Hasil untuk "Ecology"

F. Guattari

Felix Guattari: A Chronology Translator's Introduction Note on the Translation and Acknowledgements The Three Ecologies Notes The Life and Work of Felix Guattari: From Transversality to Ecosophy by Gary Genosko Bibliography Index.

T. Brooks

Linjuan Huang, Luocan Zhou, Yandi Qin et al.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acidic soils severely restricts plant growth, particularly reducing the productivity of fast-growing timber species—Eucalyptus. Silicon (Si), a beneficial element, can alleviate Al toxicity, but its underlying mechanisms in tree species with contrasting Al tolerance remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of Si addition on plant growth, Al uptake, and rhizosphere microbial community and metabolic composition in an Al-sensitive species (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and an Al-tolerant species (Eucalyptus urophylla). Results showed that Al stress significantly inhibited the relative growth rates of roots, stems and leaves, and decreased photosynthetic efficiency. However, Si addition effectively reduced these adverse effects by increasing photosynthetic rate, pigment content, water use efficiency, electron transport rate, and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII. Aluminum stress also increased soil water-soluble, inorganically bonded and exchangeable Al, promoting root Al accumulation, which was higher in E. urophylla than in E. tereticornis. Microbiome and metabolome analyses revealed species-specific mechanisms by which Si alleviates Al toxicity. In E. tereticornis, Si directly increased bacterial, fungal and metabolite diversity, which facilitated the immobilization of water-soluble and exchangeable forms into less bioavailable forms, including organically bonded, hydrates, and hydrous oxides, thereby reducing Al uptake and upward translocation. In E. urophylla, Si indirectly increased bacterial and metabolite diversity, and recruited specific microbial taxa, including Candidatus Solibacter, Acidothermus, and Occallatibacter, thereby promoting Al uptake, upward translocation and internal detoxification. Our findings reveal distinct Si-mediated mechanisms for alleviating Al toxicity in Eucalyptus, offering practical guidance for the management of Eucalyptus forests in acidic soils.

MASTAC LAVINIA , FILIP COSMIN , TRANDAFIR RALUCA ANDREEA

The realm of construction is presently experiencing a remarkable metamorphosis, propelled by advancements in technology, economic imperatives, and a growing insistence on sustainability. This study examines the central themes of construction research through a bibliometric approach. The VOSviewer software was used to identify relationships and trends between concepts such as digitalization, innovation, sustainability and cost management. The results indicate an increasing focus on the integration of advanced technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), automation and resource management. The geographical distribution of the research highlights the dominance of countries such as China, the United States and the United Kingdom, alongside emerging contributions from regions such as Malaysia and Hong Kong. Nevertheless, considerable disparities endure, particularly within rising economies. The insufficient allocation of resources towards research and development for small and medium enterprises serves as a significant impediment to the broad embrace of advanced technologies. The study highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach, where collaboration with fields such as economics, management, ecology and human resources is necessary to maximize the potential of the industry. The study underscores the significance of bespoke public policies and efficacious international collaborations to foster the extensive embrace of innovative technologies and sustainable solutions.

Jiewen You, Fangxu Yin, Boen Zhang et al.

Compound extremes, specifically concurrent low wind power (wind droughts) and heat waves, threaten ecological stability and renewable energy. However, their dynamics and impacts remain poorly understood. This study introduces compound wind droughts and heat waves (WDHW) indicator to assess their patterns in mainland China from 2000 to 2022. Using observational data and explainable machine learning (XGBoost and SHAP), we analyzed the spatiotemporal distributions, underlying drivers, and ecological implications of WDHW. Results reveal spatial heterogeneity, with high-frequency WDHW (>70 cumulative days) concentrated in northwestern China and a national increase in event frequency within affected regions (0.042 d yr–1). The XGBoost model performed well, with R2 values of 0.88, 0.83, and 0.84 for training, cross-validation, and test datasets, respectively. SHAP analysis highlights maximum temperature (Tmax; SHAP = 0.722) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD; SHAP = 0.698) as primary drivers, with their interaction (SHAP = 0.321) demonstrating how heat and dryness link with 100-m hub-height winds. Ecological analysis shows peak WDHW frequencies in Half Protected ecoregions (28.8 days) and Deserts & Xeric Shrublands biomes (28.75 days), indicating dual vulnerabilities to biodiversity and energy systems. This study advances understanding of concurrent wind droughts and heat waves, providing implications for sustainable ecological and energy adaptation strategies.

Amanda Aparecida Carminatto, Paulo Emilio Costa Santos, Rodrigo de Oliveira Campos et al.

This study explored spatio-temporal patterns influencing reef fish richness and abundance in two coastal islands within marine protected areas (MPAs) in southeastern Brazil. Data were collected using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the 2022 seasonal cycle, with samples taken day and night. A total of 16 661 individuals from 81 species was recorded. The results showed that fish abundance was higher during the day, in winter and in areas with high temperatures. At night, in autumn, behavioural changes were observed in schooling species. Seasonal variations, including temperature changes and the oceanographic characteristics of the study area, influenced fish abundance and species composition, favouring tropical and subtropical species. Depth affected the islands differently: higher abundance was observed in deeper waters at Anchieta Island State Park, while shallower waters at Mar Virado Island showed greater abundance due to habitat complexity. Diurnal variation in richness was significant at Mar Virado Island, probably due to increased nocturnal predation. For fishing-targeted species, the islands showed significant effects on species composition and abundance, highlighting the importance of protected areas. The study offers key insights into reef fish dynamics, emphasizing the role of spatio-temporal variables in shaping communities and supporting conservation strategies in MPAs.

Carey T. Knight, Ann Marie Gorman, Graham F. Montague

Walleye Sander vitreus are economically and ecologically vital to Lake Erie and have multiple spawning stocks that contribute to the lakewide population. These unique Walleye stocks typically spawn in discrete spawning aggregations in riverine and shallow, open-lake reef habitats during springtime in the western, eastern, and central basins. Yet, most spawning research has been conducted in the western and eastern basins. Therefore, the goal of our study was to document evidence of Walleye utilizing a central basin nearshore reef for reproduction. We used gill nets from 20 March to 15 May 2012, on Hardy Point Reef (HPR; near Fairport Harbor, Ohio) to collect spawning Walleye. Larval light traps and egg mats were deployed to capture fertilized eggs and newly hatched larvae. We captured 281 actively spawning Walleye using overnight-set gill nets from HPR. Five fertilized Walleye eggs and two larval Walleye were captured from HPR. Our study provided evidence that successful Walleye spawning occurred at HPR in the central basin of Lake Erie. Further research should identify potential additional Walleye spawning locations in the central basin and quantify these contributions to the Lake Erie population to help facilitate lake wide management and preservation of spawning stocks.

Sean A. Locke, Dana M. Calhoun, José M. Valencia Cruz et al.

Members of the genus Scaphanocephalus mature in accipitrids, particularly osprey, Pandion haliaetus, with metacercaria causing Black Spot Syndrome in reef fishes. In most of the world, only the type species, Scaphanocephalus expansus (Creplin, 1842) has been reported. Recent molecular studies in the Western Atlantic, Mediterranean and Persian Gulf reveal multiple species of Scaphanocephalus, but have relied on 28S rDNA, mainly from metacercariae, which limits both morphological identification and resolution of closely related species. Here we combine nuclear rDNA with mitochondrial sequences from adult worms collected in osprey across North America and the Caribbean to describe species and elucidate life cycles in Scaphanocephalus. A new species described herein can be distinguished from S. expansus based on overall body shape and size. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole mitochondrial genome of Scaphanocephalus indicates a close relationship with Cryptocotyle. We conclude that at least 3 species of Scaphanocephalus are present in the Americas and 2 others are in the Old World. Specimens in the Americas have similar or identical 28S to those in the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf, but amphi-Atlantic species are unlikely in light of divergence in cytochrome c oxidase I and the lack of amphi-Atlantic avian and fish hosts. Our results provide insight into the geographic distribution and taxonomy of a little-studied trematode recently linked to an emerging pathology in ecologically important reef fishes.

Yajing Sheng, Wei Gao, Min Cao et al.

Apportioning pollution sources under compound pollution conditions is challenging in river pollution source analysis. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model is widely used to analyze river pollution sources. However, the identification of pollutants in this model relies primarily on the subjective experience of the researchers, leading to ineffective identification of different contaminants from similar sources. In this study, we propose a comprehensive deviation index (CDI) to quantitatively identify pollution source types based on the PMF and observed source profiles. Taking the subtropical Xizhijiang River Basin as a case study, we quantitatively identified the pollution sources and their contributions to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) using observed water quality and pollution sources data. The results showed that the eight major pollutants in the study region exhibited significant positive correlations, indicating the similarity of pollutant sources in the watershed. The PMF model identified three primary pollution sources with coefficients of determination for observed versus predicted concentrations ranging from 0.60 to 0.98. The CDI unveiled that the watershed's three pollution sources were farmland, rural, and wastewater treatment plants (WTPs). Farmland emerges as the predominant contributor to DOC (68.04 %), TC (63.29 %), and TDP (44.51 %). Rural notably contributes to NH3-N, PO43−, TDP, and TN, with percentages of 86.37 %, 57.65 %, 41.40 %, and 30.45 %, respectively. WTPs significantly contribute to NO2−, NO3−, and TN, accounting for 71.81 %, 57.39 %, and 37.26 %, respectively. Incorporating source fingerprints into the PMF model, the CDI can accurately identify pollution sources, improve the interpretability of source identification, and mitigate uncertainty in the multiple-source unknown receptor model. These findings have immediate and practical implications for river ecosystem management and pollution control, providing a more effective method for identifying and addressing pollution sources.

Marilyn Tseng, Emily Walton, Brian L. Egleston et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic's effect on established Chinese ethnic enclaves, which faced socio-economic disruptions as well as anti-Asian sentiment, is unknown. We compared the pandemic's effect on social capital among residents and non-residents of Chinese ethnic enclaves in Philadelphia. Despite declines in group participation and citizenship activity (joining with others or speaking with local officials to address a neighborhood problem), the pandemic increased support received from other individuals and cognitive social capital (e.g., neighborhood trust and sense of belonging), with more pronounced changes in enclaves. Our findings provide evidence of both greater vulnerability and resilience in terms of social capital among Chinese immigrants during the pandemic. Understanding the pandemic's effects on social capital in different neighborhood contexts can underscore communities’ strengths, and ways to improve resilience to future challenges.

Ting Luo, Lu Xia, Dong Xia et al.

Abstract In order to investigate the characteristics of soil structural stability and the factors influencing it under typical land use types in the karst region of western Hubei, soil samples were collected from five land use types (natural mixed forest [NF], cypress forest [CF], stone dike terrace [ST], stone dike forest [SF], and abandoned land [AL]) in Xialaoxi to analyze the particle size distribution of aggregates, structural stability, and the distribution characteristics of carbon, nitrogen, and extracellular enzyme contents. The results showed that the aggregates of NF, CF, SF, and AL were dominated by >2‐mm aggregates, while ST showed mostly 2–0.25‐mm aggregates. The mean weight diameter (EMWD) and the geometric mean diameter (EGMD) of mechanical aggregates showed a trend of CF > NF > SF > AL > ST, whereas the erodibility factor K showed an opposite trend. The total organic carbon (TOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), and total nitrogen (TN) contents of aggregates of each particle size were significantly higher in NF and CF than in ST and AL under the five land types. The content of available nitrogen (AN) was highest in NF and ST. The content of carbon and nitrogen and extracellular hydrolases (β‐glucosidase [BG], cellulose disaccharide hydrolase [CBH], β‐N‐acetyl‐aminoglucosidase [NAG], and leucine aminopeptidase [LAP]) in soil aggregates were mainly concentrated in <0.25–0.053‐mm aggregates. The variation in carbon and nitrogen abundance of each particle size agglomerate mainly originated from the LAP content of that particle size agglomerate and showed significant correlation. The partial least squares path models (PLS‐PM) showed that the main influences on the stability of soil aggregates in small watersheds were land use types, soil physical properties, carbon and nitrogen abundance, and extracellular enzyme activity. In conclusion, the structural stability of soil aggregates in Xialaoxi watershed is the result of the interaction between human disturbance and soil nutrient self‐cycling. In general, NF and CF have better soil aggregate stability and are conducive to soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, whereas for later development and management of SF, ST, and AL sample plots, scientific cultivation means should be adopted, and attention should be paid to long‐term carbon and nitrogen accumulation and conservation.

Sina Kukowski, Reiner Ruser, Hans‐Peter Piepho et al.

Abstract Excessive nitrogen (N) input is one of the major threats for species‐rich grasslands. The ongoing deterioration of habitat quality highlights the necessity to further investigate underlying N turnover processes. Our objectives were (1) to quantify gross and net rates of mineral N production (mineralization and nitrification) and consumption in seminatural grasslands in southwest Germany, with excellent or poor habitat quality, (2) to monitor the temporal variability of these processes, and (3) to investigate differences between calcareous and decalcified soils. In 2016 and 2017, gross N turnover rates were measured using the 15N pool dilution technique in situ on four Arrhenatherion meadows in biweekly cycles between May and November. Simultaneously, net rates of mineralization and nitrification, soil temperature, and moisture were measured. The vegetation was mapped, and basic soil properties were determined. The calcareous soils showed higher gross nitrification rates compared with gross mineralization. In contrast, nitrification was inhibited in the decalcified soils, most likely due to the low pH, and mineralization was the dominant process. Both mineralization and nitrification were characterized by high temporal variability (especially the former) and short residence times of N in the corresponding pools (<2 days) at all sites. This illustrates that high temporal resolution is necessary during the growing season to detect N mineralization patterns and capture variability. Parallel determination of net N turnover rates showed almost no variability, highlighting that net rates are not suitable for drawing conclusions about actual gross turnover rates. During the growing season, the data show no clear relationship between soil temperature/soil moisture and gross N turnover rates. For future experiments, recording of microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, and root N uptake should be considered.

Canon Engoke Norris Savala, Alexander Nimo Wiredu, David Chikoye et al.

Soybean production in sub-Saharan Africa is increasing as farmers open more land areas for cultivation and replace other crops, such as tobacco, in favor of this legume crop. Despite the production is increased in Mozambique, demand for animal feed and oil is not satisfied. As such, farmers explore ways to improve yield per unit area of soybean by using bio-inoculants from various sources and agroecological adaptability. These bio-inoculants are seldom available during planting time, and retail at almost similar prices although yield varied based on the product source, handling, and the rhizobia strain carrier. Mozambique does not produce bio-inoculants, so it obtains the product from neighboring countries or as far as the South American continent. In this study, we evaluated the performance, ecological adaptability, and soybean productivity of seven Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strain-based bio-inoculants from several countries with different carrier materials: Biofix, Masterfix, Nitrofix, NitroZam, N-Fixer, Soygro Peat, and Soygro Liquid against a control (non-inoculated) on two soybean varieties Storm and TGx 1904-6F. The trial was conducted in the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in three agroecologies of Mozambique at Angonia, Nampula, and Ruace. Data on nodulation, plant growth, biomass nitrogen content at beginning of podding (R3) stage, yield, and yield components of soybean were evaluated. Analysis of variance and contrast comparisons were performed on the Statistical Analysis System® 9.4. Nodule weight per plant variedly increased from 7.7 to 167.6 mg with inoculation of both varieties across environments. Plant tissue nitrogen content at the R3 stage was higher in inoculated non-promiscuous variety at 3.9% than the promiscuous counterpart with 3.7%. Storm, a non-promiscuous short-maturity variety of soybean, responded to inoculation and accumulated more N than the medium-to-late maturity promiscuous TGx 1904-6F. Higher N tissue content is an indicator of better nutritive value, as well as high-quality recyclable biomass of inoculated soybean. Both Storm and TGx 1904-6F responded to all inoculants variedly with NitroZam yield of 2,750 kg ha−1 being highest, while Soygro Liquid was lowest with 2,051 kg ha−1 but more than the check with 1,690 kg ha−1 across sites. There were varietal differences in 100-seed weight after inoculation where Storm (15.4 g) had heavier seeds than TGx 1904-6F (13.1 g). The results show that inoculation improved plant growth and development, increased nodulation, and gave higher yields for better economic returns among farmers. Inoculation has the potential of increasing soybean yield, nutritive value, and biomass quality within Mozambique.

Nataliya Antonyuk, Oleksandra Fedun, Nataliya Papish

The article discusses the political and legal aspects and the dynamics of Ukraine’s interaction with the EU and its Member States in the field of integrated border management in order to improve interagency and international cooperation, introduce joint control at checkpoints, organise joint patrols, improve the level of security and openness of state borders and enhance their integration function. The issues of construction and modernisation of checkpoints, implementation of European border standards, customs and other types of control at the state border of Ukraine and the EU countries have been researched. The perspectives of Ukraine’s entry into the integrated border management system at the present stage have been outlined. The mechanisms of in-depth cooperation in the field of integrated border management under conditions of implementing the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU have been elucidated.

Zakharova Evgenia, Zemtsova Elena, Davydov Denis et al.

The article presents the results of research and analysis of specialization of agricultural organizations of the Chelyabinsk region for the period from 2006 to 2017, which according to the population ecology of organizations has advantages in stable or specific environments. To study the specialization of the organizations of the agro-industrial complex of the Chelyabinsk region, a three-part coefficient of specialization was used, which characterizes the total share of the three values of the studied trait in the total population. Empirical research of agro-industrial complex of Chelyabinsk region allowed performing the analysis of 294...194 organizations for the period 2006...2017. It was found that the arithmetic value of a share of the first three types of products, ordered descending, in the structure of realization of products of agricultural organizations of territories of the region made up 78.09...85.08 % and in the structure of sales organizations of the region amounted to 89.71...96.86 %. It was shown that the analysis of the shares of the first three types of products, ordered in descending order, in the structure of sales of agricultural products can be reduced to the analysis of the shares of the first of the three types of products in this ordered structure. It was found that during the study period, the share of organizations of the agro-industrial complex of the region with the share of proceeds from the sale of grain and leguminous crops in the total revenue of organizations 20 ... 80 % amounted to 45.92...29.61 %.

J. Reynolds

W. G. Astley

R. Norgaard

J. Bever, P. Schultz, A. Pringle et al.

Cicera Silvilene Matias, Cristiana Silva, José Guilherme Sousa et al.

Knowledge about endoparasites of snakes is essential to understand the ecology of both parasites and hosts. Herein, we present information on helminths parasitizing the black false boa Pseudoboa nigra in northeastern Brazil. We examined 32 specimens from five Brazilian states (Ceará, Piauí, Pernambuco, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte). We found six helminths taxa: two acanthocephalans (Acanthocephalus sp. and Oligacanthorhychus sp.), three nematodes (Hexametra boddaertii, Physaloptera sp. and Physalopteroides venancioi), and one cestode (Ophiotaenia sp.). All parasites are reported for the first time infecting P. nigra, providing relevant information on infection patterns in this snake.