The present paper re-examines the effectiveness of foreign aid theoretically and empirically. Using a standard OLG model we show that aid inflows will in general affect long-run productivity. The size and direction of the impact may depend on policies, ‘deep’ structural characteristics and the size of the inflow. The empirical analysis investigates these possibilities. Overall we find that aid has been effective in spurring growth, but the magnitude of the effect depends on climate-related circumstances. Finally, we argue that the Collier-Dollar allocation rule should be seriously reconsidered by donor agencies if aid effectiveness is related to climate. The usefulness of foreign aid in promoting growth in developing countries has been an area of controversy ever since Rosenstein-Rodan in 1943 advocated for aid to Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. Browsing through successive editions of a leading textbook in development economics provides a telling illustration of how the confidence in aid effectiveness dwindled over the years. In the first edition of ‘Leading Issues in Economic Development’, Meier (1964) dedicated a full 18-page section to the issue of foreign aid. He started out asking: ‘How much aid?’. By the time of the sixth edition (Meier, 1995), the treatment of foreign aid had been cut into half, and the questions in focus were ‘Why official assistance?’ and ‘Does aid work?’. In the 2000 edition (Meier and Rauch, 2000), ‘foreign aid’ is not even listed in the index. However, in the last few years the pendulum has swung, and a gradually forming consensus view has emerged that aid ‘works’. Indeed, panel-based empirical studies have repeatedly concluded that foreign aid does impact positively on growth. Nevertheless, controversy remains since it also seems clear from the data that foreign aid is far from equally effective everywhere. A key question is therefore what causes such differences in ‘the return to aid’? From a policy perspective, this issue is important as it ultimately influences the allocation of foreign aid across countries. Inspired by the work of Burnside and Dollar (2000) and Collier and Dollar (2001, 2002), which suggests that aid only works in places with ‘good’ policies, some donors are increasingly allocating aid to countries that perform well in terms of particular proxies for the policy environment. The motivation is clearly the desire to maximise the effectiveness of tax financed foreign assistance. However, if the variation in the effectiveness of aid on productivity is not policy induced but rather a result of other poor initial conditions a very different allocation rule would maximise the effect of aid donations on long-run productivity and poverty.
Radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting techniques have been used as an extra security layer for wireless devices. Unique fingerprints are used to identify wireless devices in order to avoid spoofing or impersonating attacks. These unique features can be extracted from imperfections of analog components during the manufacturing. This paper presents a general review of recent progress on RF fingerprinting techniques. Several studies are investigated for RF fingerprinting using different parts of a signal. The majority of these studies have been focused on the transient part of the signal. For this purpose, the transient signal must be extracted precisely. A number of common techniques of transient extraction are theoretically analyzed in this review. Then, some other approaches using the modulated part of the signal are also discussed. For all these approaches, the applied methodologies, the classification algorithms and a taxonomy of features are described. A comprehensive overview of the methods in RF fingerprinting is presented to demonstrate the state-of-the-art works.
The article proves that a multimedia work is a complex, complex object that is the result of the intellectual, creative work of many authors and other subjects. Its creation requires not only a simple selection and arrangement of information and materials (in particular, a database), but also a complex multi-level process that has common features with the creation of audiovisual works. A multimedia work expressed in electronic (digital) form is considered an object of copyright, containing a number of protected results of intellectual activity, such as musical works, audiovisual works, literary works, works of fine art, computer programs and other elements. Thanks to the use of computer devices, multimedia works function in the process of interaction with users, which increases their interactivity and audience involvement. These works meet all the basic criteria for protection inherent in copyright objects, in particular: creative character, novelty, originality, uniqueness (unrepeatability), author’s individuality, reproducibility and objective form of expression. It was found that social relations regarding multimedia works are not regulated at the proper level in domestic legislation. Unlike other objects of copyright and related rights, the current legislation of Ukraine does not contain any norms relating to multimedia works. This legal gap is a serious obstacle to the development and protection of such objects, because with the development of technology and equipment, more and more new «complex complex objects» appear in the artistic, artistic and technical spheres. It was analyzed that the uncertainty of the legal regime of multimedia works complicates the creation of an effective mechanism for the protection, disposal of rights and protection of rights to these objects. In this regard, there is a need to develop special norms and legislative initiatives that would regulate relations in this area, ensuring legal protection for authors and creators of multimedia products. Thus, the relevance of the issue of legal regulation of multimedia works acquires particular importance, as it affects the development of innovative technologies, the preservation of cultural heritage and the provision of fair conditions for creative activity in the conditions of a modern information society.
Smart grid depends on an advanced communication network to collect information from the power grid, and to disseminate control commands to the control devices. To safeguard the power grid, it is crucial to ensure information confidentiality in the communication networks. Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols help in generating, and distributing secret keys between communication parties, and such secret keys are required in symmetric cryptography. The combination of QKD protocols, and symmetric cryptography are known to be unconditionally secure, which means information confidentiality can be guaranteed even against an eavesdropper, who has unlimited resources. This article provides a concise review of existing works on QKD protocols, and their applications in smart grid communications. Deploying QKD protocols in smart grid is challenging because distance between the control center, and control devices can be larger than the limits of existing protocols. Also, QKD protocols require an expensive quantum channel between each pair of sender, and receiver nodes, and there is large number of control devices with diverse capabilities in smart grid. We have classified existing works based on the challenges they have dealt with. Compared to the rich literature on QKD protocols in general, there are significantly fewer works in the specific context of smart grid. This can be an indication for opportunity to make a significant contribution. We have also identified a few research challenges that can be potential future works.
This article analyzes the norms of behavior in the Russian public service and Islam. A comparative and structural study of the behaviors typical of public officials and Muslims was carried out. It was proposed to revise the legal provisions on international and foreign economic relations and personal qualities. The results obtained show that public officials can adhere to any faith (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, etc.), as all religions promote fundamental human values and encourage behaviors that are advantageous for society. It was found that the social norms of behavior are universal regardless of legal system, legal status, or social affiliation. All citizens, whether in public service or the Islamic community, must follow these norms because they aim to uphold justice and equality. The importance of fostering cooperation between Russia, through the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Muslim world was emphasized.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Introduction. The article analyzes a little–studied problem in historiography – khotons (nomadic settlements) the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, which at the same time were the smallest administrative units.Materials and methods. The study is based on an extensive set of archival materials, primarily clerical correspondence, which somehow deposited information about the khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, the number of people in them, the degree of kinship, etc. Historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of source and bibliographic material and in writing the text of the article.Analysis. The analysis showed that a significant part of khotons consisted of 10-15 kibits (families), which were connected with each other by kinship relations, including those who were at different levels of kinship relations. However, archival documents show that in the 18th century, in addition to ordinary khotons consisting of related families, nomadic settlements began to appear in the Kalmyk Khanate, consisting of families or individuals not related by kinship and even belonging to different sub-ethnic groups. Sometimes, for various reasons, several khotons could unite and form a separate group of several dozens of kibits, and in some cases, due to extraordinary circumstances, they could form groups even of several hundred kibits, though for a short period. In addition to the official authorities, khotons and other nomadic groups of khoton type had their own internal public self-government built on the life experience and authority of their managers.Results. Thus, it can be concluded that in the socially stratified Kalmyk society of the XVIII century tribal relations began to deform under the influence of the prevailing circumstances.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Fahmida Hoque, Mohammad Kamruzzaman, Md Jaber Rana
et al.
The concept of yield gaps arose from IRRI experiments undertaken in the 1970s. The yield gap in this study refers to the discrepancy between prospective farm yield and actual average farm yield. This study aims to find the yield gap by studying the efficiency, abiotic and biotic factors. Simple random sampling techniques were used to collect data, and a total of 72 respondents were interviewed for this purpose. The study revealed that 90.70%, 80.30%, and 73% of farmers were technical, allocative, and cost-efficient for bitter gourd production. The yield gap was 15, 245 kg/ha due to the non-transferable component of technology, whereas 3914 kg/ha was due to existing inefficiency at the farm level. Moreover, combined biotic and abiotic factors were responsible for the 19.91 percent yield loss, constituting a mean yield gap of 6598 kg/ha. Low price of bitter gourd, high labor wage rate, and high input price was the main socio-economic constrain for improving bitter gourd production where excessive rainfall, attack by insect and disease, lack of quality seed, and lack of proper utilization of irrigation facilities were identified as main biophysical constraints for bitter gourd production. Government intervention by providing training, maintaining an effective marketing system, and ensuring quality input can greatly remove the problem mentioned by farmers.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Green and low-carbon development is an important element of the Belt and Road Initiative, and a reasonable and objective evaluation of China’s green investment efficiency in B&R countries is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of those area. This paper applies the Slack-based measure model that considers undesirable outputs and Malmquist total factor productivity index to measure the efficiency of China’s green investment in B&R countries from 2011 to 2018 from both static and dynamic perspectives, as well as provides an in-depth analysis of the differences, changes, and influential factors. The empirical results reveal that the overall efficiency of China’s green investment in B&R countries is relatively low, showing a distinctly uneven trend and the main driving force of the decline in total factor productivity comes from technical change. Some significant differences have also been reported amongst these countries in terms of their industrial development and income levels. These findings provide a valuable reference for B&R countries to identify unique strategies that can promote their green total productivity factor.
El presente artículo busca mostrar el cambio que acontece en las aulas a partir de la personalización en educación. La metodología utilizada fue documental, con un procedimiento de revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos relevantes y actualizadas, bajo los principios de simplicidad, relevancia, orden y saturación de la información, y tomó como objetivo orientar al docente sobre algunos de los factores de la neurociencia, junto con la unificación de la información básica sobre los modelos más actuales de estilos de aprendizaje. De la revisión se concluye que la neurodidáctica se condensa, en parte, en los modelos de aprendizaje, e influye en la práctica cotidiana en las aulas, generando una personalización didáctica más provechosa.
This study is concerned with investigating the deliberative goals behind the use of popular slang expressions by the preachers of the Husseini pulpit in the context of delivering lectures addressed to the Iraqi people and the Islamic public in general. These preachers are considered social reformers, in addition to being descended from the religious establishment, as they put forward religious ideas, most of which derive from the Husseini issue, and use them as a basis for calling for reform. Hence, the popular colloquial language is employed by these Husseini preachers in their lectures and sermons, which are characterized - as the case may be - by a very formal context. However, after presenting a theoretical aspect of the deliberative aspect of the popular vernacular language, and after examining the deliberative functions in a number of lectures and by different preachers. The most commonly used and frequently used colloquial expressions were selected and then placed in a questionnaire according to the approved evidence chosen for this st
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Arts in general