Hasil untuk "Reproduction"

T. Knight, J. Steets, J. Vamosi et al.

J. Wingfield, R. Sapolsky

D. Cohen

S. Bates, Walter H. Stearns, T. A. Dundon et al.

R. Reiter

M. Visser, A. J. Noordwijk, J. Tinbergen et al.

J. Brüning, D. Gautam, D. Burks et al.

Y. Zohar, J. Muñoz-Cueto, A. Elizur et al.

S. McLanahan, Christine Percheski

A. Pinborg, U. Wennerholm, L. B. Romundstad et al.

C. Katz

Matthew Desmond

Quan Pan, Marijn Bauters, Marc Peaucelle et al.

Abstract Trait-based analyses have shown great potential to advance our understanding of terrestrial ecosystem processes and functions. However, challenges remain in adequately synthesising a multidimensional and covarying trait space. Reducing the number of studied traits while identifying the most informative ones is increasingly recognized as a priority in functional ecology. Here, we develop a trait reduction procedure based on network analysis of a global dataset comprising 27 traits in three steps. We first construct all possible reduced networks and identify optimal reduced networks that capture the structure of the full 27-trait network. Then we apply the constraints on trait consistency to identified optimal reduced networks and establish consistent network series across ecoregions. We find the best performing networks that capture the three main dimensions of the full network (hydrological safety, leaf economic strategy, and plant reproduction and competition) and the global variance of network metrics. Finally, we find a parsimonious representation of trait covariation strategies is achieved by a 10-trait network which preserves 60% of all the original information while costing only 20.1% of the full suite of traits. Our results show the network reduction approach can improve our understanding on the main plant strategies and facilitate the future trait-based research.

Виталий Борисович Цхай, Павел Анатольевич Шестерня

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult Still's disease are currently considered as a single autoinflammatory disease with inherited polygenic pattern – Still's disease (SD). The emerge of joint clinical guidelines of the European Anti-Rheumatism League (European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, EULAR) and Pediatric Rheumatology European Society (PreS) outlines a fundamental change in the existing doctrine, designed to eliminate the existing gap between the pediatric and adult services. These guidelines introduce the first consolidated opinion on the diagnosis and management of children and adults with SD. However, issues of reproduction with SD remain extremely poorly covered. Trying to clarify the link between BS and pregnancy, we researched publications indexed in PubMed and eLIBRARY databases for the period of 2010-2024 using the keywords “Still’s disease”, “juvenile idiopathic arthritis”, “pregnancy”, “obstetric complications” and “perinatal outcomes”.

Mykhailo Beilin, Oleksandr Zheltoborodov

The profound transformation of all aspects of society's existence, which began in the last quarter of the previous century and continues to this day, has changed almost the entire structure of social relations, both in its morphological and substantive plans. Social solidarity is presented as a dynamic and non-guaranteed state arising in the course of human interaction and requiring constant activity of all participants of the interactive process. The main integrative role is played by joint action and its interpretations, the proximity of which ensures the consolidation of society. The influence of solidarity on the reproduction function of the social system at all its hierarchical levels – from groups of primary social practices to the society as a whole – has been studied. It is substantiated that the state or level of social solidarity in society determines the degree of harmony of its functioning, and in general determines the life chances and prospects of this society. It is noted that the reduction of solidarity carries a threat of social disintegration. It is emphasized that in the normal functioning of society, solidarity is the object of unremitting attention, both on the part of the ruling group in society, whose actions are almost inseparable from the goals of reproduction of society and its power, and on the part of other social institutions, whose activities are directly conditioned by the level of consolidation and cooperation of their members. Accordingly, a state of social relations in which neither the authorities nor other institutions demonstrates adequate concern for the degree of consolidation of the social whole cannot be considered normal. It is shown that within the post-political consensus, class identity appears as the result of a specific political gesture – a political and discursive construction. Political-discursive analysis is defined as an independent and self-sufficient methodology that enables a new perspective on traditional objects of political inquiry, such as populist movements and ideologies, large-scale social conflicts, the absolutization of ideology, and the ideologization of the functioning of various societal discourses.

Samson Leta, Meskerem Mulisa Misgana, Bethel Befekadu Jaleta et al.

Abstract Arboviral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, including dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever, West Nile virus (WNV), and Rift Valley fever (RVF), pose a significant public health challenge globally, particularly impacting populations in low and middle-income countries. Conventional mosquito control methods, which primarily rely on insecticides, face critical challenges, including the development of insecticide resistance and environmental concerns. In this context, Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, presents an alternative strategy due to its ability to manipulate mosquito reproduction and impede the transmission of pathogens. This study aimed to detect and assess the genetic diversity of Wolbachia and prophage WO in Ethiopian mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were collected from various ecological niches in the Great Rift Valley. Molecular analyses were performed to identify the presence of Wolbachia using PCR targeting the 16 S rRNA and wsp genes. Additionally, the presence of prophage WO was assessed by detecting the conserved orf7 capsid protein gene. To understand genetic diversity, phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses were performed. Wolbachia was detected in 44.2% (34/77) of mosquitoes using the 16 S rRNA gene and 46.8% (36/77) using the wsp gene. The highest prevalence was observed in Cx. pipiens complex (100%, 11/11) and Ma. uniformis (92.3%, 12/13). Prophage WO was detected in 46.8% (36/77) of mosquitoes, with evidence of multiple-strain co-infections in Cx. pipiens complex. Phylogenetic analysis classified all isolates within Wolbachia pipientis Supergroup B. This study provides the first preliminary characterization of Wolbachia and prophage WO in Ethiopian mosquitoes, revealing evidence of genetic diversity. These findings lay the conceptual foundation of potential Wolbachia-based vector control strategies in Ethiopia and underscore the need for further studies on strain-specific impacts on vector competence and arboviral transmission dynamics.

Holly K. Kindsvater, Maria‐José Juan‐Jordá, Nicholas K. Dulvy et al.

Abstract Understanding how growth and reproduction will adapt to changing environmental conditions is a fundamental question in evolutionary ecology, but predicting the responses of specific taxa is challenging. Analyses of the physiological effects of climate change upon life history evolution rarely consider alternative hypothesized mechanisms, such as size‐dependent foraging and the risk of predation, simultaneously shaping optimal growth patterns. To test for interactions between these mechanisms, we embedded a state‐dependent energetic model in an ecosystem size‐spectrum to ask whether prey availability (foraging) and risk of predation experienced by individual fish can explain observed diversity in life histories of fishes. We found that asymptotic growth emerged from size‐based foraging and reproductive and mortality patterns in the context of ecosystem food web interactions. While more productive ecosystems led to larger body sizes, the effects of temperature on metabolic costs had only small effects on size. To validate our model, we ran it for abiotic scenarios corresponding to the ecological lifestyles of three tuna species, considering environments that included seasonal variation in temperature. We successfully predicted realistic patterns of growth, reproduction, and mortality of all three tuna species. We found that individuals grew larger when environmental conditions varied seasonally, and spawning was restricted to part of the year (corresponding to their migration from temperate to tropical waters). Growing larger was advantageous because foraging and spawning opportunities were seasonally constrained. This mechanism could explain the evolution of gigantism in temperate tunas. Our approach addresses variation in food availability and individual risk as well as metabolic processes and offers a promising approach to understand fish life‐history responses to changing ocean conditions.

Muluken Girma, A.T.M. van Knegsel, S. Heirbaut et al.

ABSTRACT: Early lactation metabolic imbalance is an important physiological change affecting the health, production, and reproduction of dairy cows. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the potential of test-day (TD) variables with or without milk fatty acids (FA) content to classify metabolically imbalanced cows and (2) to evaluate the robustness of the metabolic classification with external data. A data set was compiled from 3 experiments containing plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified FA, glucose, insulin-like growth factor-I, FA proportions in milk fat, and TD variables collected from 244 lactations in wk 2 after calving. Based on the plasma metabolites, 3 metabolic clusters were identified using fuzzy c-means clustering and the probabilistic membership value of each cow to the 3 clusters was determined. Comparing the mean concentration of the plasma metabolites, the clusters were differentiated into metabolically imbalanced, moderately impacted, and balanced. Following this, the 2 metabolic status groups identified were imbalanced cows (n = 42), which were separated from what we refer to as “others” (n = 202) based on the membership value of each cow for the imbalanced cluster using a threshold of 0.5. The following 2 FA data sets were composed: (1) FA (groups) having high prediction accuracy by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and, thus, have practical significance, and (2) FA (groups) formerly identified as associated with metabolic changes in early lactation. Metabolic status prediction models were built using FA alone or combined with TD variables as predictors of metabolic groups. Comparison was made among models and external evaluations were performed using an independent data set of 115 lactations. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the models was between 75 and 91%, indicating their moderate to high accuracy as a diagnostic test for metabolic imbalance. The addition of FA groups to the TD models enhanced the accuracy of the models. Models with FA and TD variables showed high sensitivities (80–88%). Specificities of these models (73–79%) were also moderate and acceptable. The accuracy of the FA models on the external data set was high (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve between 76 and 84). The persistently good performance of models with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-quantifiable FA on the external data set showed their robustness and potential for routine screening of metabolically imbalanced cows in early lactation.

Jiale Xie, Ying Zhong, Yuli Zhao et al.

The gonad specific expression of insulin-like growth factor 3 (igf3) has suggested an important role of igf3 in fish reproduction. In this study, medaka igf3 was isolated and its expression patterns were compared with igf1, and germ cell gene vasa in adult medaka ovary. Molecular cloning and sequencing showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of medaka igf3 was comprised of 501 nucleotides and encoded 166 amino acid residues. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that igf3 RNA was specifically expressed in developing embryos and adult gonads of both sexes. Real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) indicated that igf3 expression was gradually increased during oogenesis, and reached its highest level at stage V. Using Chromogenic and fluorescent in situ hybridization, igf3 was shown to be present in the germ cells of oogonia and in oocytes at stages I-III, as well as abundant in granulosa cells and theca cells of oocytes at stages IV–V. In addition, igf3 and igf1 were expressed mutually in the outer theca cells of stage V oocytes in ovary. Collectively, we demonstrated that gonad specific igf3 could mark medaka ovarian somatic cells and germ cells. These findings highlight the importance of igf3 during ovarian development.

Charles Chapron, Marie-Christine Lafay-Pillet, Pietro Santulli et al.

Summary: Background: The time between symptoms onset and endometriosis diagnosis is usually long. The negative impacts of delayed endometriosis diagnosis can affect patients and health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a case-control study using clinical symptoms and epidemiological data extracted from a prospective pre-operative patient questionnaire compared between patients with histologically proven endometriosis and patients with no endometriosis at surgical exploration from 2005 to 2018, in a French referral center. We used the beta coefficients of the significant variables introduced in a multiple regression model to devise a score (score 1), evaluated by the area under the curve (or C-index), with three levels, defined by a score between 1 and ≥ 25: (i) highly specific, identifying correctly the patients without the disease; (ii) highly sensitive, identifying the patients with the disease; and (iii) a level maximizing sensitivity and specificity for the best classification of the whole population. To minimize patient self-evaluation of pain, we devised a second score (score 2) with the same method and levels and scores definition, excluding visual analog scale pain scores, except for dysmenorrhea. These scores were validated on an internal and external population. Findings: Score 1 had a C-index of 0.81 (95% CI [0.79–0.83]). Results for the three score 1 levels were: ≥ 25: specificity of 91% (95% CI [89–93]); < 11: sensitivity of 91% (95% CI [89–93]); ≥ 18: specificity of 75% (95% CI [72–78]) and sensitivity of 73% (95% CI [70–76]). Score 2 had a C-index of 0.75 (95% CI [73–77]). The three levels of score 2 were: ≥ 24: specificity of 82% (95% CI [80–85]); < 7: sensitivity of 92% (95% CI [90–94]); ≥ 17: specificity of 62% (95% CI [58–65]) and sensitivity of 78% (95% CI [75–81]). The two scores were internally and externally validated. Interpretation: A score based only on a patient questionnaire could allow identification of a population at high risk of endometriosis. This strategy might help referral to specialized radiologists for a non-surgical endometriosis scan. Funding: None.