Hasil untuk "Settlements"

L. Bjerrum

R. Licklider

Programme United

Xueming Li, Linlin Feng, Meishuo Du et al.

The accelerated development of digital technologies during the 21st century has intensified requirements for Human Settlements (HS) infrastructure advancement in China’s maritime urban centers, driven by national objectives to forge a cohesive, technologically integrated state framework. This transformation has changed people’s work, learning, and entertainment patterns, leading to the rise in complex networks of pseudo human settlements (PHS). Traditional approaches to environmental research are insufficient for understanding the interactions between PHS and reality human settlements (RHS), which are interdependent and shape urban development. This study utilizes advanced methods such as the entropy weight method to determine indicator weights, the coupling coordination degree model to quantify the interaction intensity, the geo-detector to identify driving factors, and ArcGIS for spatial analysis to assess the interaction between PHS and RHS in 53 coastal cities from 2011 to 2022. The results show: (1) The coupling coordination degree rose initially but later declined, reflecting temporal differentiation; (2) The coordination of settlements varies across regions; (3) A migration trend from the northeast to southwest, with faster coordination improvement in the southwest; (4) Socio-economic development drives the coupling coordination, with big data technology enhancing the relationship. The findings guide sustainable urban development in coastal cities.

J. Minx, G. Baiocchi, T. Wiedmann et al.

A growing body of literature discusses the CO2 emissions of cities. Still, little is known about emission patterns across density gradients from remote rural places to highly urbanized areas, the drivers behind those emission patterns and the global emissions triggered by consumption in human settlements—referred to here as the carbon footprint. In this letter we use a hybrid method for estimating the carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK explicitly linking global supply chains to local consumption activities and associated lifestyles. This analysis comprises all areas in the UK, whether rural or urban. We compare our consumption-based results with extended territorial CO2 emission estimates and analyse the driving forces that determine the carbon footprint of human settlements in the UK. Our results show that 90% of the human settlements in the UK are net importers of CO2 emissions. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are much more homogeneous than extended territorial emissions. Both the highest and lowest carbon footprints can be found in urban areas, but the carbon footprint is consistently higher relative to extended territorial CO2 emissions in urban as opposed to rural settlement types. The impact of high or low density living remains limited; instead, carbon footprints can be comparatively high or low across density gradients depending on the location-specific socio-demographic, infrastructural and geographic characteristics of the area under consideration. We show that the carbon footprint of cities and other human settlements in the UK is mainly determined by socio-economic rather than geographic and infrastructural drivers at the spatial aggregation of our analysis. It increases with growing income, education and car ownership as well as decreasing household size. Income is not more important than most other socio-economic determinants of the carbon footprint. Possibly, the relationship between lifestyles and infrastructure only impacts carbon footprints significantly at higher spatial granularity.

Jorge Luis Costa Hernandez

The fundamental principle of the art of war is victory, a doctrine also present in the facts of arms, known through numerous quotations, in the complex peninsular political-military context in the central centuries of the Middle Ages. However, the Hispanic exceptionable granted by the permeable border with Al-Andalus integrates this principle, if we confront it with Western Europe. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, due to the advance towards the south of the Christian kingdoms that strengthen their territory A militarized society is formed regulated by a series of provisions that govern the military obligations feudal-vassal, of the different social groups, among them are the inhabitants of the towns and cities of the Christian kingdoms giving rise to the term “a society for war”, characterized by special rules and jurisdictions regulatingt the relations between the border settlements and their lords, in substance a particular border law different from the rules governing the interior of the kingdom. The one that contemplates the service of arms, in its different modalities (apellido, cabalgada o hueste) as an essential element of its provisions.

I. N. Inozemtsev

Based on the analysis of regional archival material, the article examines in detail the dynamics of the deployment of evacuation hospitals in the Penza region in 1941-1945. The features of the development of the structure of their bed fund are considered, the main places of deployment and placement are determined. The analysis made it possible to identify the following chronological stages in the development of the regional base of rear evacuation hospitals: 1) June 22 July 1941; 2) July 1941 early 1942; 3) February October 1942; 4) November 1942 early 1944; 5) early 1944 June-July 1945; 6) second half of 1945. It is concluded that the dynamics of the deployment of evacuation hospitals was determined, first of all, by a change in the operational-strategic situation and a change in the front line, and only then by the capabilities of regional health care. By comparing local data with data on the number of evacuation hospitals in other regions of the Volga region, an excessively high degree of mobilization load was placed on the healthcare system of the Penza region, which initially had insignificant sectoral resources. It was determined that the structure of the bed fund during the war years developed towards deepening its specialization, primarily due to an increase in the number of specialized surgical beds. The vast majority of evacuation hospitals were located in settlements located on the territory of the regions of the Penza region, which have the necessary social and railway infrastructure

Grace Nkansa Asante, Paul Owusu Takyi, Gideon Mensah

ABSTRACTIt is hypothesized that a well-functioning financial market is necessary but not sufficient condition to achieve the expected economic growth. Therefore, policy instruments of government aimed at streamlining financial sector activity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are imperative. As a result, this paper explores the effect of financial development on economic growth by allowing the link between the two far variables to be mediated by the quality of institutions for the period 2000–2019. Using Twenty-nine (29) countries and the System-Generalized Method of Moments (system-GMM) estimation method, it is found that financial development has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In addition, it is found that, when rule of law, political stability, and regulatory quality are highly effective, the positive effect of financial development on economic growth is magnified.

Zhengguang Liu, Xiaohu Yang, Hafiz Muhammad Ali et al.

Energy transition has brought widespread attentions to the concept of coupled utilization of the geothermal and solar energy. This paper provides an integrated assessment on developing a nanofluid geothermal-photovoltaic hybrid system that addresses the multi-objective optimization and multi-criteria evaluation difficulties. The coupling system design and dispatch are optimized by considering the multiple objectives from the microscopic particles to the system. The life cycle cost, levelized cost of energy, levelized cost of heat, and the irreversibility are introduced in the optimization stage. The optimization parameters include the pipe arrangement, type of nanoparticles, and the concentration of the nanoparticles in nanofluids. A combined analysis including the energy, exergy, economy, and the environment is proposed to evaluate the various objectives and cases. The results show that the combination of 2% Al2O3 nanofluid and spiral pipe has the optimum performance. The monocrystalline solar panels with the nanofluids-aided heat pump create the least CO2 emissions (550 kg/year), the least LCOE (198.18 $), and the highest exergy efficiency. However, the LCOH (211.78 $/MWh) is still much high. Only when the electricity cost is higher than 0.11$/kWh, the proposed coupling system would show competitiveness. In summary, these results effectively prove the robustness and superiority of the hybrid system.

Nathalie Ortar

Cherri Greeno, Kim Nicholson, Roshan Pinto et al.

Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (CACP) Executive Global Studies 2020–2022 cohort members share the challenges, fears, and pride experienced while exploring the future of policing…for police.

Melania Shinta Harendika, Aris Siswanti

YBPK Christian Elementary School in Ngaglik, Sukun, Malang has applied the School Literacy Movement (SLM) at the stages of habituation and development with the support from the Community Service Team, Faculty of Cultural Studies Universitas Brawijaya. The community service in 2021 was specifically aimed at assisting the school in implementing the SLM learning stage. At this stage, literacy activities were carried out in the pre-reading, whilst-reading, and post-reading activities. The post-reading activities resulted in several products, including mind maps, drawings, posters, and poems. The teachers observed that the students felt comfortable with the selected SLM activities. This also suggests that teachers are required to be resourceful in designing literacy activities. The programme evaluation reveals that some students were uninterested in the pre-reading activities because the teachers simply explained the vocabulary used in the reading. Nevertheless, the school is committed to keeping the SLM programme to help achieve the school goals of producing excellent graduates and creating an enjoyable learning atmosphere for the teachers and students.

F. Torner

Aquesta publicacio de l'agencia de les Nacions Unides per als assentaments urbans, UN-Habitat, examina els factors en tots els ambits -del local al global- que hi ha al darrere de la formacio de tuguris (slums), tant en els aspectes i dinamiques socials com espacials i economiques

José Leonardo Montealegre Quijano, Julián Alonso Garzón Quiroga

En 2018, la Organización Mundial de la Salud informó que los accidentes de tránsito se han convertido en un problema de salud pública, con muertes anuales estimadas en 1.2 millones de personas. En Colombia, constituyen la segunda causa de muerte en la población, sólo después de las derivadas de enfermedades crónicas. En la ciudad de Ibagué, seis de cada 100000 habitantes mueren en las calles al año. En este trabajo estudiamos los puntos críticos de accidentabilidad de la ciudad, y encontramos como las causas principales las fallas mecánicas, así como las imprudencias y el estado de embriaguez de los conductores; asimismo, la inapropiada toma de decisiones y el desconocimiento de la forma de acceder a una glorieta (round point) se constituyen en un común denominador de accidentalidad.

Sebastian Dederichs, Peter Dannenberg

Nicht erst seit der Covid-19-Pandemie nimmt der Online-Lebensmitteleinzelhandel in Deutschland zu und bringt neue, teilweise hybride, Betriebsformen und Vertriebsmodelle hervor. Hiermit gehen bisher kaum untersuchte räumliche Veränderungen der einzelnen Wertschöpfungsschritte einher, beispielsweise in den Bereichen vorgelagerte Logistik, Filialstruktur und Warenübergabe. Anhand von drei ausgewählten Fallbeispielen (Picnic, Wochenmarkt24 und Rewe) wurden neuere Betriebsformen und deren räumliche Logistik- und Vertriebsstrukturen identifiziert und unterschiedliche Standortfaktoren aufgeführt. Diese beinhalten neben den typischen Faktoren der Standortwahl für Distributionslager (Nähe zu Kunden, Arbeitskräften und Lieferanten) auch spezifische betriebsformen- und vertriebsmodellabhängige Faktoren, wie eine stärkere Verkürzung der ,letzten Meile‘, eine Mindest- oder Maximalverdichtung von Haushalten im Einzugsgebiet oder die Nähe zu einer (landwirtschaftlichen) Erzeugerstruktur.

M. Lombard

Abstract Observers from a variety of disciplines agree that informal settlements account for the majority of housing in many cities of the global South. Urban informal settlements, usually defined by certain criteria such as self-build housing, sub-standard services, and residents’ low incomes, are often seen as problematic, due to associations with poverty, irregularity and marginalisation. In particular, despite years of research and policy, gaps in urban theory and limited understandings of urban informal settlements mean that they are often treated as outside ‘normal’ urban considerations, with material effects for residents including discrimination, eviction and displacement. In response to these considerations, this article uses a place-making approach to explore the spatial, social and cultural construction of place in this context, in order to unsettle some of the assumptions underlying discursive constructions of informal settlements, and how these relate to spatial and social marginalisation. Research was carried out using a qualitative, ethnographic methodology in two case study neighbourhoods in Xalapa, Mexico. Mexico offers fertile ground to explore these issues. Despite an extensive land tenure regularisation programme, at least 60 per cent of urban dwellers live in colonias populares, neighbourhoods with informal characteristics. The research found that local discourses reveal complex and ambivalent views of colonias populares, which both reproduce and undermine marginalising tendencies relating to ‘informality’. A focus on residents’ own place-making activities hints at prospects for rethinking urban informal settlements. By capturing the messy, dynamic and contextualised processes that construct urban informal settlements as places, the analytical lens of place-making offers a view of the multiple influences which frame them. Informed by perspectives from critical social geography which seek to capture the ‘ordinary’ nature of cities, this article suggests imagining urban informal settlements differently, in order to re-evaluate their potential contribution to the city as a whole.

José Carlos Rodríguez, José María del Rosario Cañisá

The article describes general trends in the accumulation of capital in Paraguay during the last 55 years (1960-2015); the growth of the product and public and private investments in the long term. That includes boom cycles and interruptions of these cycles. The cycle of 1973-1980 begins with the construction of the Binational Dams, investments and export of commodities; the 1990- 1993 cycle with the advent of democracy, an increase in the national budget in capital investments, including human capital; The 2008-2013 cycle is generated with investment in social and capital areas - such as infrastructure - and with the export expansion of commodities. Without entering into regional and global processes, or major changes in economic policy, we observe, above all, the hardest and most stable economic relationship between investment and growth. The article concludes highlighting the strategic impact, that public investment has had at the beginning of the economic boom cycles; as well as the anti-cyclical effect of his intervention to overcome the recessive processes, as well as the limits of the process.

Cherepanov M.S.

The author uses the results of previous studies and experience of his own field research to problematize the study of the «Khatam-ash» ritual as a part of the local Islamic context in the Tyumen Region. A. Shahab was followed in understanding of the local Islamic context (Con-Text in loco) as a complex of meanings and practices that was formed as a result of previous hermeneutic interactions with the Revelation to the Prophet Muhammad. The «Khatam-ash» ritual is understood as a prescription/script (written or not) that includes sacrifice (depending on the occasion), uttering of Niyyah, recitation of Qur’an, collective supplication, giving of Sadaqah, and a collective meal. Fieldwork materials gathered by the author in towns and rural settlements of the Tyumen Region in the second decade of the 2000s served as the main sources for the article. The author also analyzed publications by historians, ethnographers and social anthropologists, who studied similar phenomena in Russian, Central Asian, and North African regions. We conclude that Khatam-ash is the main ritual that makes up the local Tatarian Islamic context in the Tyumen Region. This prescription underlies most of the home collective prayer meetings to commemorate one's passing away or to wish for the happiness of the living ones. The local people are familiar with this ritual since early childhood, because, through its ceremonies, they get acquainted with and constantly witness manifestations of Islam among their dear and close ones. Khatam-ash is the most affordable and comfortable way to satisfy the existential needs of the people who consider themselves Muslims, but who do not know how to behave in mosques and doubt if they have a right to attend a mosque. Through Khatam-ash, Tatars maintain and establish relations with their relatives. In the long term perspective, the author considers a detailed description and comparison of regional and local features of the performance of the ritual.

Zhigang Li, Fulong Wu

China's informal settlements—villages inside urbanized areas—are often characterized by local governments as dirty, chaotic, and dangerous places. This negative discourse inevitably leads to recommendations for demolition. A number of criteria have been invoked in state decisions regarding the demolition of informal settlements; however, rarely are these places evaluated from the residents’ perspective. This paper, following a long tradition of residential satisfaction research in Western nations, uses a household survey to examine this topic in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. We find that local contexts not only matter, but may be the principal determinants of residential satisfaction. The residential satisfaction of village dwellers is not necessarily low, and most socioeconomic attributes are not statistically significant determinants of resident satisfaction. Migrants and low-income groups are not less satisfied than nonmigrants or middle-range income earners; the most important determinant is social attachment within the community. The perception of being excluded, or lacking neighborhood social attachment, significantly reduces residential satisfaction. No facilities can compensate for this negative exclusion factor. We conclude that demolishing informal settlements does not help to build a “harmonious society,” which is the purported goal of such programs. Removing the social and institutional barriers for migrant integration into the city is likely the most effective way to enhance residential satisfaction and neighborhood quality.

Marcus Elfström, A. Zedrosser, J. Swenson