This study explores the integration of immersive technologies, virtual reality (VR) and digital twin (DT) technologies, into engineering education through a novel learning space, Holodeck. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in a hydraulics and pneumatics course by addressing problems of increasing student numbers, decreasing resources, and calls for more interactive and experiential learning activities. Holodeck is a virtual environment and interactive laboratory where students explore complex systems, hone problem-solving abilities, and use theoretical knowledge in a very interactive and experiential way. The research adopted a multi-method approach with the incorporation of action research and statistical analysis to evaluate the impact of VR and DT on student behavior, motivation, and performance. The research encompassed 96 second-year mechanical engineering students, classified into two groups to compare users of Holodeck technology with those engaged in conventional laboratory environments. The findings indicate that the incorporation of immersive technology enhanced the students’ proficiency in recognizing pneumatic components and comprehending system diagrams. Concurrently, various technical challenges and developmental requirements were recognized. The article concludes with a reflection on future pedagogical practices and identifies key areas for further research, particularly the integration of VR and DT to create more dynamic and effective learning environments.
Torque and drag reduction, high standoff, wear resistance, good cementation, maximum fluid bypass for improved wellbore hydraulics, and good cementation: today’s centralizer design requires new approaches due to the fact that more challenging and longer wells are being drilled. The objective of this technical paper is to outline the design process and centralizer requirements to push the boundaries in both drilling and well completion operations. The approach to developing high-end centralizers begins with the identification of materials that can meet all requirements and well construction challenges simultaneously. A review and gap analysis of current testing standards has been carried out to build a realistic test setup that enables the generation of new centralizer design options. To implement the results accurately into more complex well engineering software modules, specific input parameters and fit-for-purpose solutions have been identified. The results of the described approach led to the design of unique offset centralizers - composed of multilayer composites-that are bonded onto tubulars. The established process resulted in centralizers with an unprecedented friction reduction of 44% compared to steel. The selected materials achieved a wear reduction 30 times better than steel and 80 times better than other composite materials commonly used for centralizers. The lab results have been implemented in software simulations to allow for precise pre-job simulations in torque and drag, standoff, casing wear and hydraulics. Case studies confirm the accuracy of the lab data and well engineering software simulations. Besides the mechanical achievements, the offset design and shape of the centralizers led to an average dynamic pressure reduction of 30%, while lowering peak pressures by up to 50% compared to conventional slip-on centralizers. At the same time, cement bond log case studies show excellent results even in highly inclined and horizontal wells. Enhanced testing, purpose-built design, suitable engineering software and validation through actual case studies have led to a novel centralizer design approach. Multilayer composites provide low friction, high wear resistance, superior fluid bypass, high standoff, and good cementation. The robustness of the centralizers is underlined by their ability to be deployed in challenging casing runs, bonded onto expendable tubulars, or used for casing drilling. In summary, novel composite centralizers pave the way for new drilling frontiers.
A year has passed since the death of Alexander Semenovich Noskov (he passed away on February 17, 2024), a scientist and mentor, professor of the Department of Hydraulics at the Ural Federal University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation, Honorary Builder of Russia, Veteran of labor. Alexander Semenovich was at the origin of the scientific journal "Russian Journal of Construction Science and Technology" (RJCST) and was its editor-in-chief from 2015 to 2022.
Candice Hall, Robert Jensen, Clarence O. Collins
et al.
This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the 2021 Wave Information Study (WIS) annual update. Within this CHETN, we summarize the WIS input data, explain the model technologies, detail the quality control / quality assurance (QA/QC), and provide statistical evaluation of the 2021 WIS estimates as compared to in situ buoys and remotely sensed satellite altimeter data.
Valerie Vaquet, Fabian Hinder, André Artelt
et al.
Research on methods for planning and controlling water distribution networks gains increasing relevance as the availability of drinking water will decrease as a consequence of climate change. So far, the majority of approaches is based on hydraulics and engineering expertise. However, with the increasing availability of sensors, machine learning techniques constitute a promising tool. This work presents the main tasks in water distribution networks, discusses how they relate to machine learning and analyses how the particularities of the domain pose challenges to and can be leveraged by machine learning approaches. Besides, it provides a technical toolkit by presenting evaluation benchmarks and a structured survey of the exemplary task of leakage detection and localization.
Martin Fencl, Jafet C. M. Andersson, Roberto Nebuloni
et al.
Opportunistic sensors are increasingly used for rainfall measurement. However, their raw data are collected by a variety of systems that are often not primarily intended for rainfall monitoring, resulting in a plethora of different data formats and a lack of common standards. This hinders the sharing of opportunistic sensing (OS) data, their automated processing, and, at the end, their practical usage and integration into standard observation systems. This paper summarises the experiences of the more than 100 members of the OpenSense Cost Action involved in the OS of rainfall. We review the current practice of collecting and storing precipitation OS data and corresponding metadata, and propose new common guidelines describing the requirements on data and metadata collection, harmonising naming conventions, and defining human-readable and machine readable file formats for data and metadata storage. We focus on three sensors identified by the OpenSense community as prominent representatives of the OS of precipitation: Commercial microwave links (CML): fixed point-to-point radio links mainly used as backhauling connections in telecommunication networks Satellite microwave links (SML): radio links between geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites and ground user terminals. Personal weather stations (PWS): non-professional meteorological sensors owned by citizens. The conventions presented in this paper are primarily designed for storing, handling, and sharing historical time series and do not consider specific requirements for using OS data in real time for operational purposes. The conventions are already now accepted by the ever growing OpenSense community and represent an important step towards automated processing of OS raw data and community development of joint OS software packages.
La Reserva Natural Laguna de Tiscapa, se ubica en el centro de la ciudad de Managua, a dos kilómetros de la costa del Lago Xolotlán. Este cuerpo de agua ha sido impactado principalmente por acciones antrópicas que iniciaron en 1980 con el ingreso de agua residual doméstica y residuos sólidos (García Espinoza, 2020). Este estudio determinó el estado trófico de la laguna Tiscapa con base en la transparencia, clorofila-a y el fósforo total bajo las metodologías del Índice de Estado Trófico de Carlson (TSI) modificado por Aizaki y el modelo del Comité de Eutrofización de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (OCDE) utilizando muestreos de calidad de agua correspondientes a los meses de abril, junio, agosto, octubre y diciembre de 2022. Se simuló el estado futuro de la laguna en 30 años utilizando las ecuaciones de Vollenweider con el índice OCDE permitiendo ver el comportamiento de fósforo total y clorofila-a. Como resultado se obtuvo que la laguna se encuentra en un estado hipereutrófico - eutrófico, lo que se traduce en una alta presencia de nutrientes que afecta el oxígeno disponible en la laguna y la proliferación de algas que afectan la calidad el agua. En la simulación con aportes continuos y no continuos, la laguna se mantiene en un estado hipereutrófico. La simulación del escenario ideal con condiciones naturales reflejó un estado oligotrófico-ultra-oligotrófico. El estudio concluye la necesidad urgente de abordar el exceso de nutrientes y tomar medidas para restaurar y preservar la calidad de este importante recurso hídrico de Nicaragua.
La Eichhornia crassipes (jacinto de agua) ha mostrado ser una especie vegetal prometedora en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Sin embargo, su uso potencial en la región centroamericana sigue sin explorarse. Para abordar esta brecha de conocimiento, se construyó un sistema de humedales utilizando Eichhornia crassipes en la planta piloto Arturo Pazos de la ERIS/USAC. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el potencial de generación de biogás en función del porcentaje de sólidos volátiles y examinar el comportamiento de varios parámetros de calidad de las aguas residuales. Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos del afluente y efluente del humedal artificial para evaluar las concentraciones de nutrientes, materia orgánica e inorgánica y sólidos. Además, se determinó el peso seco y el contenido de cenizas de muestras de Eichhornia crassipes. Los hallazgos indican que la Eichhornia crassipes cultivada en el humedal artificial tienen la capacidad de generar biogás. Sin embargo, se encontró que el porcentaje de sólidos volátiles era bajo. Por lo tanto, la viabilidad de utilizar Eichhornia crassipes para la producción de biogás debe evaluarse más a fondo en un entorno de co-digestión. Además, el estudio demostró el potencial significativo de la Eichhornia crassipes en la eliminación de DBO, DQO, turbidez y SST de las aguas residuales. En particular, se lograron reducciones superiores al 90% para estos parámetros. Estos hallazgos demuestran la notable eficacia de la Eichhornia crassipes para el tratamiento del agua residual con un enfoque ambientalmente sostenible.
Abstract. Plant hydraulics gains increasing interest in plant ecophysiology and vegetation modeling. However, the hydraulic properties and profiles are often improperly represented, thus leading to biased results and simulations, e.g., the neglection of gravitational pressure drop results in overestimated water flux. We highlight the commonly seen ambiguities and/or misunderstandings in plant hydraulics, including (1) the distinction between water potential and pressure, (2) differences among hydraulic conductance and conductivity, (3) xylem vulnerability curve formulations, (4) model complexity, (5) stomatal-model representations, (6) bias from analytic estimations, (7) whole-plant vulnerability, and (8) neglected temperature dependencies. We recommend careful thinking before using or modifying existing definitions, methods, and models.
Urbanization and industrialization cause an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn causes changes in the atmosphere. Climate change is causing extreme rainfalls and these rainfalls are getting stronger day after day. Floods are threatening urban areas, and short-duration rainfall and outdated drainages are responsible for urban floods. Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves are crucial for both drainage system design and assessment of flood risk. Once IDF curves are determined from historical data, they are assumed to be stationary. However, IDF curves must be non-stationary and time varying based on preparation for extreme events. This study generates future IDF curves with short-duration rainfalls under climate change. To represent future rainfall, an ensemble of four Global Climate Models generated under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 were used in this study. A new approach to the HYETOS disaggregation model was applied to disaggregate daily future rainfall into sub-hourly using disaggregation parameters of hourly measured rainfalls. Hence, sub-hourly future rainfalls will be obtained capturing historical rainfall patterns instead of random rainfall characteristics. Finally, historical and future IDF curves were compared. The study concludes that increases in short-duration rainfalls will be highly intensified in both the near and distant futures with a high probability. HIGHLIGHTS
Climate change impacts on rainfall intensities are assessed by comparing historical IDF curves with future IDF curves considering different GCMs and RCPs.;
Short-duration rainfalls under climate change impacts were simulated for the assessment of urban floods.;
Future daily rainfall data can be disaggregated into sub-hourly rainfall with a new approach to HYETOS using disaggregation parameters of hourly measured rainfalls.;
Este artículo muestra la eficiencia que se obtiene en el sistema de filtros percoladores para la remoción de nitrógeno total y fósforo total, así como, algunas de sus formas. En la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la USAC, el caudal promedio es de 3,92 l/s entre los meses de octubre de 2012 a enero de 2013, con un índice promedio de biodegradabilidad del 0,55. Cabe señalarse que al evaluar el ciclo del nitrógeno y del fósforo se obtuvieron resultados que indican que entre la etapa I y II se da la fase de nitrificación y entre la etapa II y III la fase de desnitrificación, lo que contribuye a reducir los valores de nitrógeno total en un promedio del 20,5%. Por su parte, en el fósforo total se remueve un 11,5% de su valor inicial.
Carlos René Galindo Valeriano, María del Rosario Colmenares Samayoa, Kelder Ortiz
et al.
El presente estudio realizado en el curso de Limnología de la Escuela Regional de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Recursos Hidráulicos ERIS, tiene como principal objetivo determinar la situación de la laguna El Pino ubicada en el municipio de Barberena en el departamento de Santa Rosa, Guatemala. Para el estudio de calidad de agua y plancton se tomaron 6 puntos de muestreo tomando como base los puntos utilizados en un estudio realizado en el 2007 en el mismo lugar. La determinación del estado trófico de la Laguna El Pino, no puede ser tomada como definitiva pues el número de muestreos realizados y los resultados obtenidos durante el presente estudio son limitados. Sin embargo puede considerarse como, un cuerpo de agua con inicios de eutrofización, por el aumento o proliferación de las algas (Hydrilla verticillata) y plantas acuáticas, así como también el aumento en los niveles de nutrientes y una leve reducción en su volumen de almacenamiento.
Este artículo presenta los resultados de la evaluación, a escala de campo y laboratorio, del estado trófico de la laguna de Calderas, en los años 2002, 2004, 2011 y 2014. La laguna de calderas en el año 2002 tenía un índice del estado trófico (TSI) de 39 lo que la ubicaba en estado oligotrófico y en el año 2014 se presentó un índice de 44 con lo cual se encuentra en estado mesotrófico. Con base a las características presentadas en los años 2002, 2004, 2011 y 2014 se determinó que el oxígeno disuelto se reduce un 20%, debido a erupciones volcánicas, al crecimiento poblacional, el cual aporta mayor generación de aguas residuales, producto del lavado de ropa y generación de desechos sólidos.
Este artículo presenta una propuesta para estimar el coeficiente de rugosidad de Manning a través de un modelo matemático para la cuenca del río Achiguate-Guacalate. Para el logro de este fin se tomó como base las ecuaciones de Chezy y de Manning con el objetivo de obtener una expresión para el coeficiente de rugosidad en función del radio hidráulico “Rh” y la altura de rugosidad “K” de las partículas del fondo del cauce del río. El Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología y Meteorología -INSIVUMEH- a través de su departamento de Hidrología opera a partir del año 2002 las estaciones de aforo cuyos datos fueron recopilados y procesados para la formulación del modelo matemático. Este modelo se validó con muestras tomadas de la cuenca en tres puntos diferentes dentro de la misma obteniendo de cada una de ellas el diámetro medio D50 a través de un análisis granulométrico realizado a cada una de ellas. Con esto s datos se obtiene un valor para “n” en los puntos seleccionados aplicando el modelo. Para comparar resultados, se analiza con la misma información con la que se propone el modelo, una estimación de “n” por medio de otros métodos, los visuales y los analíticos. Finalmente se compara el modelo con aforos recientes cuyos datos son nuevos y no fueron utilizados en la creación del modelo. Como resultado se propone el modelo n=0.091 K(1/6) , donde “K” que representa la rugosidad del fondo del cauce estimada en 0.027 para el muestreo realizado en Alotenango. Al aplicar el modelo para Alotenango, la ecuación sería n=0.091*0.27(1/6), obteniéndose un valor para “n” de 0.073 que al compararse con los métodos visuales resulta alto, pero similar al calculado por métodos analíticos.
<p>Commercial microwave links (CMLs) in telecommunication
networks can provide relevant information for remote sensing of
precipitation and other environmental variables, such as path-averaged
drop size distribution, evaporation, or humidity. The CoMMon field experiment (COmmercial Microwave links for urban
rainfall MONitoring) mainly focused on the rainfall observations by monitoring a 38 GHz dual-polarized CML of 1.85 km path length at
a high temporal resolution (4 s), as well as a co-located array of five
disdrometers and three rain gauges over 1 year. The dataset is
complemented with observations from five nearby weather stations. Raw
and pre-processed data, which can be explored with a custom
static HTML viewer, are available at
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4923125">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4923125</a> <span class="cit" id="xref_paren.1">(<a href="#bib1.bibx46">Špačková et al.</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx46">2021</a>)</span>. The data quality is generally
satisfactory for further analysis, and potentially problematic measurements are flagged to
help the analyst identify relevant periods for specific study purposes. Finally, we encourage potential applications and discuss open issues
regarding future remote sensing with CMLs.</p>
Abstract An empirical model estimating water vapor density from the attenuation of electromagnetic waves at E‐band frequencies is proposed and tested on seven months of 5‐min attenuation observations from a 4.87‐km‐long full‐duplex E‐band commercial microwave link (CML) operating at 73.5 and 83.5 GHz. The model does not require in situ calibration. Estimated water vapor density is compared to the observations from two meteorological stations located nearby the CML end nodes. Best performance is achieved for the 83.5 GHz sublink (RMSE = 1.46 g m−3, R2 = 0.85) when the actual temperature is used as a model input, in addition to the attenuation data. Use of temperature averaged over the whole evaluation period resulted in significantly worse performance. The study demonstrates the potential of E‐band CMLs for measuring near‐surface air humidity and the need for careful quality control when upscaling the water vapor monitoring to the entire network of E‐band CMLs.
The way of imagination and visualization of spatial, the ability of read, analyze and interpret different drawings for engineering students is provided by graphics training. The accurate way of technical drawings and rules in engineering drawing in final year projects are discussed in this paper. Primary and main material collection was done by distribution of questionnaires amongst the final year students and also by collecting their look outs based on a survey questionnaire amongst 300 students from different engineering departments. 300 different final year projects and 2500 engineering drawings were surveyed from a batch of students from 2016-2018. Although, the design drawings and architecture drawings in civil and architecture departments take around 90 sheets, whereas simple drawings are sparse. But in the field of geology and mind, oil and gas, hydraulics have majority of infrastructure and simpler drawings. Conclusively, the application of technical drawings is same in all departments, while in civil and Architecture department's projects, scales, thicknesses of lines, types of lines are used correctly and due to wrong use of symbols and colors is rejected. In Geology and mind, oil and gas and hydraulic due to the use of large scales, colors are accepted but, on basis of incorrect use of line thicknesses and small dimensions are rejected.
Surabaya is the second largest and most populous city in Indonesia and is inseparable from the problem of flooding which is still flooded the area of East Surabaya.Flooding is caused by Bratang boezem unable to accommodate rainwater discharge. Boeang Surabaya has an area of 19,900 m2, has two systems namely flood gates and flood pumps. The floodgate system will work to drain the boezem bratang water to wonokromo river if the water elevation at Wonokromo River is at under the elevation of Bratang boezem water and flow Gravitatively while the pump system will work if the floodgate system is no longer functioning. To overcome the problem of flooding in the region, it is necessary to conduct hydrological and hydraulics analysis by performing boezem routing to determine the Boezem capacity whether it can accept the planned rain discharge. a depth of 3 m is unable to accommodate a maximum flood discharge period of 2.5 and 10 years. so it is planned to increase the boezem depth which was originally 3 m to 4.6 m, and increase the pump capacity which was originally from 10.5 m3 / s to 14 m3 / s.From the plan, after the hydrologic and hydraulics analysis using Boezem routing, Boezem has been able to accommodate the planned rain discharge.
Crocus sativus, containing remarkably amounts of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal, is the source of saffron with tremendous medicinal, economic and cultural importance. Here, we present a high-quality full-length transcriptome of the sterile triploid C. sativus, using the PacBio SMRT sequencing technology. This yields 31,755 high-confidence predictions of protein-coding genes, with 50.1% forming paralogous gene pairs. Analysis on distribution of Ks values suggests that the current genome of C. sativus is probably a product resulting from at least two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events occurred at ~28 and ~114 million years ago (Mya), respectively. We provide evidence demonstrating that the recent β WGD event confers a major impact on family expansion of secondary metabolite genes, possibly leading to an enhanced accumulation of three distinct compounds: crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Phylogenetic analysis unravels that the founding member (CCD2) of CCD enzymes necessary for the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids in C. sativus might be evolved from the CCD1 family via the β WGD event. Based on the gene expression profiling, CCD2 is found to be expressed at an extremely high level in the stigma. These findings may shed lights on further genomic refinement of the characteristic biosynthesis pathways and promote germplasm utilization for the improvement of saffron quality.
El estudio de coeficientes cinéticos de filtros percoladores por etapas, con medio filtrante de piedra volcánica, en el tratamiento del agua residual en la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de la USAC, el cual responde un buen rendimiento en la eficiencia de la remoción de la materia orgánica; pero es importante el estudio de los coeficientes cinéticos para determinar parámetros de diseño para este tipo de unidades.
La caracterización del agua residual de origen doméstico, como la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO5) y la Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) son los principales parámetros a ser evaluados. En este estudio se utiliza la ecuación de Eckenfelder, cuyo modelo considera los coeficientes cinéticos de: (n) y (K); y según la metodología se resuelve utilizando los datos determinados de DBO5 y DQO en el laboratorio por método gráfico.
Según los resultados de los filtros percoladores se logra remover el 89.70 % de la materia orgánica, considerando que el medio filtrante es de piedra volcánica de tamaños de 2 1⁄2”, 3” y 3 1⁄2” respectivamente en cada filtro. La característica de la carga orgánica e hidráulica son de carga baja, y la temperatura promedio de 25oC. Los coeficientes cinéticos determinados son: n = 0.673; K = 0.0294 m0.673 *día-0.673.