all the research-based tools. While Git-based tools exhibit the fastest runtimes, this efficiency comes at the cost of significantly lower precision and recall -- leaving HistoryFinder as the best overall choice when both accuracy and efficiency are important. To facilitate adoption, we provide a web interface, CLI, and Java library for flexible usage.
Weightlifting emerged in Italy during the late 19th century, particularly within the industrial triangle of Turin, Genoa and Milan.On an international level, the sport’s debut occurred at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens and the 1904 St. Louis Games, in addition to the 1906 Athens ‘Intermediate Games,’ which featured exercises rooted in the French method. Central European countries practised a divergent method, which would soon become known as the continental method. The two methods remained at odds with one another, failing to reach a compromise, until the outbreak of the First World War. However, the 1916 Berlin Olympics had the potential to alter the course of history. Central European lifters had increasingly adopted the French method, and while the opposition remained on the two-handed jerk, a compromise was theoretically reached for Berlin, leaving the athlete free to choose the preferred way of performing the jerk. The Italian contingent, under the patronage of Marquis Monticelli Obizzi, had become versed in both methods, though the French one had gained the upper hand. Following the First World War, and with Austria and Germany excluded from active participation, France proceeded to impose its own method. Later on, it established an international governing body (FIH) at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, where Italy achieved a noteworthy result. During the four-year Olympic period leading up to Paris 1924, a contentious relationship emerged between the countries that had been excluded from the Olympics and France. France administered the FIH with rigidity, and any attempt to overturn this top-down management was fruitless. Italy, already grappling with a difficult political life and ruled by fascism since 1922, adopted a low profile, avoiding any compromise, partially obtaining recognition for its records and preparing for an unexpected triumph in Paris 1924 thanks to Gabetti, Galimberti and Tonani. The history of this fruitful course has been reconstructed, however, avoiding the track of the official book of the IWF (heir of the FIH), Il passato perduto (The Lost Past), as it omits some important historical issues and is marred by interpretations that are erroneous, incomplete and not adherent to the real connections of the true facts
Aims:
Patients with a history of osteotomy or osteosynthesis pose distinct challenges in total hip arthroplasty (THA) due to altered anatomy and biomechanics. Although THA is an established intervention for degenerative hip disease, limited evidence exists on its long-term outcomes in this cohort, especially regarding revision rates, mortality, and complications. This registry study aimed to determine these outcomes using data from a large national registry.
Methods:
This registry study analyzed data from the German Arthroplasty Registry (EPRD), which captures approximately 70% of all hip arthroplasties in Germany. Among 418,409 patients undergoing THA between November 2012 and March 2024, 5,392 were included after 1:1 Mahalanobis distance matching for age, sex, BMI, and comorbidities: 2,696 patients with a history of osteotomy or osteosynthesis compared with 2,696 patients without. Kaplan-Meier survival curves estimated revision and mortality risks over an eight-year follow-up.
Results:
Over eight years, patients with prior osteotomy or osteosynthesis had significantly higher revision (6.8%, n = 183/2,696 vs 3.9%, n = 105/2,696, p = 0.002) and mortality (25.2%, n = 679/2,696 vs 20.4%, n = 550/2,696, p < 0.001) rates than those without prior hip surgery. Infection (17%, n = 22/131 vs 16%, n = 15/94), periprosthetic fracture (14%, n = 18/131 vs 12%, n = 11/94), and dislocation (14%, n = 18/131 vs 8.5%, n=8/94) were leading causes of revision. For cementless femoral components, prior-surgery patients had an eight-year revision rate of 7.3%, n = 143/1,957 compared with 3.6%, n = 71/1,958 (p = 0.003) and a mortality rate of 17.3%, n = 339/1,957 compared with 10.9%, n = 213/1,958 (p < 0.001). For cemented femoral components, revision rates were 4.9%, n = 36/739, compared with 4.7%, n = 35/738 (p = 0.330), and mortality 46.3%, n = 342/739, compared with 43.0%, n = 317/738 (p < 0.001). At one year, the revision rate in the prior-surgery group was already elevated at 3.7% (95% CI 3.1 to 4.5; n = 100/2,696) compared with 2.6% (95% CI 2.0 to 3.3; n = 70/2,696) in controls, diverging further over time.
Conclusion:
Patients with prior osteotomy or osteosynthesis undergoing THA face higher long-term revision and mortality risks, particularly with cementless stem fixation. Infection, periprosthetic fracture, and dislocation are key causes of revision.
Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2025;6(8):915–923.
Sergio R. Pérez Rosal, Sonya C. Faber, Monnica T. Williams
Abstract Background and objective In German healthcare, the colloquial term “Morbus Mediterraneus” is often used to dismiss pain complaints from racialized patients—particularly women of Mediterranean or non-White backgrounds—as exaggerated or dramatized. Although this label has no scientific basis, it perpetuates biased assumptions that lead to serious consequences, including undertreatment, misdiagnoses, and loss of trust in medical institutions. This paper provides a conceptual and literature-based analysis of how “Morbus Mediterraneus” reflects broader racist beliefs about pain tolerance, rooted in both colonial history and cultural norms in Germany. Methodology This is a conceptual study drawing on previously published qualitative findings, historical records, and contemporary literature regarding racism, pain perception, and healthcare disparities. We review how confusion around racial terminology in German discourse impedes recognition and measurement of systemic racism. We integrate scholarship from critical race theory, intersectionality, and structural competence to highlight the deep-seated impact of racial biases on clinical decision-making. Results Our analysis shows that “Morbus Mediterraneus” arises from a longstanding pattern of racialized medicine, where factors such as colonial research abuses, cultural misinterpretations of pain expression, and implicit provider biases converge. These biases systematically devalue the pain of racialized patients, especially women, and undermine patient–provider trust. Furthermore, we identify how gendered and racial stereotypes about emotional display and stoicism compound to create unique barriers to proper pain management. Conclusions Confronting biases tied to “Morbus Mediterraneus” requires integrated reforms across medical education, clinical practice, and policy. We recommend mandatory anti-racism and structural competence training, greater racial diversity among healthcare workers, standardized pain-assessment protocols, and improved data collection on race and ethnicity. By acknowledging colonial legacies and cultural norms that shape pain perception, German healthcare can better address systemic racism, ensure equitable pain management, and ultimately improve patient outcomes for all.
This short paper describes the first steps in a project to construct a knowledge graph for Brazilian history based on the Brazilian Dictionary of Historical Biographies (DHBB) and Wikipedia/Wikidata. We contend that large repositories of Brazilian-named entities (people, places, organizations, and political events and movements) would be beneficial for extracting information from Portuguese texts. We show that many of the terms/entities described in the DHBB do not have corresponding concepts (or Q items) in Wikidata, the largest structured database of entities associated with Wikipedia. We describe previous work on extracting information from the DHBB and outline the steps to construct a Wikidata-based historical knowledge graph.
Connor Basinger, Marc Pinsonneault, Sandra T. Bastelberger
et al.
Stellar evolution theory predicts that the Sun was fainter in the past, which can pose difficulties for understanding Earth's climate history. One proposed solution to this Faint Young Sun problem is a more luminous Sun in the past. In this paper, we address the robustness of the solar luminosity history using the YREC code to compute solar models including rotation, magnetized winds, and the associated mass loss. We present detailed solar models, including their evolutionary history, which are in excellent agreement with solar observables. Consistent with prior standard models, we infer a high solar metal content. We provide predicted X-ray luminosities and rotation histories for usage in climate reconstructions and activity studies. We find that the Sun's luminosity deviates from the standard solar model trajectory by at most 0.5% during the Archean (corresponding to a radiative forcing of 0.849 W m$^{-2}$). The total mass loss experienced by solar models is modest because of strong feedback between mass and angular momentum loss. We find a maximum mass loss of $1.35 \times 10^{-3} M_\odot$ since birth, at or below the level predicted by empirical estimates. The associated maximum luminosity increase falls well short of the level necessary to solve the FYS problem. We present compilations of paleotemperature and CO$_2$ reconstructions. 1-D "inverse" climate models demonstrate a mismatch between the solar constant needed to reach high temperatures (e.g. 60-80 $^{\circ}$C) and the narrow range of plausible solar luminosities determined in this study. Maintaining a temperate Earth, however, is plausible given these conditions.
Frank Ursin, Cristian Timmermann, Lasse Benzinger
et al.
IntroductionHead-mounted displays (HMDs) that superimpose holograms onto patients are of particular surgical interest as they are believed to dramatically change surgical procedures by including safety warning and allowing real-time offsite consultations. Although there are promising benefits of mixed and augmented reality (MR/AR) technologies in surgery, they also raise new ethical concerns. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the full spectrum of ethical issues that is raised for surgeons in the intraoperative application of MR/AR technology.MethodsFive bibliographic databases were searched for publications on the use of MR/AR, HMDs and other devices, their intraoperative application in surgery, and ethical issues. We applied qualitative content analysis to the n = 50 articles included. Firstly, we coded the material with deductive categories derived from ethical frameworks for surgical innovations, complications and research. Secondly, clinical aspects with ethical relevance were inductively coded as ethical issues within the main categories. Thirdly, we pooled the ethical issues into themes and sub-themes. We report our findings according to the reporting guideline RESERVE.ResultsWe found n = 143 ethical issues across ten main themes, namely patient-physician relationship, informed consent, professionalism, research and innovation, legal and regulatory issues, functioning equipment and optimal operating conditions, allocation of resources, minimizing harm, good communication skills and the ability to exercise sound judgement. The five most prevalent ethical issues are “Need for continuous research and innovation”, “Ensuring improvement of the learning curve”, “MR/AR enables new maneuvers for surgeons”, “Ensuring improvement of comfort, ergonomics, and usability of devices,” and “Not withholding MR/AR if it performs better”.ConclusionsRecognizing the evidence-based limitations of the intraoperative MR/AR application is of paramount importance to avoid ethical issues, but clinical trials in surgery pose particular ethical risks for patients. Regarding the digital surgeon, long-term impact on human workforce, potentially harmful “negative training,” i.e., acquiring inappropriate behaviors, and the fear of surveillance need further attention. MR/AR technologies offer not only challenges but significant advantages, promoting a more equitable distribution of surgical expertise and optimizing healthcare. Aligned with the core principle of social justice, these technologies enable surgeons to collaborate globally, improving training conditions and addressing enduring global healthcare inequalities.
Simon Petrus, Niall Whiteford, Polychronis Patapis
et al.
The unprecedented medium-resolution ( R _λ ∼ 1500–3500) near- and mid-infrared (1–18 μ m) spectrum provided by JWST for the young (140 ± 20 Myr) low-mass (12–20 M _Jup ) L–T transition (L7) companion VHS 1256 b gives access to a catalog of molecular absorptions. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of this data set utilizing a forward-modeling approach applying our Bayesian framework, ForMoSA . We explore five distinct atmospheric models to assess their performance in estimating key atmospheric parameters: T _eff , log( g ), [M/H], C/O, γ , f _sed , and R . Our findings reveal that each parameter’s estimate is significantly influenced by factors such as the wavelength range considered and the model chosen for the fit. This is attributed to systematic errors in the models and their challenges in accurately replicating the complex atmospheric structure of VHS 1256 b, notably the complexity of its clouds and dust distribution. To propagate the impact of these systematic uncertainties on our atmospheric property estimates, we introduce innovative fitting methodologies based on independent fits performed on different spectral windows. We finally derived a T _eff consistent with the spectral type of the target, considering its young age, which is confirmed by our estimate of log( g ). Despite the exceptional data quality, attaining robust estimates for chemical abundances [M/H] and C/O, often employed as indicators of formation history, remains challenging. Nevertheless, the pioneering case of JWST’s data for VHS 1256 b has paved the way for future acquisitions of substellar spectra that will be systematically analyzed to directly compare the properties of these objects and correct the systematics in the models.
We present a performance analysis for the aperture masking interferometry (AMI) mode on board the James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (JWST/NIRISS). Thanks to self-calibrating observables, AMI accesses inner working angles down to and even within the classical diffraction limit. The scientific potential of this mode has recently been demonstrated by the Early Release Science (ERS) 1386 program with a deep search for close-in companions in the HIP 65426 exoplanetary system. As part of ERS 1386, we use the same data set to explore the random, static, and calibration errors of NIRISS AMI observables. We compare the observed noise properties and achievable contrast to theoretical predictions. We explore possible sources of calibration errors and show that differences in charge migration between the observations of HIP 65426 and point-spread function calibration stars can account for the achieved contrast curves. Lastly, we use self-calibration tests to demonstrate that with adequate calibration NIRISS F380M AMI can reach contrast levels of ∼9–10 mag at ≳ λ / D . These tests lead us to observation planning recommendations and strongly motivate future studies aimed at producing sophisticated calibration strategies taking these systematic effects into account. This will unlock the unprecedented capabilities of JWST/NIRISS AMI, with sensitivity to significantly colder, lower-mass exoplanets than lower-contrast ground-based AMI setups, at orbital separations inaccessible to JWST coronagraphy.
Kathrin van Bremen, Miłosz Parczewski, Malte Monin
et al.
<b>Introduction:</b> War in Ukraine prompted an enormous refugee influx into Europe, including approximately 4200 people with HIV. The unique healthcare features of Ukrainian refugees living with HIV were compared between two infectious disease departments in Bonn, Germany, and Szczecin, Poland. <b>Methods:</b> This is a retrospective study on 161 people living with HIV (PLWH) refugees from Ukraine seeking care in Bonn (n = 30) and Szczecin (n = 131) between April 2022 and May 2023. Demographic, virologic, immunologic, and coinfection data were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> The majority of the studied individuals were female: 64% (n = 84) in Szczecin and 60% (n = 18) in Bonn. The main HIV transmission mode was heterosexual sex in 73.5% (n = 114). All were on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) on arrival, primarily on the TLD regimen (TDF/3TC/DTG) (68.4%, n = 106). In Germany, cART was most frequently switched to BIC/TAF/FTC in 83.4% (n = 25); in Poland, the most common combination was TDF/FTC + DTG (58%, n = 76). A prevalence of replicating hepatitis C was in 11.7% (n = 15), and that for chronic hepatitis B (HBV) was in 4.7% (n = 4). History of past tuberculosis was reported in 16.9% (n = 14, Poland, and n = 7, Germany). Follow-up after 6 months showed immunological reconstitution with a mean increase of CD4+ of 10 (IQR: −69.5–120.5) cells/µL in Poland and 51.5 (IQR: −22.5–135.5) cells/µL in Germany; <i>p</i> = 0.04. Virologic suppression (<40 HIV-RNA/mL) was high in care entry (n = 62; 98%) for Poland, and n = 26 (92.6%) for Germany, and suppression was achieved in the majority of patients in the 6-month control (89.7% in Poland vs. 95.7% in Germany). <b>Conclusions:</b> Health challenges posed by war migration extend beyond HIV to coinfections as HBV, HCV, and tuberculosis give an indication for a broader search for coinfections, often less common in the new country.
Sougata Bose, Thomas A. Henzinger, Karoliina Lehtinen
et al.
We explore the notion of history-determinism in the context of timed automata (TA) over infinite timed words. History-deterministic (HD) automata are those in which nondeterminism can be resolved on the fly, based on the run constructed thus far. History-determinism is a robust property that admits different game-based characterisations, and HD specifications allow for game-based verification without an expensive determinization step. We show that the class of timed $ω$-languages recognized by HD timed automata strictly extends that of deterministic ones, and is strictly included in those recognised by fully non-deterministic TA. For non-deterministic timed automata it is known that universality is already undecidable for safety/reachability TA. For history-deterministic TA with arbitrary parity acceptance, we show that timed universality, inclusion, and synthesis all remain decidable and are EXPTIME-complete. For the subclass of TA with safety or reachability acceptance, one can decide (in EXPTIME) whether such an automaton is history-deterministic. If so, it can effectively determinized without introducing new automaton states.
Explainability of machine learning models is mandatory when researchers introduce these commonly believed black boxes to real-world tasks, especially high-stakes ones. In this paper, we build a machine learning system to automatically generate explanations of happened events from history by \gls{ca} based on the \acrfull{tpp}. Specifically, we propose a new task called \acrfull{ehd}. This task requires a model to distill as few events as possible from observed history. The target is that the event distribution conditioned on left events predicts the observed future noticeably worse. We then regard distilled events as the explanation for the future. To efficiently solve \acrshort{ehd}, we rewrite the task into a \gls{01ip} and directly estimate the solution to the program by a model called \acrfull{model}. This work fills the gap between our task and existing works, which only spot the difference between factual and counterfactual worlds after applying a predefined modification to the environment. Experiment results on Retweet and StackOverflow datasets prove that \acrshort{model} significantly outperforms other \acrshort{ehd} baselines and can reveal the rationale underpinning real-world processes.
Michael Gref, Nike Matthiesen, Sreenivasa Hikkal Venugopala
et al.
For research in audiovisual interview archives often it is not only of interest what is said but also how. Sentiment analysis and emotion recognition can help capture, categorize and make these different facets searchable. In particular, for oral history archives, such indexing technologies can be of great interest. These technologies can help understand the role of emotions in historical remembering. However, humans often perceive sentiments and emotions ambiguously and subjectively. Moreover, oral history interviews have multi-layered levels of complex, sometimes contradictory, sometimes very subtle facets of emotions. Therefore, the question arises of the chance machines and humans have capturing and assigning these into predefined categories. This paper investigates the ambiguity in human perception of emotions and sentiment in German oral history interviews and the impact on machine learning systems. Our experiments reveal substantial differences in human perception for different emotions. Furthermore, we report from ongoing machine learning experiments with different modalities. We show that the human perceptual ambiguity and other challenges, such as class imbalance and lack of training data, currently limit the opportunities of these technologies for oral history archives. Nonetheless, our work uncovers promising observations and possibilities for further research.
Rebecca Vega Thurber, Emily R. Schmeltzer, Andréa G. Grottoli
et al.
Coral reefs are declining worldwide primarily because of bleaching and subsequent mortality resulting from thermal stress. Currently, extensive efforts to engage in more holistic research and restoration endeavors have considerably expanded the techniques applied to examine coral samples. Despite such advances, coral bleaching and restoration studies are often conducted within a specific disciplinary focus, where specimens are collected, preserved, and archived in ways that are not always conducive to further downstream analyses by specialists in other disciplines. This approach may prevent the full utilization of unexpended specimens, leading to siloed research, duplicative efforts, unnecessary loss of additional corals to research endeavors, and overall increased costs. A recent US National Science Foundation-sponsored workshop set out to consolidate our collective knowledge across the disciplines of Omics, Physiology, and Microscopy and Imaging regarding the methods used for coral sample collection, preservation, and archiving. Here, we highlight knowledge gaps and propose some simple steps for collecting, preserving, and archiving coral-bleaching specimens that can increase the impact of individual coral bleaching and restoration studies, as well as foster additional analyses and future discoveries through collaboration. Rapid freezing of samples in liquid nitrogen or placing at −80 °C to −20 °C is optimal for most Omics and Physiology studies with a few exceptions; however, freezing samples removes the potential for many Microscopy and Imaging-based analyses due to the alteration of tissue integrity during freezing. For Microscopy and Imaging, samples are best stored in aldehydes. The use of sterile gloves and receptacles during collection supports the downstream analysis of host-associated bacterial and viral communities which are particularly germane to disease and restoration efforts. Across all disciplines, the use of aseptic techniques during collection, preservation, and archiving maximizes the research potential of coral specimens and allows for the greatest number of possible downstream analyses.
<p>The Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of
South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot of global significance, and its
archeological record has substantially contributed to the understanding of
modern human origins. For both reasons, the climate and vegetation history
of southwestern South Africa is of interest to numerous fields. Currently
known paleoenvironmental records cover the Holocene, the last
glacial–interglacial transition and parts of the last glaciation but do not
encompass a full glacial–interglacial cycle. To obtain a continuous
vegetation record of the last Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles, we
studied pollen, spores and micro-charcoal of deep-sea sediments from IODP
Site U1479 retrieved from SW of Cape Town. We compare our palynological
results of the Pleistocene with previously published results of Pliocene
material from the same site. We find that the vegetation of the GCFR, in
particular fynbos and afrotemperate forest, responds to precessional forcing
of climate. The micro-charcoal record confirms the importance of fires in
the fynbos vegetation. Ericaceae-rich and Asteraceae-rich types of fynbos
could extend on the western part of the Paleo-Agulhas Plain (PAP), which
emerged during periods of low sea level of the Pleistocene.</p>
The PiS party, which has been in power in Poland since October 2015, has completely subjugated the public television TVP. Every day, it runs the state propaganda, whose symbol has become the headlines in the main Polish news called Wiadomości (The News). Germany, along with the opposition and the EU, is most often attacked in them. Headlines such as “Germany does not want a strong Poland”, “Brussels, Berlin and the opposition are against Poland”, “The opposition and Germany want to punish Poland” are not uncommon and are jokingly called paski grozy (horror headlines) by internet users. The aim of this article is to examine selected headlines in relation to the linguistic persuasion strategies that serve to reinforce the negative image of Germany in Poland on the one hand, and lead to the heating up of anti-German emotions on the other. A headline is understood here as a short sentence or sentence ellipsis that has a visual character and fulfils an introductory function for the right journalistic material. The character and communication pragmatic role of such headlines coincide with those known from the press. The corpus comprises 34 headlines coming from the period of 2016–2019 and was divided into four domains with regard to the topics touched upon in them: Politics, History, Society or Economy. In the analysis, elements related to the linguistic expression of reality assessment were taken into account. Four groups of these elements were distinguished: words and expressions independent of the author, interrogative sentences, evaluative elements at the system and sentence level, and evaluative elements referring to the external linguistic context. The analysis shows that with the help of the evaluation elements at the system and sentence level, connotations and implicatures, Germany and Germans were presented in a clearly unfavourable light. In eight headlines, negative information was implied, five headlines contained negative connotations, and in six headlines other negatively charged evaluation elements were added to neutral terms. Finally, in seven headlines, lexemes occur that have exclusively a hostility-increasing role. Only 3 headlines were classified as neutral.
Computers are used for various purposes, so frequent context switching is inevitable. In this setting, retrieving the documents, files, and web pages that have been used for a task can be a challenge. While modern applications provide a history of recent documents for users to resume work, this is not sufficient to retrieve all the digital resources relevant to a given primary document. The histories currently available do not take into account the complex dependencies among resources across applications. To address this problem, we tested the idea of using a visual history of a computer screen to retrieve digital resources within a few days of their use through the development of ScreenTrack. ScreenTrack is software that captures screenshots of a computer at regular intervals. It then generates a time-lapse video from the captured screenshots and lets users retrieve a recently opened document or web page from a screenshot after recognizing the resource by its appearance. A controlled user study found that participants were able to retrieve requested information more quickly with ScreenTrack than under the baseline condition with existing tools. A follow-up study showed that the participants used ScreenTrack to retrieve previously used resources and to recover the context for task resumption.