Hasil untuk "Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes"

Sergey N. Shelest, Irina A. Trotsenko, Yulia V. Korchevskaya

Background.  Obtaining water suitable for domestic and industrial needs and safe for the consumer is the main task of water treatment. The search for ways to improve the coagulation process and methods that allow its intensification is currently still relevant. The article presents the results of studies of coagulants at various combinations and doses in laboratory conditions. Irtysh river water intended for drinking purposes is considered as an object of research. The efficiency of using different coagulants that allow to remove pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, microbiological pollutants, etc. in a more qualitative way has been studied. This is especially important for the treatment of water from surface sources, which is often characterized by a high content of impurities. Experimental studies in the shop of operation of water supply networks and facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk were conducted with the following coagulants “Brilliant-18”, “Bopak-E”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA” in combination with flocculant FL 4540PWG. Coagulants were tested in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C. On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results were shown by coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better performance on water turbidity. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”. Purpose. The main objectives of the research are to test the used reagents in laboratory conditions and compare their efficiency in different seasons of the year, as well as to improve the water treatment process by introducing new reagents. Materials and methods. According to the results of industrial tests it was found that water after treatment with liquid aluminum sulfate meets hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. In summer period the working dose of liquid SA 1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) is similar to the working dose of OHA. But liquid aluminum sulfate can be used for water treatment at water treatment plants only in summer, as in winter time of the year the coagulation process is much worse. Therefore, the laboratory of the water supply networks and facilities operation shop conducted laboratory studies on the effectiveness of introduction of other coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride: “Brilliant”, “Bopak”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA”, which can be used in different seasons of the year. Taking into account the current technology of natural water treatment at the facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk the following methodology of trial coagulation (on automatic flocculator “Lovibond”) was adopted. Addition of reagents (coagulant and flocculant sequentially) in the source water and stirring for 3 minutes at a rotation speed of 146 rpm. Stirring is then continued for 10 minutes at a lower speed (43 rpm). This is followed by settling for 30 minutes. Trial coagulation was carried out with flocculant FL 4540PWG with a concentration of 0.1%. Samples of treated water were taken after settling from the middle layer of water. Water quality parameters were evaluated after the sedimentation process, excluding filtration. Results. As a result of the tests, large flakes were formed only when “Aqua-aurate 30” and “ASA” were applied at a dose of (1.5/0.1 mg/l).   Other coagulants formed small and medium flakes and all coagulants showed intensive sedimentation and clarification. Tests of coagulants were carried out in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results showed coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. During the laboratory tests, coagulants “Bopak-E” and “Brilliant-18” showed the same results of clarified water quality in terms of residual aluminum and water turbidity in comparison with the coagulant “OHA” used at Rosvodokanal Omsk, at doses as close as possible to those established at production (Dk=1.8 mg/l and Df=0.13mg/l). Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better indicators of water turbidity. Under low alkalinity conditions, Aqua-aurat 30 coagulant increases this index, which contributes to solving the problem of poor coagulation. At optimum doses quality indicators of clarified water by residual aluminum, as well as filtered water by turbidity and residual aluminum, meet the quality assurance of drinking water in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3485-21, GN 2.1.5.1315-03, GN 2.1.5.2280-07. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and to select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”. Conclusion. In the process of laboratory testing, many reagents are tested. The purpose of the analysis is to find effective reagents under conditions when the water supply source changes its charge and alkalinity decreases. Laboratory tests of coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30” show that the performance in conditions of low alkalinity is difficult, but the best coagulation ability is shown by the reagent “Aqua-aurat 30” because of its ability to increase alkalinity by 15-18%, which helps to improve the efficiency of coagulation. EDN: PKEBEO

Reza Shokoohi, Roya Najafi-Vosough, Amir Shabanloo et al.

Abstract Bioleaching technology is being developed as a cost-beneficial and environmentally friendly strategy for the removal of metal ions from sewage sludge. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of bioleaching process for the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Al, Zn, and Cu) from sewage sludge using indigenous iron-oxidizing microorganisms. For this purpose, 10 mL of a sludge-enriched inoculum of iron-oxidizing bacteria with 2 g FeSO4.7H2O was added to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of the sludge mixture from the secondary and primary sedimentation unit (34.78 g L−1 solids). The samples were stirred in a shaking incubator at 28 °C and 120 rpm for 15 days and analyzed for pH, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), Fe3+ and heavy metal concentration. In parallel, control samples were performed with 100 mL of sludge sample without the addition of the sludge-enriched inoculum and energy source. It was observed that the concentration of heavy metals decreased continuously over the period of 15 days and the removal efficiency reached 62.7%, 80.7%, 43%, and 75.5% for Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. On the other hand, the changes in selective heavy metal removal in the control experiments are very negligible. The results also showed that the specific filtration resistance (SRF) of the sludge decreased by 66.87%. In addition, the results of the SEM, EDX − mapping and XRD analyses before and after the bioleaching experiments confirm the activities of the microorganisms. The results clearly showed that the bioleaching process is an effective approach for removing heavy metals from sewage sludge as well as improving sludge dewatering and reducing the subsequent costs for the dewatered sludge disposal.

Asmoon Qamar, Waqar-Un-Nisa, Tariq Javed et al.

Abstract Groundwater is an important natural resource currently used for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes, being deteriorated by natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. The main aim of this is to assess groundwater hydrochemistry, salinity origins, recharge sources, and water quality in the Kashmir basin using geochemical modeling and multivariate statistics. The observed range of total dissolved solids (140 ≤ TDS ≤ 2226 mg/L) and chloride (10.3 ≤ Cl− ≤ 408.5 mg/L) in groundwater specify a mixed source of salinity, stemming from both natural geological formations and human activities. The average concentrations of cations and anions in groundwater are in order of Na+  > Ca2+  > Mg2+  > K+ and HCO3 − > SO4 2− > Cl− > NO3 −, respectively. The groundwater is categorized as fresh to very hard water in study area. Hydrochemistry, based on major ions were predominantly; Ca-HCO3 (40%), mixed Ca–Mg–Cl-SO₄ (30%), Na-Cl (10%), Na–K-HCO3 (15%) and Ca–Cl (5%) in study area. Stable isotopic and hydrochemical signatures clearly explained recharge of groundwater from rain and surface water, and origin of salinity in aquifer by dissolution of salts and rock-water interaction processes. Lower values of δ13CDIC, in groundwater is interpreted as evidence that biogenic CO₂, produced by the microbial oxidation of organic matter within the aquifer, is a significant source contributing to the dissolved inorganic carbon pool in groundwater. Geochemical modeling of groundwater indicates the water is under-saturated with respect to gypsum, anhydride, halite, and sylvite minerals, while being at equilibrium or slightly over-saturated with respect to carbonate minerals, suggesting significant water–rock interactions. Multivariate statistical analyses show natural weathering processes as well as anthropogenic sources of contamination in groundwater. Overall, computed water quality indices (WQIs) demonstrated that 12.5% and 85% water samples come under “excellent “ and “good “ quality, however 2.5% sample exhibited poor category. Irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs) appeared that groundwater in the study area is good quality to support the irrigation needs of crops, opening up opportunities for diverse and potentially more profitable agricultural activities.

Hadi Dehghan, Maryam Safavi, Somayeh Galdavi et al.

Groundwater in the Bam-Narmashir plain serves as a crucial water source for various purposes, including agriculture, drinking, and industry. Today, advancements in irrigation science have led to the development of new methods to enhance irrigation efficiency. In the new methods, such as drip irrigation, it is important to examine the EC, the pH level of the water, and the presence of cations and anions, as these factors can contribute to the clogging of drippers. Therefore, understanding the quality of this groundwater and evaluating the feasibility of modern irrigation methods is essential. In this study, the groundwater quality parameters of the region were obtained from 55 wells, and the Langiller index was calculated. Additionally, layers for each parameter were created using the IDW interpolation method through the Spatial Analyst tool in ArcGIS 10.6 Software. The semivariance diagram for 55 wells was made using GS+ software. The semivariance diagram for the pH parameter, which showed a correlation coefficient of 0.913 with the spherical model, was identified as the most suitable model. Following this, all parameters were assessed based on FAO and ISIRI standard values to determine the implementation of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. The results indicated that 94.54 percent wells had sodium levels exceeding three, 92.72 percent of wells had bicarbonate levels above eight and a half, 16 wells had a pH greater than eight, 78.18 percent of wells had chlorine levels over three, eight wells had water-soluble salts above 2,000, and 69.09 percent of wells had EC between 3 and 8. These findings highlight significant sodium, chlorine, and EC limitations for most of the study area. Given the constraints on groundwater resources in this region, it is important to consider management solutions to preserve and sustain the land.

Hasan Koçyiğit, Gülden Gök, Hakan Çelebi

Abstract The main purpose of the experimental study is to examine Ni(II) biosorption capacities of raw (RAS) and hexane pretreated (HPAS) almond shells by applying them to wastewater. In the context of the study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of various parameters, including temperature, RAS and HPAS dosages, pH, and contact time, on the removal efficiency of Ni(II). FTIR and SEM–EDX analyses were performed to determine the functional groups and surface morphology of RAS and HPAS. Adsorption capacities were calculated using different isotherm and kinetic models with the obtained experimental data. It was determined that under optimum conditions (2 g RAS/HPAS, pH 5.87, 10 min, 20 °C), maximum removal efficiencies of Ni(II) for RAS and HPAS were 72% and 81.25%, respectively. The equilibrium adsorption fitted the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic. The optimum adsorption capacities for RAS and HPAS were found to be 3.60 and 5.67 mg/g, respectively. Four separate error functions were used to evaluate the suitability of isotherm and kinetic models under equilibrium conditions: MPSD, HYBRID, NSD, and ARE. The findings of the error analysis showed that the HYBRID functions were the smallest in all models. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the process was feasible and exothermic. Experimental results demonstrate that RAS and HPAS are economical and readily available adsorbents for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution. It was also found to give satisfactory results for the removal of Ni(II) without the need for rather expensive modified methods.

Aubin Yao N’Dri, Stanislas Egomli Assohoun, Cyrille Gueï Okou et al.

Abstract The pollution of surface water and groundwater is a real public health problem that is currently receiving particular attention throughout the world. The use of water for food or hygiene purposes requires excellent physicochemical and microbiological quality. Well water is used for many purposes by the inhabitants of M’pody, a village in the Anyama district of Côte d’Ivoire. In this village, an epidemic of diarrhoea was detected in January 2020. This epidemic claimed sixty-nine (69) victims. This study aims to evaluate well water quality controls using the methods of principal component analysis (PCA), correspondence factorial analysis (CFA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm. The parameters studied were, turbidity (Tur), conductivity (Cond), hydrogen potential (pH), temperature (T), nitrate ( $$NO_{3^{-}}$$ N O 3 - ), nitrite ( $$NO_{2^{-}}$$ N O 2 - ), ammonium ( $$NH_{4^{+}}$$ N H 4 + ), phosphates ( $$PO_{4}^{3^{-}}$$ P O 4 3 - ), chlorides $$(Cl^{-})$$ ( C l - ) , total hydrotimetric degree (DHT), sulfates ( $$SO_{4}^{2^{-}}$$ S O 4 2 - ), bicarbonate ( $$HCO_{3^{-}}$$ H C O 3 - ), total alkalinity contents (TAC), escherichia coli (E.coli), thermotolerant coliforms (CTH) and enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). Data were collected from seventy-two (72) wells in the village during four campaigns in 2020. Physicochemical parameters were determined by electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. Microbiological analysis was carried out using membrane filtration technique. Descriptive statistics revealed that Tur, Cond, pH and T parameters did not meet world health organization (WHO, 2017) standards. However, the parameters $$NO_{3^{-}}$$ N O 3 - , $$NO_{2^{-}}$$ N O 2 - , $$NH_{4^{+}}$$ N H 4 + , $$PO_{4}^{3^{-}}$$ P O 4 3 - , $$Cl^{-}$$ C l - , DHT, TAC, $$SO_{4}^{2^{-}}$$ S O 4 2 - and $$HCO_{3^{-}}$$ H C O 3 - comply with WHO standards. The results of bacteriological analyzes confirm the presence in very significant numbers of indicators of faecal contamination (CTH, E.coli and E.faecalis) in all wells. The logical explanations for faecal pollution would come from the infiltration of septic tanks located near the wells and the run-off of waste water carrying human and animal faecal matter. The diarrhea epidemic would therefore be caused by the consumption of this polluted water. PCA, FCA and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were jointly employed to identify the structure of wells and deduce the principal factors controlling the parameters of these well waters. ANOVA revealed the effect of human-induced activities as the main factors influencing the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the studied well waters. Further studies should focus on multivariate statistical techniques for effective forecasting and monitoring of emerging pollution for improved water quality.

Yuhao Zhang, Ru Guo, Kaiming Peng et al.

In the context of global efforts to address climate change, research into regional carbon neutrality strategies has become especially critical. For developing countries and regions, it is essential to scientifically and rationally assessing the paths for small-scale regional transformations under carbon neutrality imperatives to effectively implement low-carbon transition measures. This study utilizes Chongming District in Shanghai of China as a case to establish a framework for forecasting carbon emission and sink from a multi-dimensional natural-social perspective. This facilitates the simulation and optimization of pathways for carbon neutrality transformation. The results indicate: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the total regional carbon emission exhibited a rising trend, while the total carbon sink initially declined then increased, indicating potential enhancement zone with significant potential and space for carbon neutrality development. (2) Enhanced management of ecological spaces and land use planning result in notable increases in carbon sink. Strategic measures such as emission and consumption reductions, alongside energy transitions, effectively controlled carbon emission growth and facilitated comprehensive decarbonization. (3) By combining ecological priority with enhanced control and balanced development with enhanced control, the region can achieve carbon neutrality. This showcases the effective role of policy regulation in facilitating high-quality carbon–neutral transformations. (4) Effective ecosystem management along with robust reduction and transition strategies enable county-level carbon–neutral transformations, offering a model and methodological support for other developing regions facing the twin challenges of economic growth and environmental sustainability.

Peng Huang, Chuanming Ma, Ai-wen Zhou

Coastal areas have made substantial contributions to global economic development but are plagued by challenges such as groundwater salinization. Groundwater serves as the primary source for drinking, industrial, and domestic purposes in these coastal areas. Therefore, understanding the causes and processes of groundwater salinization holds paramount significance for effective groundwater management. The coastal area of Laizhou Bay in northern China serves as a quintessential example of such a scenario. With substantial groundwater extraction and severe groundwater salinization issues, it exacerbates the disparity between water-resource supply and demand. Currently, our understanding of the processes and influencing factors related to groundwater salinization in this region remains limited. In this study, employing hydrochemical and stable chlorine isotope analyses on 35 groundwater and seawater samples, an in-depth investigation into the complex mechanisms underlying groundwater salinization in the Quaternary aquifers of the eastern coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was conducted. The test results of the samples indicate that brine and saline groundwater are primarily of the Na-Cl type, exhibiting a hydrochemical composition similar to that of seawater. Brackish groundwater exhibits a diverse hydrochemical composition. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics of brackish and fresh groundwater resemble atmospheric precipitation, while brine, seawater, and saline groundwater show hydrogen and oxygen isotope depletion. Compared to seawater, brine exhibits significant δ37Cl depletion. The analysis of the test results reveals that the formation of brine aquifers results from a complex interplay of climate change, tectonic movements, and sea–land evolution, involving lagoon development during seawater regression, salt concentration through evaporation, and subsequent water–rock interactions. The genesis of saline groundwater involves a complex interplay of brine–seawater mixing, significant evaporation, and potential input of fresh groundwater from atmospheric precipitation and river sources. The formation of brackish groundwater is predominantly influenced by atmospheric precipitation, and agricultural activities, with significant variations in NO3− concentrations attributed to varying intensities of fertilizer application in the northern plain area. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the origins of groundwater and can inform the development of policies for groundwater protection in this area.

Ghazala Siraj, Haris Hasan Khan, Arina Khan

Water samples were collected along the Tamsa river and adjacent groundwater in 2019 and 2020, and analyzed for pHh, temperature, TDS, EC, TH, major ions, and trace elements. Statistical and spatial analysis and geochemical plotting were used. Results show that both river water and groundwater are hard and slightly alkaline. Groundwater has higher concentrations of major ions and silica than river water. River water is more alkaline than groundwater. The main hydrogeochemical facies is the Ca + Mg-HCO3 type. Mg + 2, HCO3, Ni, WAWQI, TH, and MH exceed the permissible limits in both river and groundwater at a few locations, and TDS, Ca + 2, Cl-, F-, Mg/Ca, RSC, KR, PS, CR also exceed in groundwater at few locations. Water is suitable for most locations for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes. Rock weathering dominance, cation-anion exchange, and anthropogenic activities are found to influence water chemistry in the region.

Tamar Chitadze

Minimal runoff plays a crucial role in designing industrial and domestic water supply, to determine minimal discharge of water in rivers observation data of winter and summer-autumn seasons are used. There are selected the stations of rivers which have the longest observed data series. These rivers are Alazani (H/S shakriani), river Mtkvari (H/S Khertvisi), river Paravani (H/S Khertvisi). As a result of actual observed data of minimum discharges were allocated to the research rivers, such as: · 30-day minimum discharge (non-calendar year) · Instantaneous minimum discharge · Minimum discharge taken from daily average data. Nowadays, in Georgia there is no legal basis and corresponding normative-technical documentation for determining the normative values of discharge of water discharged for ecological purposes which of course is the cause of numerous problems in terms of conservation and use of water resources. Therefore, it is crucially important to take into consideration the complex relationship between minimum and environmental flows.

M. Senthilkumar, D. Gnanasundar

Kuruva Satish Kumar, V. Sridhar, Bellamkonda Jaya Sankar Varaprasad et al.

Because of changing climatic conditions, uneven distribution of rainfall occurs throughout India. As a result, dependence on groundwater for irrigation has increased tremendously for industrial and domestic purposes. In India approximately 89% of agricultural demands are met through groundwater. Due to increases in population, demand for groundwater and lack of effective utilization have resulted in rapid depletion of groundwater in most parts of the country. Therefore, quantifying groundwater resources is a serious concern in populated states of India, because it is now difficult to supply enough water to every citizen, and will remain so in the future. Because of difficulties in accessing observation data, researchers have begun to depend on satellite-based remote sensing information to deal with groundwater variations. The present study deals with filling the data gap between Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow On (GRACE FO) missions using multilayer perceptron’s (MLPs) during 2017–2018 to obtain a continuous terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) series from 2003 to 2020 for Telangana state, India. The MLP model performed well in predicting the TWSA, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.96 between modeled TWSA and GRACE TWSA during the test period. Telangana state observed negative TWSAs (annual) in the years 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2016–19. This TWSA series (2003–2020) was then used to evaluate regional groundwater storage anomalies (GWSAs) in Telangana state, which is considered to be one of the water stress regions in India. The TWSAs were converted to GWSAs using Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) parameters. The Telangana state experienced decreasing GWSA in the years 2005, 2009, and 2012, and from 2015 to 2019, leading to severe droughts. Groundwater well measurements were obtained from the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) and converted to GWSA at a seasonal scale. The GWSAs obtained from GRACE (GWSAGRACE) were converted to seasonal values and compared with GWSAs obtained from observation well data (GWSAobs). The performance metrics of r = 0.74, RMSE = 5.3, and NSE = 0.62 were obtained between (GWSAGRACE) and (GWSAobs), representing a good correlation among them. Over the past decade, Telangana state has significantly relied on groundwater resources for irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes. As a result, evaluating groundwater storage variations at a regional scale may help policy makers and water resource researchers in the sustainable utilization and management of groundwater resources.

Azlina Mat Saad, Fadli Fizari Abu Hassan Asari, Salwani Affandi et al.

Pollution of rivers is a serious topic that is frequently brought up by people from all walks of life all around the world including Malaysia. Domestic wastes, industrial pollutants, as well as agricultural wastes, including harmful and dangerous materials, have been discharged into the rivers directly or indirectly. The inflow of these hazardous pollutants not only pollutes river water but also sediment and aquatic life. Rivers, as we all know, are one of the contributors to the clean water supply in most parts of the world. River pollution has an impact on the availability of clean water used for a range of purposes, including domestic, industrial, and agricultural. Pollution, on the other hand, depletes the supply of food derived from rivers, such as fish and shrimp. The health of users, including humans, animals, and plants, will be affected by the consumption and usage of water, as well as the aquatic life of contaminated rivers. This article exposes the harsh reality of river pollution that we must all accept. To protect our rivers, it is critical to determine and know exactly the pollution sources, causes, and effects of the contaminants on rivers’ ecosystems, humans, and animals. When it comes to reducing current river pollution, prevention measures such as public awareness and continuous monitoring are preferable to treatment. In addition, significant research in the area of wastewater monitoring, as well as strict regulations, are required to manage global river pollution. This is important to prevent the continuous pollution of our rivers, which is primarily the result of negligent human actions. For rivers that have been identified as polluted, water treatment technologies including ozonation, chlorination, and aerobic granulation can be applied to remediate the pollutant residues. This is to ensure that the global community receives a clean and safe water supply.

Sangeeta Madan, Richa Madan, Athar Hussain

Abstract Last two decades have brought commendable respect for biofilm processes in wastewater treatment. Preeminent components from both the biofilter processes and activated sludge are utilized in evolving the moving bed process which eliminates major pollutants, organic matter and nutrients from municipal as well as industrial wastewater. The present review work is an endeavor to focus on the moving bed biofilm process for wastewater treatment applied in different aspects. An overview of MBBR development along with the factors affecting the operational performance of the system is discussed. It also analyses and investigates the state of the art of MBBR process for organic matter and nutrient removal. The review further assesses  the MBBR technology as a hybrid system with current findings. Furthermore, the scope for future research prospects and challenges of the moving bed process has been discussed.

Robert E. Mace

Alley WM, Alley R. 2022. The Water Recycling Revolution: Tapping into the Future. Lanham (Maryland): Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538160411. 231 p. Reviewed by Robert E. Mace

Kai Chen, Linhua Sun, Jiying Xu

Abstract Hydrochemistry of groundwater is important in coal mines because it can be used for understanding water–rock interaction and inrush water source identification. In this study, major ion concentrations of groundwater samples from the loose layer aquifer (LA), coal-bearing aquifer (CA) and Taiyuan Formation limestone aquifer (TA) in the Qingdong coal mine, northern Anhui province, China, have been analyzed by a series of statistical methods for identifying the source of chemical constituents in groundwater and the source of inrush water. The results indicate that the mean concentration of the major ions in the LA were ordered as follows: HCO3 − > SO4 2− > Na+ + K+  > Cl− > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > CO3 2−, whereas average values of the CA in decreasing order are SO4 2−, Na+ + K+, HCO3 −, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+ and CO3 2−, and the major ion concentrations of the TA have the following order: SO4 2− > Na+ + K+ > Ca2+  > HCO3 − > Cl− > Mg2+ > CO3 2−, and most of the samples are Na-SO4 and Ca-SO4 types. TDS content in water increases with aquifer depth, whereas the pH values ranged from 7.1 to 8.9, indicating a weak alkaline environment. Two sources (weathering of silicate minerals and dissolution of evaporate minerals) have been identified by principal component analysis responsible for the chemical variations of the groundwater, and their contribution ratios have been quantified by Unmix model. Moreover, based on the Q-mode cluster and discriminant analyses, the samples with known sources have been identified correctly to be 95.7% and 97.6%, respectively, and the samples with unknown sources have been determined with high probability (78–100%).

Jorge Antonio Silva-Leal, Ángela María Leal-Magón, Juan Pablo Arismendi-Henao et al.

La minería genera impactos ambientales como drenajes ácidos de minas (DAM). El río Cali es uno de los principales recursos hídricos de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, Colombia, y está afectado por los drenajes procedentes de minas abandonadas que llegan a través de la quebrada Las Minas. Como alternativas de biorremediación se evaluó el uso de humedales de flujo subsuperficial, además de piedra caliza como pretratamiento. La metodología de la investigación se estructuró en dos etapas: a) caracterización fisicoquímica del agua de la quebrada y b) operación de los sistemas de tratamiento. Se evaluaron cuatro sistemas: 1) humedal con especie vegetal (H1); 2) piedra caliza + H1 (PC + H1); 3) humedal sin especie vegetal (H2), y 4) piedra caliza + H2 (PC + H2). Los resultados mostraron que el agua de la quebrada Las Minas presenta características similares a DAM (pH: 2.4-4.0 unidades; acidez: 1 303.2 mg/l ± 139.2; hierro: 715.3 mg/l ± 70.6; sulfatos: 1 134.5 mg/l ± 314.6), y afecta al río Cali principalmente por el incremento del hierro, aluminio y presencia de precipitados de hidróxido férrico. Se observó que los sistemas de tratamiento que emplearon PC lograron mayores eficiencias; es recomendable la configuración PC + H1. Todos los sistemas lograron reducir la acidez del afluente en un rango promedio de 31 y 52 %, y se alcanzaron eficiencias de remoción promedio de hierro total entre 54 y 67 %; sulfatos entre 16 y 35 %; níquel entre 25 y 50 %, y aluminio entre 0 y 73 %. No se logró remover manganeso.

Balaji Etikala, V. Golla, Narsimha Adimalla et al.

Abstract Groundwater is a major source of water supply for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes, particularly in semi-arid regions. Managing this resource in terms of quality and quantity is a crucial issue in order to fulfil the increasing need for water. In this study, Groundwater from 31 sampling sites of Renigunta area were collected during the pre-monsoon season of 2018. The order of major ions in the groundwater was as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3– > SO42− > Cl−. The data reduction techniques, for instance, factor analysis grouped the sampling sites into three distinct groups which are attributed to the overall influence of major ions, silicate weathering, and sulphate reduction processes. The cluster analysis in Q-mode grouped the sampling sites into fresh, hard and very hard categories whereas the cluster analysis in R-mode gave three distinct groups which are attributed to the overall impact of rock-water interaction, silicate weathering and dissolution of sulphate and chloride. Geochemical modelling reveals that the saturation index (SI) values of all wells were undersaturated concerning chloride and sulphate. In addition, the Gibbs plot reveals that water-rock interaction was the key process that governs groundwater chemistry in the study area, whereas the CAI-I and CAI-II indicate that the ion exchange process in between (Na+ + K+) and (Ca2+ + Mg2+). Even though, most wells are within acceptable limits, few cross them and some are quite close to acceptable limits indicating that water quality may deteriorate in the near future. Proper water quality monitoring is needed for groundwater sustainability in the study area.

PE Seh Christopher Larson

C. P. Devatha, A. Vishnu Vishal, J. Purna Chandra Rao

Abstract Oil contamination causes serious geoenvironmental concern and adversely affects the soil environment due to the release of toxic by-products. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of oil contamination on soil physical and chemical properties and phytoremediation as a treatment option based on field studies conducted for analyzing significant parameters. The sites selected were near National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka (site-1), and another is close to the oil refinery (Kuthethur, Karnataka, India, as site-2). Phytoremediation of oil-contaminated samples was carried out by Chromolaena odorata. The evaluation of soil physical and chemical properties includes field and laboratory tests. A pumping test was conducted to estimate aquifer parameters in the field. The hydraulic conductivity for field soil sample (unsaturated condition) is carried out by a filter paper test. Laboratory tests to evaluate physical and chemical parameters include total petroleum hydrocarbons of contaminated (crude oil varying from 0 to 10% at an interval of 2%) and uncontaminated samples and plant parameters. Characterization of contaminated and uncontaminated soil sample was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results obtained reveal that physical properties of soil (moisture content, liquid and plastic limit) got affected due to oil contamination. Relative hydraulic conductivity was established as 0.46 (uncontaminated) and 0.57 (contaminated) for soil samples and led to the conclusion that hydraulic conductivity was drop down by 10% due to oil contamination. Total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis reveals that the uptake/presence of hydrocarbons by showing increased concentration in contaminated soils (5% and 10%) by the plant species. This is further confirmed by FTIR results. The TPH concentrations in the contaminated soils were reduced up to 50–60% and also showed better plant growth after 7 weeks of transplantation. Hence, considered plant species possess high potential for degrading oil contaminated in the soil.