Hasil untuk "math-ph"

Xiuzhi Bai, Yongsheng Du, Zhongxiang Liu et al.

This study employed the hydrothermal coprecipitation method to grow CoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) onto bacterial cellulose (BC) in situ, successfully preparing the CoAl-LDH@BC composite. This composite was then used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for tetracycline (TC) degradation. According to the results, the CoAl-LDH@BC/PMS system demonstrated a remarkable removal efficiency of 99.9% for TC within 15 min. Moreover, the influencing factors of catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, TC concentration, reaction temperature, initial pH, and inorganic ions were evaluated. Notably, the system demonstrated broad-spectrum contaminant removal capabilities, which could simultaneously eliminate more than 99.7% of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and 87.9% of ciprofloxacin (CFX) within 20 min. Additionally, the removal rates for several dyes reached more than 95.7% in 20 min. Phytotoxicity assessment (using mung bean seeds) confirmed a significant reduction in the biotoxicity of post-treatment TC solutions. The identification of TC degradation intermediates was enabled, alongside the subsequent proposal of plausible degradation pathways. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations based on radical quenching experiments revealed the coexistence of dual radical (•OH and<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mo> </mo><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>•</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and non-radical (¹O₂) oxidation pathways in the reaction of the CoAl-LDH@BC/PMS system. Overall, this research broadens the potential applications of bacterial cellulose-based porous materials and provides an innovative insight into antibiotic wastewater treatment.

John Waczak, Adam Aker, Lakitha O. H. Wijeratne et al.

Inland waters pose a unique challenge for water quality monitoring by remote sensing techniques due to their complicated spectral features and small-scale variability. At the same time, collecting the reference data needed to calibrate remote sensing data products is both time consuming and expensive. In this study, we present the further development of a robotic team composed of an uncrewed surface vessel (USV) providing in situ reference measurements and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral imager. Together, this team is able to address the limitations of existing approaches by enabling the simultaneous collection of hyperspectral imagery with precisely collocated in situ data. We showcase the capabilities of this team using data collected in a northern Texas pond across three days in 2020. Machine learning models for 13 variables are trained using the dataset of paired in situ measurements and coincident reflectance spectra. These models successfully estimate physical variables including temperature, conductivity, pH, and turbidity as well as the concentrations of blue–green algae, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll-a, crude oil, optical brighteners, and the ions <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>Ca</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>Na</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>. We extend the training procedure to utilize conformal prediction to estimate 90% confidence intervals for the output of each trained model. Maps generated by applying the models to the collected images reveal small-scale spatial variability within the pond. This study highlights the value of combining real-time, in situ measurements together with hyperspectral imaging for the rapid characterization of water composition.

Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen, Miguel Angel Hernandez-Martinez, Gabriela Martínez-Mejía et al.

The pH- and thermo-responsive behavior of polymeric hydrogels <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> have been studied in detail using dynamic light scattering <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, scanning electron microscopy<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo> </mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) and rheology to evaluate the conformational changes, swelling–shrinkage, stability, the ability to flow and the diffusion process of nanoparticles at several temperatures. Furthermore, polymeric systems functionalized with acrylic acid <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and acrylamide <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were subjected to a titration process with a calcium chloride <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> solution to analyze its effect on the average particle diameter<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo> </mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, polymer structure and the intra- and intermolecular interactions in order to provide a responsive polymer network that can be used as a possible nanocarrier for drug delivery with several benefits. The results confirmed that the structural changes in the sensitive hydrogels are highly dependent on the corresponding critical solution temperature <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of the carboxylic (–COOH) and amide (–CONH₂) functional groups and the influence of calcium ions <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> on the formation or breaking of hydrogen bonds, as well as the decrease in electrostatic repulsions generated between the polymer chains contributing to a particle agglomeration phenomenon. The temperature leads to a re-arrangement of the polymer chains, affecting the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels. In addition, the diffusion coefficients <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of nanoparticles were evaluated, showing a closeness among with the morphology, shape, size and temperature, resulting in slower diffusions for larger particles size and, conversely, the diffusion in the medium increasing as the polymer size is reduced. Therefore, the hydrogels exhibited a remarkable response to pH and temperature variations in the environment. During this research, the functionality and behavior of the polymeric nanoparticles were observed under different analysis conditions, which revealed notable structural changes and further demonstrated the nanoparticles promising high potential for drug delivery applications. Hence, these results have sparked significant interest in various scientific, industrial and technological fields.

Patrick Cassam-Chenaï

We obtain conditions, which when fulfilled, permit to transform the coordinates of a dynamical system into pairs of canonical ones for some Hamiltonian system. These conditions, restricted to the class of coordinate transformations which act on each coordinate independently, are greatly simplified. However, they are surprisingly successful in defining canonical coordinates and an associated Hamiltonian for several test examples. So, a method is proposed to exploit these simple transformations in a systematic manner.

T. Baer, G. Furrer, S. Zimmermann et al.

<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition has decreased in the last decades in Europe but in many cases remains higher than the critical loads, i.e., higher than what could be considered safe for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The main concerns about N deposition are eutrophication and acidification. In a long-term experiment (1994 to present) in a montane (1200 m a.s.l.) coniferous forest in Alptal, central Switzerland, we simulated increased N deposition by adding NH<span class="inline-formula">₄</span>NO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> to rainwater. This treatment consisted of an additional N input of 22 kg ha<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> to the 12 kg ha<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> ambient bulk deposition rate or 17 kg N ha<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> throughfall rate. The treatment was applied simultaneously to a small catchment area and to plots in a replicated block experiment (<span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i>=5</span>). The site has a carbonate-rich parent material and is thus not particularly at risk of acidification. Nevertheless, we examined soil acidification as affected both by ambient and experimentally increased N deposition. In the 2.5 decades since the beginning of the study, nitrate (NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="78ed0f7e81615226176402cdd6a1afd5"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-4577-2023-ie00001.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="bg-20-4577-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) and especially sulfate (SO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="6181d6711c50a62cc80d469e7dc67eab"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-4577-2023-ie00002.svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" src="bg-20-4577-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) concentrations decreased in precipitation, while pH increased by slightly more than 1 unit. In the same time period a reduction in pH of the soil was measured. The exchangeable acidity in the soil increased, especially in the N-addition treatment. This was mainly observed on small mounds because the drier mounds are less well buffered than wet depressions. This trend, however, was limited in time, as exchangeable acidity later declined again to reach values not much higher than 26 years before. This was also the case in the N-addition treatment and can be considered a progressive recovery mainly due to the reduced acid inputs and, at this site with a carbonate-rich subsoil, to the biological cycling of base cations. The pH of the runoff from the experimental catchments decreased by 0.3 units, both in the control and under N addition. Decreasing Ca<span class="inline-formula">²⁺</span> and increasing Al<span class="inline-formula">³⁺</span> and Fe<span class="inline-formula">²⁺</span> concentrations in runoff also show that the recovery observed in the exchangeable soil acidity is not yet able to stop the slow acidification of water leaving the catchments. However, with the runoff water pH remaining above 7, this trend is not alarming for water quality or for the health of water bodies. Future monitoring will be necessary to see if and when a recovery takes place in the soil and runoff pH.</p>

J.-P. Gattuso, J.-P. Gattuso, S. Alliouane et al.

<p>The Arctic Ocean is subject to high rates of ocean warming and acidification, with critical implications for marine organisms as well as ecosystems and the services they provide. Carbonate system data in the Arctic realm are spotty in space and time, and, until recently, there was no time-series station measuring the carbonate chemistry at high frequency in this region, particularly in coastal waters. We report here on the first high-frequency (1 <span class="inline-formula">h</span>), multi-year (5 years) dataset of salinity, temperature, <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> partial pressure (<span class="inline-formula">pCO₂</span>) and pH at a coastal site (bottom depth of 12 <span class="inline-formula">m</span>) in a high-Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). Discrete measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity were also performed. We show that (1) the choice of formulations for calculating the dissociation constants of the carbonic acid remains unsettled for polar waters, (2) the water column is generally somewhat stratified despite the shallow depth, (3) the saturation state of calcium carbonate is subject to large seasonal changes but never reaches undersaturation (<span class="inline-formula">Ω_a</span> ranges between 1.4 and 3.0) and (4) <span class="inline-formula">pCO₂</span> is lower than atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> at all seasons, making this site a sink for atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>9 to <span class="inline-formula">−</span>16.8 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">mol</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">yr</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="84pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4e5889a0777e270956ecfd34b4695b60"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="essd-15-2809-2023-ie00001.svg" width="84pt" height="16pt" src="essd-15-2809-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, depending on the parameterisation of the gas transfer velocity). Data are available on PANGAEA: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.960131">https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.960131</a> <span class="cit" id="xref_paren.1">(<a href="#bib1.bibx32">Gattuso et al.</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx32">2023</a><a href="#bib1.bibx32">a</a>)</span>.</p>

Alexander D. Kazakov, Varvara M. Prokacheva, Oleg V. Rud et al.

One of the emerging water desalination techniques relies on the compression of a polyelectrolyte gel. The pressures needed reach tens of bars, which are too high for many applications, damage the gel and prevent its reuse. Here, we study the process by means of coarse-grained simulations of hydrophobic weak polyelectrolyte gels and show that the necessary pressures can be lowered to only a few bars. We show that the dependence of applied pressure on the gel density contains a plateau indicating a phase separation. The phase separation was also confirmed by an analytical mean-field theory. The results of our study show that changes in the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>pH</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> or salinity can induce the phase transition in the gel. We also found that ionization of the gel enhances its ion capacity, whereas increasing the gel hydrophobicity lowers the pressure required for gel compression. Therefore, combining both strategies enables the optimization of polyelectrolyte gel compression for water desalination purposes.

B. Gill-Olivas, J. Telling, M. Skidmore et al.

<p>Glaciers and ice sheets are renowned for their abrasive power, yet little is known of the mechanochemical reactions which are initiated by abrasion in these environments and their effect on subglacial biogeochemistry. Here, we use sedimentary rocks representative of different subglacial environments and from a previously glaciated terrain, along with subglacial sediments, to investigate the potential for subglacial erosion to generate <span class="inline-formula">H₂O₂</span> and to release bio-utilisable organic carbon and nutrients (<span class="inline-formula">N</span>, <span class="inline-formula">Fe</span>). Samples were crushed using a ball mill, water was added to rock powders within gastight vials, and samples were incubated in the dark at 4 <span class="inline-formula">^∘C</span>. Headspace and water samples were taken immediately after the addition of water and then again after 5 and 25 <span class="inline-formula">h</span>. Samples generated up to 1.5 <span class="inline-formula">µmol H₂O₂ g⁻¹</span>. The total sulfur content, a proxy for the sulfide content, did not correlate with <span class="inline-formula">H₂O₂</span> generation, suggesting that the pyrite content was not the sole determinant of net <span class="inline-formula">H₂O₂</span> production. Other factors including the presence of carbonates, <span class="inline-formula">Fe</span>-driven Fenton reactions and the pH of the solution were also likely to be important in controlling both the initial rate of production and subsequent rates of destruction of <span class="inline-formula">H₂O₂</span>. Further, we found that erosion can provide previously unaccounted sources of bio-utilisable energy substrates and nutrients, including up to 880 <span class="inline-formula">nmol CH₄ g⁻¹</span>, 680 <span class="inline-formula">nmol H₂ g⁻¹</span>, volatile fatty acids (up to 1.7 <span class="inline-formula">µmol acetate g⁻¹</span>) and 8.2 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">µ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">mol</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NH</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="67pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c1d89d58a5fb61fe1ae0ec2dbd3ff6e1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-20-929-2023-ie00001.svg" width="67pt" height="16pt" src="bg-20-929-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> to subglacial ecosystems. These results highlight the potentially important role that abrasion plays in providing nutrient and energy sources to subglacial microbial ecosystems underlain by sedimentary rocks.</p>

Yu. Pogorelov, A. Rebenko

Daniel Buldain, Lihuel Gortari Castillo, A. Buchamer et al.

Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes subclinical mastitis around the world with a high impact on the milk industry and public health. Essential oils (EO) are recognized antimicrobials that can be synergistic with antibiotics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the essential oil (EO) of Melaleuca armillaris as an adjuvant of erythromycin (ERY) for the alternative treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory and Bactericidal Concentrations (MIC and MBC) of EO, ERY, and its combinations were established against S. aureus at different pHs (7.4, 6.5 and 5.0), emulating extra and intracellular conditions. Sensitive (N = 3) and resistant (N = 3) strains to ERY and S. aureus ATCC 29213 as control were used. Math models were applied to describe the antibacterial activity of EO and combinations EO-ERY. The EO was bactericidal against all the strains independently of the pH with a slight improvement in acid conditions. The synergism between EO and ERY was estimated by the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FIC) and by mathematical modeling of the bacterial killing data. Synergism was observed with ERY, where combinations had bactericidal activity also even with pH modification. M. armillaris EO is an interesting adjuvant for ERY, being a promissory option for further analysis of intracellular efficacy against S. aureus.

Galleh Dwi Samudro, Ali Shodikin, Khafidhoh Nurul Aini

Mathematics is the basis for other sciences and students in schools from elementary school to college must learn and master it. But in reality, many students get the results of daily math tests under the minimum achievement criteria, especially on the derivative material of algebraic functions. This study has the aim of producing and developing appropriate learning media products which will then be tested for validity and practicality based on expert validation and student response questionnaires. This research is a research and development on 30 students of class XII PH 2 SMK Negeri 1 Lamongan. This research method uses the ADDIE model. results obtained in this study are as follows: 1) The results of the validity of the media obtained from the validation of media and learning materials, get an average rating of 87.5% in the "Very Valid" category, 2) The results of the student response questionnaire to determine the practicality of the media show a rating of 90.5% in the "Very Practical" category.

I. Kaliuzhnyĭ, C. Ortner

Abstract We present a comprehensive analysis of an algorithm for evaluating high-dimensional polynomials that are invariant (or equi-variant) under permutations and rotations. This task arises in the evaluation of linear models as well as equivariant neural network models of many-particle systems. The theoretical bottleneck is the contraction of a high-dimensional symmetric and sparse tensor with a specific sparsity pattern that is directly related to the symmetries imposed on the polynomial. The sparsity of this tensor makes it challenging to construct a highly efficient evaluation scheme. Bachmayr et al. (“Polynomial approximation of symmetric functions,” Math. Comp., vol. 93, pp. 811–839, 2024) and Lysogorskiy et al. (“Performant implementation of the atomic cluster expansion (pace): application to copper and silicon,” npj Comput. Mater., vol. 7, Art. no. 97, 2021) introduced a recursive evaluation strategy that relied on a number of heuristics, but performed well in tests. In the present work, we propose an explicit construction of such a recursive evaluation strategy and show that it is in fact optimal in the limit of infinite polynomial degree.

Michael Overduin, A. Tran, Dominic M. Eekels et al.

Membrane proteins are broadly classified as transmembrane (TM) or peripheral, with functions that pertain to only a single bilayer at a given time. Here, we explicate a class of proteins that contain both transmembrane and peripheral domains, which we dub transmembrane membrane readers (TMMRs). Their transmembrane and peripheral elements anchor them to one bilayer and reversibly attach them to another section of bilayer, respectively, positioning them to tether and fuse membranes while recognizing signals such as phosphoinositides (PIs) and modifying lipid chemistries in proximity to their transmembrane domains. Here, we analyze full-length models from AlphaFold2 and Rosetta, as well as structures from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, using the Membrane Optimal Docking Area (MODA) program to map their membrane-binding surfaces. Eukaryotic TMMRs include phospholipid-binding C1, C2, CRAL-TRIO, FYVE, GRAM, GTPase, MATH, PDZ, PH, PX, SMP, StART and WD domains within proteins including protrudin, sorting nexins and synaptotagmins. The spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses are also TMMRs, seeing as they are anchored into the viral membrane while mediating fusion with host cell membranes. As such, TMMRs have key roles in cell biology and membrane trafficking, and include drug targets for diseases such as COVID-19.

Alastair Grant-Stuart

An algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) may be expressed as a functor from a category of spacetimes to a category of algebras of observables. However, a generic category $${\textsf{C}}$$ C whose objects admit interpretation as spacetimes is not necessarily viable as the domain of an AQFT functor; often, additional constraints on the morphisms of $${\textsf{C}}$$ C must be imposed. We introduce disjointness relations , a generalisation of the orthogonality relations of Benini et al. (Commun Contemp Math 23(2):2050007, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219199720500078 . arXiv:1709.08657 [math-ph]). In any category $${\textsf{C}}$$ C equipped with a disjointness relation, we identify a subcategory $${\textsf{D}}_{\textsf{C}}$$ D C which is suitable as the domain of an AQFT. We verify that when $${\textsf{C}}$$ C is the category of all globally hyperbolic spacetimes of dimension $$d+1$$ d + 1 and all local isometries, equipped with the disjointness relation of spacelike separation, the specified subcategory $${\textsf{D}}_{\textsf{C}}$$ D C is the commonly-used domain $$\textsf{Loc}_{d+1}$$ Loc d + 1 of relativistic AQFTs. By identifying appropriate chiral disjointness relations, we construct a category $$\chi \textsf{Loc}$$ χ Loc suitable as domain for chiral conformal field theories (CFTs) in two dimensions. We compare this to an established AQFT formulation of chiral CFTs, and show that any chiral CFT expressed in the established formulation induces one defined on $$\chi \textsf{Loc}$$ χ Loc .

Carlotta Giannelli, Lorenzo Sacco, Alessandra Sestini

Ariadna Vélez Muga, Pamela Robles Martinez, A. Buanz

Three-dimensional printing (3DP)provides the opportunity to personalise different dosage forms and therapeutic regimenwhere conventional manufacturing processes might not be applicable. Limitedwork has been done to investigate using 3DP for personalising hormonal intrauterinesystems (IUSs). The aim of this work was to prepare 3DP IUS containing progesteroneusing vat photopolymerisation (VPP) technique. The device was successfullyprinted and showed a slow release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). VPP has theadvantages of better printing resolution producing smoother surfaces, and theelimination of the pre-printing process of hot melt extrusion (HME) needed for fuseddeposition modelling (FDM) method. To the author’s knowledge, this is the firstreport of using VPP for printing hormone-loaded IUSs.@font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face{font-family:Calibri;panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:swiss;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}

Emil Novruzov

We consider the propagation of equatorial waves of small amplitude, in a flow with an underlying non-uniform current. Without making the too restrictive rigid-lid approximation, by exploiting the available Hamiltonian structure of the problem, we derive the dispersion relation for the propagation of coupled long-waves: a surface wave and an internal wave. Also, we investigate the above-mentioned model of wave-current interactions in the general case with arbitrary vorticities.

G. Piazza, G. Piazza, V. A. Bracchi et al.

<p>The <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="0f999d1a4e097c24f1ad042959464cfe"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00004.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratio in calcareous marine species is informative of past seawater CO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="490d7ecf09fa5682b13318d48526c23f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00005.svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> concentrations, but scarce data exist on <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7ff65a833488bf1ffc834b275f39e1d1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00006.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> in coralline algae. Recent studies suggest influences of temperature and growth rates on <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="171d22a3c19a0d1f8a371d3188f68171"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00007.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, the effect of which could be critical for the reconstructions of surface ocean pH and atmospheric <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>. In this paper, we present the first laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of Mg, Sr, Li, and B in the coralline alga <i>Lithothamnion corallioides</i> collected from different geographic settings and depths across the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean. We produced the first data on putative temperature proxies (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d1f58fc3a76bb75dfaa8c6e5d7932caa"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00008.svg" width="37pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Li</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="50621674f39f5938ff3cb1b598033eaa"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00009.svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="33pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7a25d1af185cb50eba192ad4c421755f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00010.svg" width="33pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Li</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="bdd51dd57fe955c30ebf4e84889192fe"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00011.svg" width="32pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00011.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f1f79cc49191c1df7b568c2395dce8ee"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00012.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00012.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> in a coralline algal species grown in different basins from across the photic zone (12, 40, 45, and 66 m depth). We tested the <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="fa262b09298be535c8d15ab3220327b0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00013.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00013.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> correlation with temperature proxies and growth rates in order to evaluate their possible effect on B incorporation. Our results suggested a growth rate influence on <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d25b0067b11885191d14df9ead3e2df9"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00014.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00014.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, which was evident in the sample with the lowest growth rate of 0.10 mm yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> (Pontian Isl., Italy; 66 m depth) and in Elba (Italy; 45 m depth), where the algal growth rate was the highest (0.14 mm yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>). At these two sites, the measured <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M18" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="fd2ad9c475e5eecb8e7c3103707d576a"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00015.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00015.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> was the lowest at 462.8 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 49.2 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol mol<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> and the highest at 757.7 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 75.5 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol mol<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>, respectively. A positive correlation between <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M25" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="2feca14fc2dfb797b265f6c6001dea87"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00016.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00016.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and temperature proxies was found only in the shallowest sample from Morlaix (Atlantic coast of France; 12 m depth), where the amplitude of temperature variation (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>T</i></span>) was the highest (8.9 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C). Still, fluctuations in <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M28" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d34b9e112fa6ab96535a8cfd8ae16e60"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00017.svg" width="30pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00017.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> did not mirror yearly seasonal temperature oscillations as for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M29" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8d41f2be441c6261b5bc3898456c0e3c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00018.svg" width="37pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00018.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M30" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Li</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="876ccf0c3ed2e94eced0ad19459f461d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00019.svg" width="31pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00019.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M31" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="33pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f7a0ea0908d23c7d18b2100a228874fa"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00020.svg" width="33pt" height="14pt" src="bg-19-1047-2022-ie00020.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>. We concluded that growth rates, triggered by the different <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>T</i></span> and light availability across depth, affect the B incorporation in <i>L. corallioides</i>.</p>

C. Ridame, J. Dinasquet, J. Dinasquet et al.

<p><span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation rates were measured in the 0–1000 <span class="inline-formula">m</span> layer at 13 stations located in the open western and central Mediterranean Sea (MS) during the PEACETIME cruise (late spring 2017). While the spatial variability in <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation was not related to Fe, P nor N stocks, the surface composition of the diazotrophic community indicated a strong longitudinal gradient increasing eastward for the relative abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) (mainly <span class="inline-formula"><i>γ</i></span>-Proteobacteria) and conversely decreasing eastward for photo-heterotrophic group A (UCYN-A) (mainly UCYN-A1 and UCYN-A3), as did <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation rates. UCYN-A4 and UCYN-A3 were identified for the first time in the MS. The westernmost station influenced by Atlantic waters and characterized by highest stocks of N and P displayed a patchy distribution of diazotrophic activity with an exceptionally high rate in the euphotic layer of 72.1 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">nmol</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="71pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="329d8ea18d72e83e28e52b406b72b63f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-19-415-2022-ie00001.svg" width="71pt" height="13pt" src="bg-19-415-2022-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, which could support up to 19 % of primary production. At this station at 1 <span class="inline-formula">% PAR</span> (photosynthetically available radiation) depth, UCYN-A4 represented up to 94 % of the diazotrophic community. These in situ observations of greater relative abundance of UCYN-A at stations with higher nutrient concentrations and dominance of NCDs at more oligotrophic stations suggest that nutrient conditions – even in the nanomolar range – may determine the composition of diazotrophic communities and in turn <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation rates. The impact of Saharan dust deposition on <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation and diazotrophic communities was also investigated, under present and future projected conditions of temperature and pH during short-term (3–4 <span class="inline-formula">d</span>) experiments at three stations. New nutrients from simulated dust deposition triggered a significant stimulation of <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation (from 41 % to 565 %). The strongest increase in <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation was observed at the stations dominated by NCDs and did not lead on this short timescale to changes in the diazotrophic community composition. Under projected future conditions, <span class="inline-formula">N₂</span> fixation was either increased or unchanged; in that later case this was probably due to a too-low nutrient bioavailability or an increased grazing pressure. The future warming and acidification likely benefited NCDs (<i>Pseudomonas</i>) and<span id="page416"/> UCYN-A2, while disadvantaged UCYN-A3 without knowing which effect (alone or in combination) is the driver, especially since we do not know the temperature optima of these species not yet cultivated as well as the effect of acidification.</p>

Antonio Vincenzo Radogna, Maria Elena Latino, Marta Menegoli et al.

A novel and low-cost framework for food traceability, composed by commercial and proprietary sensing devices, for the remote monitoring of air, water, soil parameters and herbicide contamination during the farming process, has been developed and verified in real crop environments. It offers an integrated approach to food traceability with embedded systems supervision, approaching the problem to testify the quality of the food product. Moreover, it fills the gap of missing low-cost systems for monitoring cropping environments and pesticides contamination, satisfying the wide interest of regulatory agencies and final customers for a sustainable farming. The novelty of the proposed monitoring framework lies in the realization and the adoption of a fully automated prototype for in situ glyphosate detection. This device consists of a custom-made and automated fluidic system which, leveraging on the Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) sensing technology, permits to detect unwanted glyphosate contamination. The custom electronic mainboard, called ElectroSense, exhibits both the potentiostatic read-out of the sensor and the fluidic control to accomplish continuous unattended measurements. The complementary monitored parameters from commercial sensing devices are: temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, volumetric water content, electrical conductivity of the soil, pH of the irrigation water, total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and equivalent CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The framework has been validated during the olive farming activity in an Italian company, proving its efficacy for food traceability. Finally, the system has been adopted in a different crop field where pesticides treatments are practiced. This has been done in order to prove its capability to perform first level detection of pesticide treatments. Good correlation results between chemical sensors signals and pesticides treatments are highlighted.