Hasil untuk "Sociology (General)"

Khairul Baharein Mohd Noor

This research reviews the literature on case study as a strategic qualitative research methodology. Although case studies have been criticised by some authors as lacking scientific rigour and do not address generalizability, this research, however, reiterated its appropriateness when dealing with a process or a complex real-life activities in great-depth. Case study has been commonly used in social science fields like sociology, industrial relations and anthropology eventhough generally was considered an underutilized strategy. Hence, this research explained the general concept of a case study, strengths and weaknesses of using this method knowing that theoretically case is exciting and data rich. Based on a study of four organizations and the researcher’s own experience, this article described matters on how case study was undertaken, gaining excess to those organizations and the systematic process of data collection and triangulation (multiple techniques). It was noted that combining multiple techniques for elicitng data in case study research actually strengthens and confirmed results.

Stefan Huber, Odilo W. Huber

The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) is a measure of the centrality, importance or salience of religious meanings in personality that has been applied yet in more than 100 studies in sociology of religion, psychology of religion and religious studies in 25 countries with in total more than 100,000 participants. It measures the general intensities of five theoretical defined core dimensions of religiosity. The dimensions of public practice, private practice, religious experience, ideology and the intellectual dimensions can together be considered as representative for the total of religious live. From a psychological perspective, the five core-dimensions can be seen as channels or modes in which personal religious constructs are shaped and activated. The activation of religious constructs in personality can be regarded as a valid measure of the degree of religiosity of an individual. The CRS thus derives from the five dimensional measures a combined measure of the centrality of religiosity which is suitable also for interreligious studies. The paper presents the theoretical basis and rationale of its construction with different versions of the CRS in 20 languages with norm values for 21 countries. Furthermore, the paper presents versions of different extension and describes specific modifications that were developed for studies with Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims.

C. Worth

J. Schumpeter

F. Castro

H. Simon

D. Kempe, J. Kleinberg, É. Tardos

A. McCright

S. Collins, Seema L. Clifasefi, Joey Stanton et al.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) answers the call for more patient-centered, community-driven research approaches to address growing health disparities. CBPR is a collaborative research approach that equitably involves community members, researchers, and other stakeholders in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each bring. The aim of CBPR is to combine knowledge and action to create positive and lasting social change. With its origins in psychology, sociology, and critical pedagogy, CBPR has become a common research approach in the fields of public health, medicine, and nursing. Although it is well aligned with psychology’s ethical principles and research aims, it has not been widely implemented in psychology research. The present article introduces CBPR to a general psychology audience while considering the unique aims of and challenges in conducting psychology research. In this article, we define CBPR principles, differentiate it from a more traditional psychology research approach, retrace its historical roots, provide concrete steps for its implementation, discuss its potential benefits, and explore practical and ethical challenges for its integration into psychology research. Finally, we provide a case study of CBPR in psychology to illustrate its key constructs and implementation. In sum, CBPR is a relevant, important, and promising research framework that may guide the implementation of more effective, culturally appropriate, socially just, and sustainable community-based psychology research.

Demetra Demetriou

M. Cacciatore, Dietram A. Scheufele, S. Iyengar

M. Bury

C. Johnson, T. Dowd, Cecilia L. Ridgeway

Gang Lee, Sinyong Choi

Cyberbullying has emerged as a prominent social issue in recent years, affecting individuals across various age groups, including college students. This study aims to shed light on cyberbullying behaviors among American and Korean college students, drawing on the lenses of social learning theory and general strain theory as theoretical frameworks. Two survey data sets of 1067 college students (686 from South Korea and 381 from the U.S.) revealed that the social learning variable of definitions was the key predictor of cyberbullying behaviors for American students, while differential association was the significant predictor for Korean students. General strain variables were found to be not strong predictors of cyberbullying behaviors for American students, while these variables were significant predictors for Korean students. The differences between two college student populations in terms of the effects of theoretical factors on cyberbullying behaviors suggests the necessity of diverse approaches toward cyberbullying preventive strategies.

Bülent Öngören, Menekşe İntizamoğlu

Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinde internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının olumlu beden imajı ile ilişkisini incelemektedir. İnternet ve sosyal medya kullanımının artışı, bireylerin beden imajı algıları değiştirmiştir. Sosyal medyada idealize beden imajlarıyla karşılaşan bireyler kendi bedenleriyle ilgili memnuniyetsizlik yaşayabilmektedir. Bu durumun, gençlerin psikolojik sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının beden imajı üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması önemlidir. Araştırmada, tarama modeli kullanılmış ve 316 üniversite öğrencisi katılım sağlamıştır. Veri toplama araçları, tanımlayıcı bilgi formu, Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği ve Sosyal Medya Kullanım Ölçeğidir. Veriler SPSS 22 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, sosyal medya kullanım süresi arttıkça, olumlu beden imajının azaldığı; sosyal medya kullanımının sürekliliği arttıkça, olumlu beden imajının da azaldığı ancak sosyal medya kullanım yeterliliği arttıkça, olumlu beden imajının da arttığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte beden kitle indeksi arttıkça ise, olumlu beden imajının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının üniversite öğrencilerinin beden imajı üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Sosyal medya kullanım süresi ve kullanım sürekli arttıkça, bireylerin beden imajı ile ilgili sorunları da artmaktadır. Sosyal medya kullanım yeterliliği yüksek olan bireyler ise, beden imajı ile ilgili daha az sorun yaşamaktadır. Bu nedenle, sosyal medyanın bilinçli ve kontrollü bir şekilde kullanılması, beden imajı üzerinde oluşabilecek olumsuz etkileri azaltmak için önemlidir.

Francisco Olivos, Tobias Kamelski, Sebastián Ascui-Gac

This study explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) as a complementary tool for grading essay-type questions in higher education, focusing on its consistency with human grading and potential to reduce biases. Using 70 handwritten exams from an introductory sociology course, we evaluated generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) models' performance in transcribing and scoring students' responses. GPT models were tested under various settings for both transcription and grading tasks. Results show high similarity between human and GPT transcriptions, with GPT-4o-mini outperforming GPT-4o in accuracy. For grading, GPT demonstrated strong correlations with the human grader scores, especially when template answers were provided. However, discrepancies remained, highlighting GPT's role as a "second grader" to flag inconsistencies for assessment reviewing rather than fully replace human evaluation. This study contributes to the growing literature on AI in education, demonstrating its potential to enhance fairness and efficiency in grading essay-type questions.

M. Callon

Dorota Kubicka

CEL NAUKOWY: Wskazanie na aktualność rozwijanej przed laty koncepcji czterech odmiennych, ale komplementarnych psychologicznych mechanizmów wychowawczego wpływu na dzieci i młodzież w wyjaśnianiu procesów edukacyjnych we współczesnych środowiskach wychowawczych. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem jest nieobecność tej koncepcji w aktualnym dyskursie naukowym na temat edukacji, co może utrudniać rozumienie całego spektrum koniecznych oddziaływań psychologicznych jako warunku skuteczności wszelkich zabiegów wychowawczych. PROCES WYWODU: 1. Opis i analiza czterech uniwersalnych psychologicznych mechanizmów nadawania i odbioru wpływów wychowawczych. 2. Zarysowanie kontekstu i niektórych kierunków zmian doświadczeń edukacyjnych współczesnych dzieci i młodzieży. 3. Podkreślenie głównych zmian w transmisji i odbiorze wpływów wychowawczych z perspektywy psychologicznej. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Uwydatnienie teoretycznej i praktycznej użyteczności koncepcji mechanizmów transmisji wpływów wychowawczych i ich roli jako kompleksowego systemu narzędzi w kontekście celowej działalności wychowawców. WNIOSKI, REKOMENDACJE I APLIKACYJNE ZNACZENIE WPŁYWU BADAŃ: Ponowna refleksja nad tymi procesami może pomóc w zrozumieniu i rozwijaniu relacji między współczesnymi wychowawcami a młodym cyfrowym pokoleniem wobec wyzwań, jakie stają przed wychowawcami dzieci i młodzieży w XXI wieku.

Konstantin S. Kondratenko

The article introduces a new concept designed to describe the social and sociotechnical processes that were triggered by digital transformation and, in their turn, resulted in Industry 5.0. The author described and modelled egocentric, communicative, convergent, and cause-and-effect rational-semantic networks, in which rationality relies on the semantic model of the system and forms some rational concern for its values and meanings to be implemented in behavior. The theoretical side of the research could be represented as a pyramid of conceptual levels that concentrate from philosophy and general science to particular research with statistical, network, and other methods. The author introduced the term of rational-semantic system to study the network contexts of behavior, including that of social network users. The term was also applied to the phenomena and effects of network interaction, e.g. the legitimacy of network power and its effect on user behavior patterns. The methodological character of this research allows for a broader study of social and political networks. The network context revealed some congruence issues, i.e., compatibility of rational-semantic systems. The author believes that eventually all systems can be combined into a single whole.

Luca Ciotti

It has been proposed that the flat rotation curves observed at large radii in disk galaxies can be interpreted as an effect of General Relativity (GR) instead of the presence of dark matter (DM) halos in Newtonian gravity. In Ciotti (2022) the problem is rigorously explored in the special setting of the weak-field, low-velocity gravitomagnetic limit of GR. The rotation curves are obtained for purely baryonic disk models with realistic density profiles, and compared with the predictions of Newtonian gravity for the same disks, in absence of DM. The rotation curves are indistinguishable, with percentual GR corrections at all radii of the order of $\approx 10^{-6}$ or less, so that DM halos are required in gravitomagnetism as in Newtonian gravity. From a more general point of view, a list of the most urgent problems that must be addressed by any proposed GR-based alternative to the existence of DM, is given.