Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Bruna Figueiredo, Rui Borges Lopes, Amaro de Sousa

<i>Background</i>: Location and distribution decisions are key to efficient logistics network design and are often addressed in an integrated manner as Location–Routing Problems (LRPs). Today, sustainability and resilience must be considered when designing competitive networks. This systematic review examines how and at what decision level both concerns are explored in LRPs, highlighting trends and future research challenges. <i>Methods</i>: A search was conducted in the Scopus database on 3 January 2024. Articles not written in English or lacking a sustainability or resilience focus were excluded. The 36 most-cited articles were selected and analyzed descriptively and theoretically, considering their approaches to sustainability and resilience, as well as the decision levels at which these approaches were considered. The studies were also analyzed based on model features and solving approaches. <i>Results</i>: Our findings indicated that social sustainability was the most neglected. The environmental pillar was often focused on minimizing atmospheric pollution from distribution. Regarding resilience, proactive and reactive strategies were employed to minimize disruption costs and risks and maximize network reliability. <i>Conclusions</i>: Research on sustainable and resilient LRPs is growing, but remains fragmented. Future studies should explore the integration of social impacts, uncertainty modeling, and real-world applications. Stronger alignment with decision maker needs and more holistic evaluation frameworks are essential to support resilient and sustainable network design.

Tombak Mari-Liis, Zetterman Björn-Erik, Tapaninen Ulla Pirita

This paper focuses on assessing the cybersecurity risks associated with digital solutions used in ports. The assessment is conducted by using the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) guidelines for cybersecurity in the maritime sector in combination with guidance from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the ENISA Threat Landscape (ETL) report. As a result, the risk assessment considering the impact and the likelihood of cybersecurity risks occurrence was developed, followed by risk mitigation possibilities for ports. The novelty of this paper lies in its analysis of potential risks to ports, incorporating perspectives from different ports in the Baltic Sea region. During the assessment, the analysis revealed the highest threat event is ransomware, followed by moderate-level threats such as denial of service, malware, and threats to data. To effectively mitigate risks, ports should develop and test incident response plans, implement secure backup strategies, conduct regular staff training, and collaborate with partners.

Gonzalo Torralba-Carnerero, Manuel García-Nieto, Juan Manuel Ramón-Jerónimo et al.

<i>Introduction</i>: The aerospace industry has been significantly disrupted by recent economic downturns, underscoring the need for robust supply chain management. This is especially important given the complexity of aircraft manufacturing, the globalization of supply chains, and the requirement to meet stringent regulatory standards. While outsourcing is widely adopted to improve cost competitiveness, it also introduces risks, such as compromised product quality, inefficiency, and delays. <i>Methods</i>: This study explores how aerospace firms manage outsourcing relationships using control mechanisms. Data were gathered through seven semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers from contracting and supplier firms focusing on both formal and informal controls in supplier selection and relationship management. <i>Results</i>: Supplier selection is primarily guided by trust, past performance, and delivery reliability. Firms employ formal controls, such as KPIs and certifications, alongside informal practices, including embedding internal staff within supplier operations. This dual approach ensures quality, mitigates risks, and maintains compliance with regulatory standards. <i>Conclusions</i>: This study concludes that combining formal and informal controls is vital for balancing outsourcing efficiency with risk mitigation, offering valuable insights into supply chain management practices in regulated industries like aerospace.

Enna Hirata, Annette Skovsted Hansen

<i>Background:</i> Autonomous ships have the potential to increase operational efficiency and reduce carbon footprints through technology and innovation. However, there is no comprehensive literature review of all the different types of papers related to autonomous ships, especially with regard to their integration with ports. This paper takes a systematic review approach to extract and summarize the main topics related to autonomous ships in the fields of container shipping and port management. <i>Methods:</i> A machine learning method is used to extract the main topics from more than 2000 journal publications indexed in WoS and Scopus. <i>Results:</i> The research findings highlight key issues related to technology, cybersecurity, data governance, regulations, and legal frameworks, providing a different perspective compared to human manual reviews of papers. <i>Conclusions:</i> Our search results confirm several recommendations. First, from a technological perspective, it is advised to increase support for the research and development of autonomous underwater vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles, establish safety standards, mandate testing of wave model evaluation systems, and promote international standardization. Second, from a cyber–physical systems perspective, efforts should be made to strengthen logistics and supply chains for autonomous ships, establish data governance protocols, enforce strict control over IoT device data, and strengthen cybersecurity measures. Third, from an environmental perspective, measures should be implemented to address the environmental impact of autonomous ships. This can be achieved by promoting international agreements from a global societal standpoint and clarifying the legal framework regarding liability in the event of accidents.

Artur Żurawik

Działalność gospodarcza w wielu przypadkach ingeruje w środowisko. Niekiedy polega na eksploatowaniu jego zasobów naturalnych, co pociąga za sobą m.in. konieczność ponoszenia różnorodnych opłat. Przepisy, które je wprowadzają, mogą być jednak w różnym stopniu niejasne dla przedsiębiorców. Z kolei niedopełnienie obowiązków ustawowych grozi negatywnymi konsekwencjami, w tym administracyjnoprawnymi i finansowymi. Istotne jest więc zrozumienie poszczególnych regulacji, by podmioty prowadzące działalność gospodarczą mogły wypełnić wszystkie obowiązki, które na nich spoczywają. Usystematyzowanie i rozpowszechnienie wiedzy o interpretacjach indywidualnych dokonywanych przez właściwe organy i państwowe jednostki organizacyjne niewątpliwie zabezpieczy przedsiębiorców przed niepożądanymi skutkami uchybienia normom nakazującym ponoszenie danin publicznych.

Hassan Yeganeh, Najla Mohaghegh, Fatemeh Famil Saeedian

The Agile principal-based regulation is necessary for adaptation to rapid technology changes. The fast-paced progress in digital technology can be a challenge to traditional regulation which is often process-based and consultative. These challenges require regulatory actions that minimize the risk and while being agile enough to allow research, innovation and technology diffusion to continue. Agile regulation offers advantages such as information capabilities and industry communication improvement, cost reduction and performance and efficiency increase. In this paper, tools for agile governance and regulation are introduced, and some approaches for expanding regulation beyond the governance and the key principles for agile regulation are discussed. Further, the important issues of agile regulation such as joint-up regulation, outcome-focused regulation and international cooperation are discussed and regulation management approaches to ensure suitability for the future. Finally, based on the findings of this research, we propose an agile regulatory framework for Iran. This proposed framework can play an important role in organizing the regulation of the digital economy and determining the connections between its parts.

Riina Palu, Olli-Pekka Hilmola

<i>Background:</i> The Middle Corridor, a transport route from Asia to Europe that also facilitates major energy projects through the Caspian Sea and its surrounding countries, has gained even more attention after the intensification of the conflict in Ukraine in 2022. <i>Methods:</i> On the basis of major scientific papers on the topic, foreign policy addresses from <i>The Diplomat</i> and studies by the <i>United Nations and Asian Development Bank Institute</i>, a framework with five aspects was created. In addition, two interviews with sector stakeholders were conducted to apply the framework and determine the relevance of the route to Finnish and Estonian economies. <i>Results:</i> A multifaceted overview of the current economic, political, and infrastructural state of the Trans-Caspian trade route is given. The practical value of the article lies in creating a framework for evaluating the route for related economies and testing this out for the Finnish and Estonian economies. <i>Conclusions:</i> Despite the challenges, there are enormous opportunities in this logistics route, especially with the restrictions facing Russia due to western bloc sanctions. Finland and Estonia, however, are suffering under the effects of war in Ukraine and the related sanctions, which has hindered the capacity to further enhance development projects.

Ana Cristina Aguilar Viana, Thiago Gomes Marcilio

O presente artigo visa analisar as fases do vigilantismo, desde sua intervenção material na arquitetura panóptica, até sua atuação no ambiente virtual, evidenciando as técnicas utilizadas e o processo de conversão do dado em matéria-prima da vigilância. A migração da capacidade de vigilância do Estado para o setor privado é um dos principais marcos, já que o poder sobre os corpos deixa de ser o objeto principal e o estímulo à produção de dados comercializáveis passa a ser o principal elemento das estratégias de vigilância. Passa a existir um movimento de auto-exposição individual. Mesmo assim, essas lógicas de vigilância são cumuláveis, de modo a criar e absorver dados em diferentes substratos de aplicação das tecnologias.

Srisaeng Panarat, Baxter Glenn

The forecasting of future airline passenger demand is critical task for airline management. The objective of the present study was to develop an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for predicting Australia’s domestic airline passenger demand. The ANFIS model was trained, tested, and validated in the study. Sugeno fuzzy rules were used in the ANFIS structure and Gaussian membership function, and linear membership functions were also developed. The hybrid learning algorithm and the subtractive clustering partition method were used to generate the optimum ANFIS models. The results found that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the overall data set of the ANFIS model was 3.25% demonstrating that the ANFIS model has high predictive capabilities. The ANFIS model could be used in other domestic air travel markets.

André Gonçalves Zipperer, Fabrício Gonçalves Zipperer

A chamada revolução tecnológica ou indústria 4.0, tem formado um novo contexto social e uma maior dinâmica das relações entre capital, trabalho e o fisco com algumas ações diretas de inconstitucionalidades interpostas no STF, com julgamentos históricos, além das inquietações políticas, sendo necessário uma melhor análise do direito tributário nos momentos de crise e a dinâmica do desenvolvimento econômico e social no Brasil. Apresenta alguns dos elementos científicos para a compreensão da regulamentação legislativa estatal, passando pela análise metodológica própria da economia e da administração, então, a partir desta perspectiva, para finalmente estabelecer uma compreensão do fisco frente a grande alteração dos métodos de produção deste século, não afetando o princípio da vedação do retrocesso social ou da irreversibilidade dos direitos fundamentais. A importância de uma alternativa ao modelo do fisco, utilizando-se do entendimento do Judiciário, sob a ótica do direito normativo, prevendo tratamento jurídico diferenciado as empresas de tecnologia, visando simplificação das obrigações tributárias, surgindo reflexo nas questões administrativas, previdenciárias e creditícias, eliminação ou redução por meio de lei competitiva, sem entraves e com a participação das entidades representativas nas discussões, em especial impostos vinculados a softwares.

Monaem Tarchoun, Ikram Ghraieb

Purpose – This paper examines the relationship of financial market inclusion, economic growth, foreign direct investment and real output on trade openness for the Saudi Arabia Economy. Trade openness potentially is a major source of economic growth and development. Design/methodology/approach – This study is the first employing mixed methods and approaches of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to estimate the long-run and short-run models for the Saudi Arabia Economy. Findings – The results indicate that the inclusion of financial markets has an important role in the short term and has an effect on trade openness on this economy. Practical implications – These results listed are only implications for decision-makers to achieve their objectives. Indeed, to have better economic growth, economic and financial decision-makers can rely on financial inclusion and trade openness. Originality/value – This article investigates an approach testing the relationship of variables in a short and long term by using annual data from 1990 to 2017 for the Saudi Arabia economy. This paper tests the relationship between finance and economy with an econometric model.

Ricardo Marcondes Martins

Neste estudo examinaram-se as questões controversas referentes ao Direito Administrativo e a disciplina legal da proteção de dados pessoais. A União tem competência para disciplinar o acesso privado aos dados pessoais, para fins empresariais ou não empresariais, mas não tem competência para disciplinar o acesso administrativo estadual e municipal. Em relação ao acesso não empresarial, há acessos exclusivamente administrativos. Neste estudo, examinou-se a impossibilidade desse acesso ser realizado por empresas estatais. A Lei Federal se aplica ao acesso administrativo realizado na exploração estatal da atividade econômica. Esse acesso não se equipara ao realizado pelas empresas privadas que não integram a Administração Indireta. A aplicação de sanções administrativas pela ANPD só é possível em relação às empresas estatais exploradoras de atividade econômica. A competência normativa da ANPD só é válida se restrita à chamada regulamentação técnica.

Suto Jozsef

Autonomous navigation is important not only in autonomous cars but also in other transportation systems. In many applications, an autonomous vehicle has to follow the curvature of a real or artificial road or in other words lane lines. In those application, the key is the lane detection. In this paper, we present a real-time lane line tracking algorithm mainly designed to mini vehicles with relatively low computation capacity and single camera sensor. The proposed algorithm exploits computer vision techniques in combination with digital filtering. To demonstrate the performance of the method, experiments are conducted in an indoor, self-made test track where the effect of several external influencing factors can be observed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm works well independently of shadows, bends, reflection and lighting changes.

Golnaz Jalali, Fathollah Rahimi, Fatemeh Ghanad

Iran is in a special place in terms of oil exports, and it is natural that in this valley traders are also looking for a better market and more profits. With development and progress of the Internet and new technologies, the world economy has taken an upward trend towards e-commerce. The questions that will be answered are the questions that can be answered between the Iranian Stock Exchange and the International Forex Market, which one can be suitable for oil traders and what kind of contracts they sign to make more profits. Therefore, this research aimed to explain the nature and fundamentals of stock and forex markets and future contracts and their differences, to have a comparative view on their advantages and disadvantages towards each other and to investigate the conclusion of futures contracts in these two markets. The findings indicate that the international forex market in Iran is legal and legitimate and has many advantages for oil traders compared to the stock market and it is proved that trading in this market is not gambling and usury. Also, if you use contracts for difference or CFDs in their transactions, they will receive more points. Special formalities are needed to conclude future contracts on the stock market and Forex markets.

Jūratė Liebuvienė, Kristina Čižiūnienė

Ports are an important part of the global and regional freight supply chain and transport network. <i>Background</i>: as port activities have a significant impact on the economic growth of these countries, it is necessary to constantly analyse and plan port activities, anticipate market changes and improve the ability of ports to withstand the growing general competitive pressure. This article analyses studies conducted by researchers on the topic of seaports, thus, and find that there are no analyses comparing more than two ports. <i>Methods</i>: a comparative analysis of the ports on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea was conducted using the analysis of statistical data. <i>Results</i>: The Baltic Sea is surrounded by nine countries. Four countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia) have different coasts and different numbers of seaports. In this article, according to the selected parameters, 10 ports on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea are analyzed. <i>Conclusions</i>: The comparative analysis of ports on the eastern Baltic Sea revealed that Klaipeda port is the most diversified port in the eastern Baltic Sea region, given that it does not have any single most important type of cargo. The largest ports in terms of bulk cargo are in Tallinn, Riga and Ventspils. Primorsk is the largest port for liquid cargo and St. Petersburg handles the greatest volumes of cargo of a general type and while the distribution of cargo flows in the port of Visotsk is best correlated with the selected parameters, which allows us to state that the infrastructure of this port is used to the maximum.

Vineeth Nandhini, Guruprasad H. S.

Vehicular networks that deal with sharing of information among vehicles are gaining popularity among the automobile industry as well as the researchers. These networks are prevalent under the umbrella of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and deal with data that belongs to either the emergency category or the entertaining category. In case of emergency services, it is clear that - earlier the reception of information, lesser the commotion. The objective of this work thus has been the reduction of the end to end delay when video files are exchanged among vehicles during intersessions. The set objective is accomplished through the design and development of the technique “Instantly Decodable RaptorQ Inter-Sessions” (IDRQIS) for Vehicular Adhoc Networks and the results obtained show that this outperforms the existing popular techniques – the Network Coding and RaptorQ when applied independently to the same environment. This technique can also be applied to the upcoming unmanned vehicles.

Mattas Konstantinos, Botzoris George, Papadopoulos Basil

The determination of the optimal circular path has become widely known for its difficulty in producing a solution and for the numerous applications in the scope of organization and management of passenger and freight transport. It is a mathematical combinatorial optimization problem for which several deterministic and heuristic models have been developed in recent years, applicable to route organization issues, passenger and freight transport, storage and distribution of goods, waste collection, supply and control of terminals, as well as human resource management. Scope of the present paper is the development, with the use of fuzzy sets, of a practical, comprehensible and speedy heuristic algorithm for the improvement of the ability of the classical deterministic algorithms to identify optimum, symmetrical or non-symmetrical, circular route. The proposed fuzzy heuristic algorithm is compared to the corresponding deterministic ones, with regard to the deviation of the proposed solution from the best known solution and the complexity of the calculations needed to obtain this solution. It is shown that the use of fuzzy sets reduced up to 35% the deviation of the solution identified by the classical deterministic algorithms from the best known solution.

Lukinskiy Valery, Lukinskiy Vladislav

Logistics and supply chain management is a comparatively new scientific field which has been rapidly developing.

Torok Adam, Torok Arpad, Heinitz Florian

This contribution aims to examine the relationship between the transport sector and the macroeconomy, particularly in fossil energy use, capital and labour relations. The authors have investigated the transport related fossil fuel consumption 2003 -2010 in a macroeconomic context in Hungary and Germany. The Cobb-Douglas type of production function could be justified empirically, while originating from the general CES (Constant Elasticity of Substitution) production function. Furthermore, as a policy implication, the results suggest that a solution for the for the reduction of anthropogenic CO2 driven by the combustion of fossil fuels presupposes technological innovation to reach emission reduction targets. Other measures, such as increasing the fossil fuel price by levying taxes, would consequently lead to an undesirable GDP decline.

Alessandro Riccobono

<!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.1cm; line-height: 100%; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 2; orphans: 2; page-break-after: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sommario: <em>1. I diritti sindacali: struttura del titolo III e differenze rispetto al titolo II dello Statuto dei la­voratori. – </em>2. <em>I limiti all’esercizio dell’attività sindaca­le privilegiata.</em> – 2.1. <em>segue: la selezione dei soggetti protetti.</em> – 2.2. <em>segue: il criterio dimensionale e la no­zione di unità produttiva. – </em>2.3. s<em>egue: il contempera­mento con interessi pari o sovraordinati. – </em>3. <em>Il diritto di assemblea tra istanze di democrazia diretta e afflati di democrazia rappresentativa. – </em>3.1. <em>I soggetti legitti­mati alla convocazione</em>. – 3.2. <em>Il dibattito sulla titolari­tà, individuale o collegiale, del potere di convocazione. – </em><span style="color: #000000;">3.3. </span><span style="color: #000000;"><em>L’oggetto dell’assemblea. – </em></span><span style="color: #000000;">3.4. </span><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Il luogo di svol­gimento dell’assemblea. – </em></span><span style="color: #000000;">3.5. </span><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Assemblea in orario di lavoro. – </em></span><span style="color: #000000;">3.6. </span><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Imputazione del monte orario e diritto alla conservazione della retribuzione. – </em></span><span style="color: #000000;">3.7. </span><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Il ruolo della contrattazione collettiva. – 4</em></span>. <em>Il referendum: struttura e funzione. – </em>4.1. <em>I contenuti e le modalità di svolgimento. – </em>5. <em>Il trasferimento dei dirigenti sindaca­li: profili generali. – </em>5.1. <em>Il rapporto con i divieti di di­scriminazione </em>ex<em> art. 15 st. lav. – </em>5.3. <em>I soggetti benefi­ciari. – </em>5.4. <em>L’ambito di applicazione oggettivo. – </em>5.5. <em>L’applicazione dell’art. 22 nel pubblico impiego. Cen­ni. – 6. Il diritto di affissione. Profili generali. – </em>6.1. <em>Ti­pologia ubicazione e distribuzione dei canali informa­tivi</em>. – 6.2. <em>Contenuti delle comunicazioni e limiti alla defissione unilaterale da parte del datore di lavoro. – </em>7. <em>I locali delle Rsa. – </em>7.1. <em>Le caratteristiche dei locali: idoneità, dotazioni, ubicazione. – </em>7.2. <em>Sulla possibilità di ingresso da parte dei sindacalisti esterni</em>. – 7.3. <em>La disciplina apprestata per le articolazioni aziendali di minori dimensioni</em>.</span></p>