Hasil untuk "Highway engineering. Roads and pavements"

Oleg Ostroverkhyi, Oleksandr Kryvobok

Introduction. The article discusses the main methods of soil stabilization in road construction. A detailed analysis of the main methods of reinforcement is carried out from the point of view of engineering and geological conditions, economic efficiency, and durability. It is determined that the most optimal choice of technology will ensure an increase in the bearing capacity of the road base, a reduction in deformations, and an increase in the service life of the road surface. Issues. In the context of martial law in Ukraine, the selection of sites for road infrastructure construction is becoming particularly important. The limited availability of suitable areas will force the use of sites with weak soils for road construction. To ensure the reliability and safety of road surfaces in such areas, special engineering solutions and technologies must be used to reinforce the layers of the road surface. This will allow for the effective use of available resources with unfavorable soil conditions, the rapid restoration of the road network, and the provision of the needs of the population and the military in emergency situations. Objective. To analyze the main methods of soil reinforcement and select optimal reinforcement solutions to ensure the reliability and durability of road surfaces. Conclusions. The methods of soil reinforcement and the selection of optimal solutions to improve the reliability of road pavement structures are one of the key tasks in road construction, as this guarantees the durability of motorways and the continuous operation of the transport network, reduces the need for frequent repairs and, accordingly, reduces road maintenance costs with limited funding for the road industry.

Mateusz Malinowski

Abstract: In the introduction, the article discusses the specifics of CCS, telecommunications, and power supply systems on railway lines, as well as the barriers to effective implementation of these systems to date. It also characterizes the technical specifics of the planned Polish HSR network. The article then outlines the key role of the Eulynx specification in defining the requirements for CCS systems on this HSR network, presents the optimal hardware architecture for this system, and discusses the important role of telecommunications and data transmission systems and their designed technical characteristics. The next system described is the 2x25 kV AC traction power supply, where, in addition to the technical aspects, the succes story is presented regarding the design of this system and the arrangements for its connection to the power transmission grid in Poland. In conclusion, an implementation approach is presented, understood as the optimal split of tenders and contracts for industry packages. Keywords: HSR in Poland; Eulynx; ETCS without signals; Interlocking; CTC; SIL4 Cloud; MPLS-TP; 2x25 kV AC Power Supply

Raz Rajwan, Amir Boag

This paper introduces a single-channel SAR algorithm designed to detect and produce high-fidelity images of moving targets in spotlight mode. The proposed fast backprojection algorithm utilizes multi-level interpolations and aggregation of coarse images produced from partial datasets. Specifically designed for near-field scenarios and assuming a circular radar trajectory, the algorithm demonstrates enhanced efficiency in detecting both moving and stationary vehicles on roads.

Michał Wymysłowski

This article presents an analytical method which takes into account the beneficial effects of the sheet piling located around the foundation in the calculations of ULS and SLS of shallow foundations. The analytical method proposed by the author was described in detail on the example of a “theoretical bridge” with the assumed geometry and loads as well as with the assumed subsoil and water conditions under the bridge. The stresses in the subsoil under the foundation and the settlement were determined. The author’s method was also used to calculate the foundation settlement of an “existing bridge” located in Gdańsk (Poland). In both cases, the results were compared with the results obtained using PLAXIS 3D Advanced 2023.1 and additionally with geodetic measurements for “existing bridge”. The author’s proposal was based on the EN 1997-1: Eurocode 7 standard applicable in the European Union. It has original elements that are not included in the cited standard. The proposed method is not the only one that could be used to assess the limit states of shallow foundations with sheet piling cover. However, it is based on the applicable regulations, gives similar results to the results obtained with FEM and geodetic measurements.

Nataliia Kharytonova, Olesia Yaroshchuk

Introduction. The winter season is the most challenging for road maintenance and traffic management. Key factors affecting vehicle movement during winter include the presence of ice and snow-ice buildup, leading to a sharp decline int tyre grip, increased rolling resistance, and deteriorating surface evenness. Problem Statement. Addressing the prevention and elimination of ice on roads is a priority in all countries that experience negative temperatures annually. In our country, the salt from the “Artemsil” plant was traditionally used to combat winter slipperiness. However, the plant was destroyed at the beginning of the war, necessitating the search for alternative de-icing materials for roads and streets. Objective. To study the possibility of using alternative de-icing materials (industrial waste, local materials, etc.) for combating winter slipperiness on roads during the martial law period. Materials and Methods. Information-analytical methods and laboratory testing according to current standards for de-icing materials. Results. Laboratory tests were conducted on 14 alternative de-icing materials, which have the potential to prevent and eliminate winter slipperiness on roads and streets. Only 3 samples met national standards during the laboratory testing process.

Cheng-Long Zhou, Yu-Chen Peng, Yong Zhang et al.

We explore a novel approach to achieving anisotropic thermal photon tunneling, inspired by the concept of parity-time symmetry in quantum physics. Our method leverages the modulation of constitutive optical parameters, oscillating between loss and gain regimes. This modulation reveals a variety of distinct effects in thermal photon behavior and dispersion. Specifically, we identify complex tunneling modes through gain-loss engineering, which include thermal photonic defect states and Fermi-arc-like phenomena, which surpass those achievable through traditional polariton engineering. Our research also elucidates the laws governing the evolution of radiative energy in the presence of gain and loss interactions, and highlights the unexpected inefficacy of gain in enhancing thermal photon energy transport compared to systems characterized solely by loss. This study not only broadens our understanding of thermal photon tunneling but also establishes a versatile platform for manipulating photon energy transport, with potential applications in thermal management, heat science, and the development of advanced energy devices.

Julio Taveira, Fernando Buarque de Lima Neto, Ronaldo Menezes

Understanding how transportation networks work is important for improving connectivity, efficiency, and safety. In Brazil, where road transport is a significant portion of freight and passenger movement, network science can provide valuable insights into the structural properties of the infrastructure, thus helping decision makers responsible for proposing improvements to the system. This paper models the federal road network as weighted networks, with the intent to unveil its topological characteristics and identify key locations (cities) that play important roles for the country through 75,000 kilometres of roads. We start with a simple network to examine basic connectivity and topology, where weights are the distance of the road segment. We then incorporate other weights representing number of incidents, population, and number of cities in-between each segment. We then focus on community detection as a way to identify clusters of cities that form cohesive groups within a network. Our findings aim to bring clarity to the overall structure of federal roads in Brazil, thus providing actionable insights for improving infrastructure planning and prioritising resources to enhance network resilience.

Ashiru Sani, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Khairul Anuar Shariff et al.

The modification of asphalt binder with natural rubber latex (NR) significantly improves the rutting and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures. However, NR-modified binder is prone to low workability and wettability due to its high viscosity. Therefore, this research focuses on examining the influences of silane and wax-based additives on the wettability of natural rubber-modified binders and the binder-aggregates adhesion performances. In this study, experimental and analytical approaches were used. The contact angles of asphalt binder were measured using a goniometer through the sessile drop method with three solvents: deionised water, formamide, and glycerol. The C++ algorithm was adopted to compute the surface free energy (SFE) elements of the asphalt binder. Analytical methods were employed to analyse the results based on the Young-Dupre equation, followed by linear regression to establish a correlation between the compatibility ratio (CR) and the SFE components. The results inferred that modified asphalt binders with additives possessed improved moisture resistance, wherein dry work adhesion values were less than 210 ​mJ/m2 under granite interfaces, whereas the limestone interface exhibited higher dry adhesion values of 340 ​mJ/m2 and below. Similar performance results were observed under wet adhesion conditions; with granite wet adhesive values observed below 120 ​mJ/m2, while limestone wet adhesion values were ascertained below 180 ​mJ/m2 for all tested samples and conditions. According to the spread–ability coefficient results, the limestone interface has greater spread-ability than granite interfaces. Meanwhile, compatibility ratio values indicated better compatibility of 1.9 or higher for tested samples under granite interfaces, whereas compatibility values of 1.7 and below were observed under limestone interfaces. Among the SFE components studied for correlation with CR, the acidic SFE component demonstrated excellent correlations (with R2 values greater than 0.91) under all ageing conditions. An inclusion of micro-level additive enhanced binder adhesion properties, resulting in a more resilient asphalt pavement.

Kristjan Lill, Karli Kontson, Andrus Aavik

The paper discusses the applicability of using limiting phase angle temperatures, measured in the Dynamic Shear Rheometer, for low temperature ranking of performance, in comparison with limiting low temperature grades in accordance with AASHTO TP 122-16 extended Bending Beam Rheometer method. During this study, also other low-temperature test methods were compared to each other. For this purpose, 13 asphalt binders were sourced from around North-Eastern Europe, twelve of which are currently used throughout Estonia as well as the neighbouring countries. The thirteenth was a high-quality Laguna Venezuela binder that is no longer commercially available in the region but was deemed suitable for comparison. Samples were tested to measure their needle penetration, Superpave Grades, Fraass breaking points, AASHTO TP 122-16 limiting low temperature grades and limiting 30° phase angle temperatures. Additionally, a correlation found in previous work was applied to the set of samples studied in this paper. Of the binders tested, the low temperature behaviour of the Venezuelan binder stands out with better performance. The analysis suggests that the twelve commercially available binders are from a similar source which was observed through their tendency to undergo thermo-reversible aging. The study shows that the phase angle approach provides a reasonable surrogate for the AASHTO TP 122-16 limiting low temperature grade. However, the latter should currently remain the preferred approach.

Neil A. Ernst, Maria Teresa Baldassarre

Registered reports are scientific publications which begin the publication process by first having the detailed research protocol, including key research questions, reviewed and approved by peers. Subsequent analysis and results are published with minimal additional review, even if there was no clear support for the underlying hypothesis, as long as the approved protocol is followed. Registered reports can prevent several questionable research practices and give early feedback on research designs. In software engineering research, registered reports were first introduced in the International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR) in 2020. They are now established in three conferences and two pre-eminent journals, including Empirical Software Engineering. We explain the motivation for registered reports, outline the way they have been implemented in software engineering, and outline some ongoing challenges for addressing high quality software engineering research.

Hafnidar A Rani, Widya Soviana, Rahimi A. Rahman

The Covid-19 has impacted all human aspects. One of the impacts is the construction sector for infrastructure construction become an important component supporting national economic development. The problem of the study was whether the quality, cost and time factors of multi-year construction project work implementation is influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic. The study aimed to find out how much Covid-19 pandemic influencing the quality, cost and time of multi-year construction projects implementation. The study methods used are a quantitative approach method by using Guttman scale questionnaire instrument and qualitative approach method by using interviews. The sampling technique used is quota sampling from project implementing elements consisting of project owners, contractors and construction management consultants on construction and revitalization project of Balohan Port. The study case selection because the project was indicated impacted by Covid-19 pandemic. Regression analysis resulted that if there is no change to the quality, cost and time variables, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the multi-year projects implementation was 0.855 units. Based on the R square value, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on multi-year projects was influenced by the quality, cost and time variables as 65% ​​while 35% is influenced by other factors. The quality of multi-year projects was affected by disruption of project implementation activities, the cost was affected by additional costs due to health protocols and the delays was affected by waiting time because of due to materials scarcity arrived in the project site. It is concluded that the quality, cost and time variables impact Covid-19 pandemic in which the cost factor become the most affected to the implementation of multi-year projects as 74.50% as mean percentage

Larysa Lukashenko, Oleksandr Meneylyuk, Oleksii Nikiforov

Introduction. As a result of the military aggression of Russian Federation, an unprecedented amount of housing stock was damaged in various cities of Ukraine. Accordingly, the issue of restoring damaged and rebuilding new housing for socially unprotected population arises. In addition to a wide range of issues related to architecture, energy efficiency and structures of these buildings, there is a need to create a reliable management tool that will allow a large amount of construction and restoration work to be carried out economically and in a short period of time. Problems. Restoring damaged and rebuilding new housing includes solving the following tasks: reduction of construction cost and life cycle cost of buildings; shortening the terms of construction and restoration works; taking into account world experience in the design and construction of high-quality socially accessible housing; flexible management of the intensity of state financing of portfolios and programs of investment and construction projects. The information and communication concept “construction management template” can be a tool for solving these tasks. Purpose. The article is intended to justify the expediency of using a new multidimensional business-model of construction enterprise based on the concept “construction management template” for the development of social housing in post-war period of Ukraine recovery. Materials and methods. The new information and communication concept provides the implementation of the most effective innovative and traditional management methods. The corresponding multidimensional business-model of construction enterprise provides taking into account the principles of sustainable development. It is proposed to use this concept within the framework of a multidimensional business-model that will ensure high standards of management of the construction of socially affordable housing during the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Results. The information and communication concept “construction management template” is proposed. The concept served as a basis for the development of a new multidimensional business-model of construction enterprise. The principle of operation of this model consists in comparing the factors of sustainable development of the enterprise with its organizational divisions and determining the relevant performance indicators. The multidimensional business-model of construction enterprise, proposed for the first time, allows balanced distribution of business processes and responsibilities between the structural divisions of the enterprise. This is achieved due to: the use of one unifying information and communication tool that allows to automate a number of business processes; structuring information about the project in such a way that top management can receive it without the need to use intermediate hierarchical links of management; identification of discrepancies between the activities of different divisions when creating and editing the information and communication model. Conclusions. The multidimensional business-model of construction enterprise makes it possible to raise the standards of construction management. The corresponding technical and economic effect consists in shortening the terms of construction and restoration works; reduction of the construction cost and cost of the life cycle of buildings; taking into account world experience in the design and construction of high-quality socially accessible housing.

Jonathan Álvarez Ariza, Heyson Baez

In the last decade, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) have been employed more frequently in engineering and computer science both to technical and educational levels. Several factors such as the versatility, the low-cost, and the possibility to enhance the learning process through technology have contributed to the educators and students usually employ these devices. However, the implications, possibilities, and constraints of these devices in engineering and Computer Science (CS) education have not been explored in detail. In this systematic literature review, we explore how the SBCs are employed in engineering and computer science and what educational results are derived from their usage in the period 2010-2020 at tertiary education. For that, 154 studies were selected out of n=605 collected from the academic databases Ei Compendex, ERIC, and Inspec. The analysis was carried-out in two phases, identifying, e.g., areas of application, learning outcomes, and students and researchers' perceptions. The results mainly indicate the following aspects: (1) The areas of laboratories and e-learning, computing education, robotics, Internet of Things (IoT), and persons with disabilities gather the studies in the review. (2) Researchers highlight the importance of the SBCs to transform the curricula in engineering and CS for the students to learn complex topics through experimentation in hands-on activities. (3) The typical cognitive learning outcomes reported by the authors are the improvement of the students' grades and the technical skills regarding the topics in the courses. Concerning the affective learning outcomes, the increase of interest, motivation, and engagement are commonly reported by the authors.

Daniel Bogdoll, Enrico Eisen, Maximilian Nitsche et al.

Tremendous progress in deep learning over the last years has led towards a future with autonomous vehicles on our roads. Nevertheless, the performance of their perception systems is strongly dependent on the quality of the utilized training data. As these usually only cover a fraction of all object classes an autonomous driving system will face, such systems struggle with handling the unexpected. In order to safely operate on public roads, the identification of objects from unknown classes remains a crucial task. In this paper, we propose a novel pipeline to detect unknown objects. Instead of focusing on a single sensor modality, we make use of lidar and camera data by combining state-of-the art detection models in a sequential manner. We evaluate our approach on the Waymo Open Perception Dataset and point out current research gaps in anomaly detection.

Shiping Huang, Yong Tang, Zhaoxun Yuan et al.

The rotation superstructure construction method is a widespread technique in bridge engineering. The critical issue for the successful application of this technique is the contact interface analysis and design for the rotating mechanism. A semi-analytical method predicated upon obtaining a uniform distribution of pressure on the slide plates within the interface is proposed. The surface design typically generates a nonlinear stress distribution. It leads to local damage and local asperity interlocking, which increase the contact friction dramatically during the rotation. In contrast, the proposed approach provides a surface that avoids stress concentrations and is expected to reduce the material cost of the slide plates. The proposed method is verified by the Finite Element Model. It can be used in a broad area involving contacting surface design, especially in the rotating mechanism design for bridge construction.

Mariusz Korzeń

Abstract: The article presents a proposal for the construction of a cross-city rail route in Wrocław in order to create a LRT system. The main motivation for the creation of the LRT system is the constantly growing traffic towards the center caused by the increasing number of people living in the peripheral parts of the city and neighboring municipalities making up the Wrocław agglomeration. As an example of an efficient LRT system using a cross-city tunel is the S-Bahn system in Munich was cited, in which the railway tunnel running through the city center determines large flows of passengers and is therefore one of the main means of transport in the entire agglomeration. In the next part, the current state of the Wrocław Railway Junction is briefly discussed, thus showing the city's great potential to create the LRT system. Places where direct access to the railway network should be provided have been indicated. It was proposed to create two cross-diameter routes running entirely from the tunnel. Their course should be dictated by the location of the traffic generators indicated in the article in the center of Wrocław. In the summary, the author presents the benefits of building new routes and mentions the need for the development of the rail transport network resulting from the Wrocław Mobility Policy. The creation of a new route running through the city center would significantly increase the transport attractiveness of the railways, and thus, the new route would be a key element for the creation of an efficiently functioning LRT system in the city and the entire Wrocław agglomeration. Keywords: Railway tunel; Cross – city route; Agglomeration railway; Wrocław

Hüseyin Akay

In this study, scour failure risk of the Çatalzeytin Bridge located in the Western Black Sea Basin, Turkey, was assessed for possible future flood events and appropriate scour countermeasures were considered based on economic and constructability considerations. Waterway adequacy in the spans of the bridge and scour criticality around bridge foundations considered for risk calculations in HYRISK were estimated by hydrological and hydraulic analyses of the watershed and stream. Since the watershed of the bridge is ungauged, geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph concept was adopted to estimate the peak discharges with various return periods to be used in hydraulic modelling. Monte Carlo simulation results indicated that most of the simulated peak discharges were in the 95% confidence interval. Hydraulic model results from HECRAS indicated that waterway adequacy and scour criticality were critical for discharges with 200 and 500-year return periods. Scour failure risk of the Çatalzeytin Bridge was classified as high and it was proposed to reduce the risk by constructing partially grouted riprap as the most feasible alternative that would consequently increase the expected lifespan of the bridge. Following this methodology, river bridges may be prioritized based on the risk analysis.

Gurkirt Singh, Stephen Akrigg, Manuele Di Maio et al.

Humans drive in a holistic fashion which entails, in particular, understanding dynamic road events and their evolution. Injecting these capabilities in autonomous vehicles can thus take situational awareness and decision making closer to human-level performance. To this purpose, we introduce the ROad event Awareness Dataset (ROAD) for Autonomous Driving, to our knowledge the first of its kind. ROAD is designed to test an autonomous vehicle's ability to detect road events, defined as triplets composed by an active agent, the action(s) it performs and the corresponding scene locations. ROAD comprises videos originally from the Oxford RobotCar Dataset annotated with bounding boxes showing the location in the image plane of each road event. We benchmark various detection tasks, proposing as a baseline a new incremental algorithm for online road event awareness termed 3D-RetinaNet. We also report the performance on the ROAD tasks of Slowfast and YOLOv5 detectors, as well as that of the winners of the ICCV2021 ROAD challenge, which highlight the challenges faced by situation awareness in autonomous driving. ROAD is designed to allow scholars to investigate exciting tasks such as complex (road) activity detection, future event anticipation and continual learning. The dataset is available at https://github.com/gurkirt/road-dataset; the baseline can be found at https://github.com/gurkirt/3D-RetinaNet.

Lu Jinzhi, Ma Junda, Xiaochen Zheng et al.

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) provides an important capability for managing the complexities of system development. MBSE empowers the formalisms of system architectures for supporting model-based requirement elicitation, specification, design, development, testing, fielding, etc. However, the modeling languages and techniques are quite heterogeneous, even within the same enterprise system, which creates difficulties for data interoperability. The discrepancies among data structures and language syntaxes make information exchange among MBSE models even more difficult, resulting in considerable information deviations when connecting data flows across the enterprise. For this reason, this paper presents an ontology based upon graphs, objects, points, properties, roles, and relationships with entensions (GOPPRRE), providing meta models that support the various lifecycle stages of MBSE formalisms. In particular, knowledge-graph models are developed to support unified model representations to further implement ontological data integration based on GOPPRRE throughout the entire lifecycle. The applicability of the MBSE formalism is verified using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Moreover, the GOPPRRE ontologies are generated from the MBSE language formalisms in a domain-specific modeling tool, \textit{MetaGraph} in order to evaluate its availiablity. The results demonstrate that the proposed ontology supports both formal structures and the descriptive logic of the systems engineering lifecycle.

K. Y. Ng, E. Frisk, M. Krysander et al.

Research on fault diagnosis on highly nonlinear dynamic systems such as the engine of a vehicle have garnered huge interest in recent years, especially with the automotive industry heading towards self-driving technologies. This article presents a novel opensource simulation testbed of a turbocharged spark ignited (TCSI) petrol engine system for testing and evaluation of residuals generation and fault diagnosis methods. Designed and developed using Matlab/Simulink, the user interacts with the testbed using a GUI interface, where the engine can be realistically simulated using industrial-standard driving cycles such as the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP), the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the Extra-Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), and EPA Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75). The engine is modeled using the mean value engine model (MVEM) and is controlled using a proportional-integral (PI)-based boost controller. The GUI interface also allows the user to induce one of the 11 faults of interest, so that their effects on the performance of the engine are better understood. This minimizes the risk of causing permanent damages to the engine and shortening its lifespan, should the tests be conducted onto the actual physical system. This simulation testbed will serve 16 as an excellent platform where researchers can generate critical data to develop and compare current and future research methods for fault diagnosis of automotive engine systems.