Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Sean Elliott, Sohini Roy

Public transit is a critical component of urban mobility and equity, yet mobility and air-quality linkages are rarely operationalized in reproducible smart-city analytics workflows. This study develops a transparent, multi-source monitoring dataset that integrates agency-reported transit ridership with ambient fine particulate matter PM2.5 from the U.S. EPA Air Quality System (AQS) for four U.S. metropolitan areas - New York City, Chicago, Las Vegas, and Phoenix, using two seasonal snapshots (March and October 2024). We harmonize heterogeneous ridership feeds (daily and stop-level) to monthly system totals and pair them with monthly mean PM2.5 , reporting both absolute and per-capita metrics to enable cross-city comparability. Results show pronounced structural differences in transit scale and intensity, with consistent seasonal shifts in both ridership and PM2.5 that vary by urban context. A set of lightweight regression specifications is used as a descriptive sensitivity analysis, indicating that apparent mobility-PM2.5 relationships are not uniform across cities or seasons and are strongly shaped by baseline city effects. Overall, the paper positions integrated mobility and environment monitoring as a practical smart-city capability, offering a scalable framework for tracking infrastructure utilization alongside exposure-relevant air-quality indicators to support sustainable communities and public-health-aware urban resilience.

Yang Yang

As a concept imported from the West, ‘public’ did not show up in Japanese society until Meiji. This results in a lack of typical public space typologies in Japan's city center, such as square and plaza. However, researchers argue concepts rooted in premodern ideas and related materialized informal open spaces, such as urban commons in Edo, to be the indigenous ‘public’ space in Japan for public gatherings and interactions. As Western ideas of clear public-private division for the protection of private property enter into legislation, the once popular ‘common’ space between public and private, and according shikii (threshold) concept behind it, are threatened to be disappearing. This paper focuses on one social housing project, Shinonome Canal Court in Tokyo, designed by Riken Yamamoto, who is the laureate of 2024 Pritzker Prize for his dedication to public space and community cultivation through shikii. Through case study, the research explains how the shikii concept is interpreted in Shinonome Canal Court, and how the ‘public’ space and its ‘public’ meaning related to ‘common’ are constructed and explained under shikii. Based on the archive documents provided by UR, related reports and research in literature, observation of activities and events, interviews with the designer Riken Yamamoto, the representative of the project's private management company, Tokyu Housing Lease, and local residents, the paper underscores the lost ‘grey’ character behind shikii in defining Japanese ‘public’ (‘kōkyō’). It concludes that shikii in the project is represented not only in the physical form of different types of open spaces but also in the cooperation and negotiation between different public and private groups in deciding how the open spaces are designed, operated, and managed. ‘Public’ meaning is constructed by ‘common’; ‘Public’ space and ‘common’ space are interchangeable in Shinonome Canal Court, depending on time-based activities and events of users within.

Rafael Prieto-Curiel, Carmen Cabrera-Arnau

Migration plays a crucial role in urban growth. Over time, individuals opting to relocate led to vast metropolises like London and Paris during the Industrial Revolution, Shanghai and Karachi during the last decades and thousands of smaller settlements. Here, we analyze the impact that migration has on population redistribution. We use a model of city-to-city migration as a process that occurs within a network, where the nodes represent cities, and the edges correspond to the flux of individuals. We analyze metrics characterizing the urban distribution and show how a slight preference for some destinations might result in the observed distribution of the population.

Peiran Zhang, Liang Gao, Fabiano L. Ribeiro et al.

For decades, urban development was studied on two-dimensional maps, largely ignoring the third dimension. However, building height is crucial because it dramatically potentiates the interior space of cities. Here, using a newly released global building height dataset of 2903 cities across 42 countries in 2015, we develop a Cobb-Douglas model to simultaneously examine the relationship between urban population size and both horizontal and vertical urban extents. We find that, contrary to expectations, the residents of most urban systems do not significantly benefit from vertical dimension, with population accommodation being primarily driven by horizontal extent. The associations with country-level external indicators demonstrate that the benefits of horizontal extent are more pronounced in urban systems with more extreme size distribution (most population concentrated in few cities). Moreover, building classification tests confirm the robustness of our findings across all building types. Our findings challenge the intuition that building height and high-rise development significantly contributes to urban population accommodation, calling for targeted policies to improve its efficiency.

Xiaofeng Li, Xiangyi Xiao, Xiaocong Du et al.

Urban economic vitality is a crucial indicator of a city's long-term growth potential, comprising key metrics such as the annual number of new companies and the population employed. However, modeling urban economic vitality remains challenging. This study develops ECO-GROW, a multi-graph framework modeling China's inter-city networks (2005-2021) to generate urban embeddings that model urban economic vitality. Traditional approaches relying on static city-level aggregates fail to capture a fundamental dynamic: the developmental trajectory of one city today may mirror that of its structurally similar counterparts tomorrow. ECO-GROW overcomes this limitation by integrating industrial linkages, POI similarities, migration similarities and temporal network evolution over 15 years. The framework combines a Dynamic Top-K GCN to adaptively select influential inter-city connections and an adaptive Graph Scorer mechanism to dynamically weight cross-regional impacts. Additionally, the model incorporates a link prediction task based on Barabasi Proximity, optimizing the graph representation. Experimental results demonstrate ECO-GROW's superior accuracy in predicting entrepreneurial activities and employment trends compared to conventional models. By open-sourcing our code, we enable government agencies and public sector organizations to leverage big data analytics for evidence-based urban planning, economic policy formulation, and resource allocation decisions that benefit society at large.

Ayoub Guemouria, Abdelghani Chehbouni, Salwa Belaqziz et al.

The watershed represents a holistic system whose poor understanding of its multiple subsystems can lead to a pronounced water scarcity. This study aims to develop an innovative technique for managing water resources within the Souss-Massa watershed. It uses the System Dynamics (SD) methodology to analyze the interplay among the factors involved in water supply and demand. The results show that under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, water sustainability in this watershed is not assured. Groundwater drawdown (GWD) will increase significantly, with an estimated average decrease of −337 Mm3 for the period 2022 to 2050. To remedy this critical situation, several simulations were developed, each representing a distinct scenario. Scenario 1 improves irrigation efficiency by 10%, while scenario 2 achieves a 20% improvement. Scenario 3 builds on scenario 2 by doubling the volume of reused water. Scenario 4 extends scenario 3 by also doubling the volume of desalinated water. Scenario 5 combines the 10% improvement in irrigation efficiency from scenario 1 with a doubling of both reused and desalinated water volumes, along with a stabilization of irrigated areas. Scenario 6 adds a 7% increase in water supply to the measures in scenario 5. Finally, scenario 7 combines the 10% irrigation efficiency improvement from scenario 1 with a doubling of reused and desalinated water volumes, but reduces the irrigated area by 15%. This study is of crucial importance to decision-makers, as it provides them with strategies for promoting water-saving practices and, consequently, advancing the sustainable development agenda.

Maria Giovanna Brandano, Chiara Conti, Marco Modica et al.

Under the threat of climate change, the world has become increasingly unsafe, with extreme weather events causing devastation and high economic costs. These impacts are heterogeneous because of the interaction between different regional climate changes and the varying socio-economic characteristics of affected places. Climate change also impacts the management of cultural heritage sites. We then propose a method to identify heritage sites at risk from climate change issues, considering the single components of risk, namely both the natural hazard and the resilient/vulnerable local characteristics that may increase or mitigate the potential damage. The link between the natural and human spheres is, in fact, crucial for the development of suitable mitigation and prevention strategies, particularly relevant for developing countries that suffer from scarce economic resources. Overall, this work aims to provide a method to detect heritage sites at risk and a decision support tool for strategically managing cultural sites. We focus on Italy since it is one of the countries with a higher endowment of cultural heritage. However, thanks to its high replicability, this tool might be exported and adopted in different contexts and scenarios.

Nada Samir Farag, Gehan Elsayed Abd eldayem, Ahmed Saleh Abd Elfatah

Cities confront massive issues like Disasters, climate change, urbanization, population growth, and economic growth; it is necessary to reduce their impact to the minimum possible. To accomplish this, A smart, resilient society intended to manage cities using Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and intelligent information technologies to improve the ability to resist, absorb, and adapt to external changes resulting in urban resilience. Beyond that, constructing a smart, resilient city is a more advanced strategy for reducing vulnerabilities to emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic and natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis. This study proposes a conceptual design for smart resilience cities and explores how a system can improve risk reduction and adaptation approaches and natural disaster recovery. Using various examples, the various states how smart cities' characteristics help cities be more resilient to disasters. The paper explains the differences and similarities between a smart city and a resilient city.

Sanna Ala-Mantila, Antti Kurvinen, Aleksi Karhula

Abstract As a result of the ongoing urbanization megatrend, cities have an increasingly critical role in the search for sustainability. To create sustainable strategies for cities and to follow up if they induce desired effects proper metrics on the inter and intra-urban development is needed. In this paper, we analyze the sustainability development in the 20 largest cities in Finland through a residential area classification framework. The results based on high-quality register data show concerning trends in some sustainability measures, and divergent trends between cities and residential areas within. Overall, while densities have increased modestly, we see no clear signs of decreasing car ownership rates. Further, also manifestations of social sustainability seem to be insufficient in many locations–especially in residential mid-rise areas from the '60s and '70s, and '80s and '90s.

Hao Han, Chen Shen, Kaiqin Li et al.

This study is a bibliometric analysis of urban studies publications from 2001 to 2021 that unravels the evolution and growing complexity of the field. Although developed regions still dominate and lead this area of inquiry, urban studies led by Asian scholars have increased dramatically over the last decade. There is also topic diffusion from developed regions to less-developed regions despite some unique emphases within each region caused by their local socio-economic-ecological contexts. Climate change adaptation and sustainable development, inequality, and urban governance are receiving growing attention globally. The findings suggest the rising importance of cross-continent knowledge transfer and multi-disciplinary collaboration, particularly among urban studies, sustainability policies and management, public administration, and development studies. Also, urban researchers need to pay more attention to issues faced by many growing cities in developing economies in Asia and Africa as more of the world's population will reside in those urban settings in the coming decades.

Berhanu Keno Terfa, Nengcheng Chen, Dandan Liu et al.

Rapid urban growth in major cities of a country poses challenges for sustainable development. Particularly in Africa, the process of rapid urbanization is little understood and research is mostly limited to single cities. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the growth and spatial patterns of urban development in the three major cities of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Adama, and Hawassa) from 1987 to 2017. Also, the applicability of diffusion and coalescence theory on the evolution of these cities has been tested. Remote sensing and GIS technologies were combined with spatial metrics and morphological analysis was employed to undertake this study. The result revealed that all the studied cities experienced accelerated growth in the urbanized areas, but the cities with a larger initial urbanized size were associated with lower expansion rates. Differences in extent and direction of expansion in each city were mostly related to physical features, urban master plans, and policies, with an increase in the irregularity and dispersion of urban growth, representing strong evidence of urban sprawl. The spatiotemporal analysis confirmed that the urbanization processes of Addis Ababa and Adama were consistent and Hawassa city diverged from expectations based on diffusion and coalescence theory. In general, large cities with strong economic growth in a country fail to effectively control the scattered nature of urban growth, thus requiring aggressive policy intervention. The approach used in this study permits a deeper exploration of urban development patterns and the identification of priority areas for effective urban planning and management.

Hossain Mohammad Arifeen, K. Phoungthong, A. Mostafaeipour et al.

At present, urbanization is a very common phenomenon around the world, especially in developing countries, and has a significant impact on the land-use/land-cover of specific areas, producing some unwanted effects. Bangladesh is a tightly inhabited country whose urban population is increasing every day due to the expansion of infrastructure and industry. This study explores the land-use/land-cover change detection and urban dynamics of Gazipur district, Bangladesh, a newly developed industrial hub and city corporation, by using satellite imagery covering every 10-year interval over the period from 1990 to 2020. Supervised classification with a maximum likelihood classifier was used to gather spatial and temporal information from Landsat 5 (TM), 7 (ETM+) and 8 (OLI/TIRS) images. The Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology was also employed to detect changes over time. The kappa coefficient ranged between 0.75 and 0.90. The agricultural land was observed to be shrinking very rapidly, with an area of 716 km2 in 2020. Urbanization increased rapidly in this area, and the urban area grew by more than 500% during the study period. The urbanized area expanded along major roads such as the Dhaka–Mymensingh Highway and Dhaka bypass road. The urbanized area was, moreover, concentrated near the boundary line of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Urban expansion was found to be influenced by demographic-, economic-, location- and accessibility-related factors. Therefore, similarly to many countries, concrete urban and development policies should be formulated to preserve the environment and, thereby, achieve sustainable development goal (SDG) 11 (sustainable cities and communities).

Ling Wang, Liqing Yu, Y. Xiong et al.

Abstract With China’s rapid urbanization and the improvement of living standards, the number of black-odor water bodies in cities increase over time bring a huge threat to urban environment, city image, and the health of residents. Although water quality of rivers has achieved remarkable improvements due to a series of related policies, there are still some unreasonable mechanisms and insufficient supervision. In this paper, using descriptive statistics, we introduce the current situation of black-odor water bodies and analyze the governance mechanisms of black-odor water bodies at the national and provincial levels. We found that there are more black-odor water bodies in east and south-central China, compared to other areas. The causes of black-odor water bodies varies from economic development and natural environment. Then, we explore measures taken by governments at different levels in the treatment of black-odor water bodies and their governance performance. As the largest developing country, China's experience in the treatment of black-odor water bodies may be a reference for other developing countries.

Sandipta Das, Dasharatha P. Angadi

V. Aromal, M.A. Naseer

In many developing countries, comprehensive and structured planning strategies for pedestrians compared to users of other modes are grossly absent. This poses a challenge for planning agencies and local government authorities in the proper utilization of the fund. The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive list of factors that would help in the decision-making process for the improvement of pedestrian facilities in urban areas. A preliminary list of 57 factors that influence the improvement of pedestrian facilities in the urban area was discovered through a literature survey and expert intervention. The compilation was done based on the frequency of citations in previous studies. The factors were then grouped into five major categories that characterize the pedestrian facilities such as (1) Infrastructure; (2) Location (3) Ambience/Liveability, (4) Safety and Security, and (5) Mobility. A Delphi survey was conducted among 24 selected experts. After 4 rounds of the survey, 33 factors were identified as significant for the improvement of pedestrian facilities in an urban area. The study also identified some significant factors that failed to get attention in the past. The consolidated list would serve as a guide for planners, authorities, and government officials to adopt significant factors according to their requirements, and can be used as a reference for other developing countries.

Somik V. Lall

Xingfen Wang

In this study, a coordination model based on the data of urban population and built-up areas from 2006 to 2015 is used to assess the relationship between population urbanization and urban sprawl across 654 cities in Mainland China. For analysis, 654 cities are divided into five categories (small city, medium city, large city, super city and mega city) and the relationship between population urbanization and urban sprawl is divided into four types (rapid growth of population, rapid expansion of land, shrinkage of population and land and coordinated development between population and land). The results show that 60.6% of cities are rapid expansion of land, 18.5% are rapid growth of population, 14.1% are shrinkage of population and land and only 6.9% of cities are coordinated development between population and land. Small, medium, large and super cities were characterized by rapid expansion of land, while mega cities featured rapid growth of population. The size of the cities decreased mainly because of the shrinkage of people and land while it increased because of the rapid expansion of land. The cities with shrinkage of population and land, and rapid growth of population are mostly distributed in the east of the Hu Line.

Emanuele Gabriel Margherita, Giovanni Esposito, Stefania Denise Escobar et al.

In this position paper, we explore the adoption of a Smart City with a socio-technical perspective. A Smart city is a transformational technological process leading to profound modifications of existing urban regimes and infrastructure components. In this study, we consider a Smart City as a socio-technical system where the interplay between technologies and users ensures the sustainable development of smart city initiatives that improve the quality of life and solve important socio-economic problems. The adoption of a Smart City required a participative approach where users are involved during the adoption process to joint optimise both systems. Thus, we contribute to socio-technical research showing how a participative approach based on press relationships to facilitate information exchange between municipal actors and citizens worked as a success factor for the smart city adoption. We also discuss the limitations of this approach.

Dongdong Zhang, Hongyi Li, Hongyu Zhu et al.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spreads all over the world. In order to alleviate the spread of the epidemic, various blockade policies have been implemented in many areas. In order to formulate a better epidemic prevention policy for urban energy consumption of the commercial tourism cities, this paper first analyses the energy characteristics of Macao during the epidemic period from two aspects, based on the energy consumption data of Macao. On this basis, the power consumption characteristics of commercial tourism cities during the epidemic were analyzed. Then, this paper provides analysis of the characteristics of the energy consumption in different fields of commercial tourism cities from the aspects of hotel, transportation, tourism culture and public utilities. Finally, a detailed analysis of the energy consumption characteristics of commercial tourism cities represented by Macao during the epidemic period is provided, by comparing with some typical countries.

Hao Luo, Weihua Chen, Xianzhe Xu et al.

This paper introduces our solution for the Track2 in AI City Challenge 2021 (AICITY21). The Track2 is a vehicle re-identification (ReID) task with both the real-world data and synthetic data. We mainly focus on four points, i.e. training data, unsupervised domain-adaptive (UDA) training, post-processing, model ensembling in this challenge. (1) Both cropping training data and using synthetic data can help the model learn more discriminative features. (2) Since there is a new scenario in the test set that dose not appear in the training set, UDA methods perform well in the challenge. (3) Post-processing techniques including re-ranking, image-to-track retrieval, inter-camera fusion, etc, significantly improve final performance. (4) We ensemble CNN-based models and transformer-based models which provide different representation diversity. With aforementioned techniques, our method finally achieves 0.7445 mAP score, yielding the first place in the competition. Codes are available at https://github.com/michuanhaohao/AICITY2021_Track2_DMT.