El escrito transita desde la obra de Marx hasta el pensamiento de Wittgenstein y Vygotsky, con el objetivo de establecer las prácticas como fundamento del pensamiento teórico. Para ello, se examina brevemente la crítica de Marx a Feuerbach, a fin de esclarecer la relación entre materialismo e historia en su obra. Sin embargo, el foco principal radica en analizar hasta qué punto Marx logra reformular la conexión entre pensamiento y acción. El ensayo concluye con una visión panorámica del legado de Wittgenstein y Vygotsky, quienes explican cómo la mente se construye a partir de las prácticas sociales y cómo es posible replantear las nociones de acción y regla sin incurrir en un subjetivismo innecesario.
Philosophy-informed machine learning (PhIML) directly infuses core ideas from analytic philosophy into ML model architectures, objectives, and evaluation protocols. Therefore, PhIML promises new capabilities through models that respect philosophical concepts and values by design. From this lens, this paper reviews conceptual foundations to demonstrate philosophical gains and alignment. In addition, we present case studies on how ML users/designers can adopt PhIML as an agnostic post-hoc tool or intrinsically build it into ML model architectures. Finally, this paper sheds light on open technical barriers alongside philosophical, practical, and governance challenges and outlines a research roadmap toward safe, philosophy-aware, and ethically responsible PhIML.
The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.
It is urgent and essential to explore the facilitating mechanism of urban land green use efficiency (ULGUE) in promoting the coordinated development of humans and land. In this study, the SBM-DEA model was used to measure ULGUE from 26 cities across the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) in China from 2006 to 2019. Desired (eco-friendly) outputs and undesired (non-eco-friendly) green outputs were considered in the selection of ULGUE indicators. This study explored the impact of the mechanism of green, digital, and transportation technological innovation on ULGUE in the process of urbanization by the mediation model. The results showed that urbanization has a positive effect on ULGUE and technological innovation, and for every 1% increase in urbanization, ULGUE increases by 0.048%. The results are still significant after robustness tests. The findings suggest that the improvement of social and economic benefits brought by urbanization in the YRDUA is greater than its negative impact. A mechanistic analysis showed that green, digital, and transportation technological innovation can amplify the positive impact by curbing the growth of energy consumption and alleviating pollution. Therefore, the government should promote ULGUE with technological innovation, construct an ULGUE assessment mechanism, incorporate the promotion of green land use into the planning of targets and incentives for technological innovation, and promote the efficient use of land.
Commented article: ZHENG, X. D. Theoretical Evaluation of Art Education from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Philosophy. Trans/Form/Ação: revista de filosofia da Unesp, v. 47, n. 4, “Eastern thought”, e02400123, 2024. Available at: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/transformacao/article/view/15024
Deep learning has enabled major advances across most areas of artificial intelligence research. This remarkable progress extends beyond mere engineering achievements and holds significant relevance for the philosophy of cognitive science. Deep neural networks have made significant strides in overcoming the limitations of older connectionist models that once occupied the centre stage of philosophical debates about cognition. This development is directly relevant to long-standing theoretical debates in the philosophy of cognitive science. Furthermore, ongoing methodological challenges related to the comparative evaluation of deep neural networks stand to benefit greatly from interdisciplinary collaboration with philosophy and cognitive science. The time is ripe for philosophers to explore foundational issues related to deep learning and cognition; this perspective paper surveys key areas where their contributions can be especially fruitful.
This paper explores the potential of contextualized word embeddings (CWEs) as a new tool in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (HPSS) for studying contextual and evolving meanings of scientific concepts. Using the term "Planck" as a test case, I evaluate five BERT-based models with varying degrees of domain-specific pretraining, including my custom model Astro-HEP-BERT, trained on the Astro-HEP Corpus, a dataset containing 21.84 million paragraphs from 600,000 articles in astrophysics and high-energy physics. For this analysis, I compiled two labeled datasets: (1) the Astro-HEP-Planck Corpus, consisting of 2,900 labeled occurrences of "Planck" sampled from 1,500 paragraphs in the Astro-HEP Corpus, and (2) a physics-related Wikipedia dataset comprising 1,186 labeled occurrences of "Planck" across 885 paragraphs. Results demonstrate that the domain-adapted models outperform the general-purpose ones in disambiguating the target term, predicting its known meanings, and generating high-quality sense clusters, as measured by a novel purity indicator I developed. Additionally, this approach reveals semantic shifts in the target term over three decades in the unlabeled Astro-HEP Corpus, highlighting the emergence of the Planck space mission as a dominant sense. The study underscores the importance of domain-specific pretraining for analyzing scientific language and demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of adapting pretrained models for HPSS research. By offering a scalable and transferable method for modeling the meanings of scientific concepts, CWEs open up new avenues for investigating the socio-historical dynamics of scientific discourses.
Denne artikkelen er basert på observasjoner og intervjuer gjort på fire islamskoler i Norge. På disse ikke-formelle trosopplæringsarenaene finner vi spenninger og forhandlinger mellom muslimske normative idealer og hverdagslivets faktiske praksiser og tenkemåter. Vi finner at både moskeledere og foreldre knyttet til disse fellesskapene ønsker å styrke normative tolkninger av islam, samtidig som det er en betydelig anerkjennelse av og aksept for at idealene ikke nødvendigvis etterleves. Informantene framhever verdien av å møtes fysisk til undervisning i en tid med mange online-tilbud. Forfatterne benytter levd hverdagsreligionsperspektivet sammen med blant annet begrepet maksimalistisk islam.
Nøkkelord: ikke-formell trosopplæring, islam, moske, ungdom, idealer
A. S. Shilyaeva, S. V. Kurapov, M. E. Zabolotnikov
et al.
Introduction. The article considers the modern Russian Cossacks as a complex social object in the trinity of interpersonal, intragroup and intrapersonal communications. The ethno markers of the Cossacks that influence the perception of “friend or foe” are determined; the problem of the concept of the network capital of the Cossacks is formulated.Methodology and sources. The section formulates the construction of network capital from the point of view of structuring social relations in the network approach, and from the point of view of the culture of interactive communication in the network space. The main approaches to the definition and measurement of network capital are shown, its specificity for the social group of Cossack youth is revealed. The network model of the Cossacks and Cossack youth is described as a whole and its part. The role of state-forming values in the Cossack environment is shown. The largest network Cossack youth organizations from different regions of Russia are presented.Results and discussion. The article describes the methodology for researching network capital, organized at the All-Russian Gathering of Cossack Youth in the fall of 2021 in the city of Krasnoyarsk. On the basis of four groups of values of the Cossack youth, namely social, personal, values of the Cossacks and values of the direct contact environment, a network analysis of positive and negative relationships, as well as relationships in subgroups of values, is carried out. As a comparative analysis, the results of measuring the network capital of students of the IT faculty of the evening department are used, which show a clear professional orientation and belonging to a generalized supranational community of IT specialists and a low team-building potential. The authors conclude that the construction of “network capital” is more often used in an empirical sense to obtain information about the mechanisms of access to resources or some kind of influence through network relations.Conclusion. In general, the theory of “network capital” is in the process of its formation and requires further scientific understanding. In the ongoing process of institutionalization of the Cossacks, contradictions often arise between the traditions and values of modern society, which the Cossack youth seeks to resolve in a compromise way. It is concluded that the network capital of the Cossack youth is in the stage of its active accumulation and continuous transformations.
Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz
et al.
Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.
I provide a critical commentary regarding the attitude of the logician and the philosopher towards the physicist and physics. The commentary is intended to showcase how a general change in attitude towards making scientific inquiries can be beneficial for science as a whole. However, such a change can come at the cost of looking beyond the categories of the disciplines of logic, philosophy and physics. It is through self-inquiry that such a change is possible, along with the realization of the essence of the middle that is otherwise excluded by choice. The logician, who generally holds a reverential attitude towards the physicist, can then actively contribute to the betterment of physics by improving the language through which the physicist expresses his experience. The philosopher, who otherwise chooses to follow the advancement of physics and gets stuck in the trap of sophistication of language, can then be of guidance to the physicist on intellectual grounds by having the physicist's experience himself. In course of this commentary, I provide a glimpse of how a truthful conversion of verbal statements to physico-mathematical expressions unravels the hitherto unrealized connection between Heisenberg uncertainty relation and Cauchy's definition of derivative that is used in physics. The commentary can be an essential reading if the reader is willing to look beyond the categories of logic, philosophy and physics by being `nobody'.
In this short survey article, I discuss Bell's theorem and some strategies that attempt to avoid the conclusion of non-locality. I focus on two that intersect with the philosophy of probability: (1) quantum probabilities and (2) superdeterminism. The issues they raised not only apply to a wide class of no-go theorems about quantum mechanics but are also of general philosophical interest.
The ongoing debate on the ethics of self-driving cars typically focuses on two approaches to answering ethical questions: moral philosophy and social science. I argue that these two approaches are both lacking. We should neither deduce answers from individual moral theories nor should we expect social science to give us complete answers. To supplement these approaches, we should turn to political philosophy. The issues we face are collective decisions that we make together rather than individual decisions we make in light of what we each have reason to value. Political philosophy adds three basic concerns to our conceptual toolkit: reasonable pluralism, human agency, and legitimacy. These three concerns have so far been largely overlooked in the debate on the ethics of self-driving cars.
We recently presented the so-called allagmatic method, which includes a system metamodel providing a framework for describing, modelling, simulating, and interpreting complex systems. Its development and programming was guided by philosophy, especially by Gilbert Simondon's philosophy of individuation, Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy of organism, and concepts from cybernetics. Here, a mathematical formalism is presented to better describe and define the system metamodel of the allagmatic method, thereby further generalising it and extending its reach to a more formal treatment and allowing more theoretical studies. By using the formalism, an example for such a further study is provided with mathematical definitions and proofs for model creation and equivalence of cellular automata and artificial neural networks.
Resumo: O presente esforço investigativo visa esquadrinhar discursos reproduzidos pelo episcopado católico em oposição ao lançamento do 3º Programa Nacional de Direitos Humanos (PNDH-3). Ao analisar reações do alto escalão da Igreja, procura-se sondar o repertório que pauta a institucionalidade católica em suas intervenções políticas contemporâneas, que dizem respeito, no mais das vezes, ao campo da moralidade, com especial predileção pela moralidade de cunho sexual. Na trincheira contrária ao PNDH-3, bispos chancelaram seus posicionamentos com o uso de justificativas laicas. Iniciativas episcopais revelaram-se respaldadas por uma gramática fundada no jusnaturalismo e na Constituição. Em suma, adotou-se o repertório dos direitos com a finalidade mesma de cercear direitos.
We derive magnetic black hole solutions using a general gauge potential in the framework of teleparallel equivalent general relativity. One of the solutions gives a non-trivial value of the scalar torsion. This non-triviality of the torsion scalar depends on some values of the magnetic field. The metric of those solutions behave asymptotically as Anti-de-Sitter/ de-Sitter (AdS/dS) spacetimes. The energy conditions are discussed in details. Also, we calculate the torsion and curvature invariants to discuss singularities. Additionally, we calculate the conserved quantities using the Einstein-Cartan geometry to understand the physics of the constants appearing into the solutions.
This study focused on public speaking learning process for Indonesian moderation located at An Najah, Al Amin and Darussalam as pesantren partners of IAIN Purwokerto. Public Speaking learning process in pesantren has been conducted for long period of time and it has distinctive characters to be studied. This study is using explorativephenomenological methodology to uncovered this learning process. Data is collected using observation, interview and documentation. Result shows that public speaking and speaking techniques in general is mandatory subject for An Najah, Al Amin dan Darussalam. The objectives of Public speaking learning in those three pesantren is that the students could conveyed Islamic value and religion effectively. Public speaking is conducted in many methods and activities, such as muhadharah, discussion, role play on many programs and events where santri has responsibilities and authority for managing the process. There are differences in practising muhadharah on those three pesantrens. There are also workshops hosted by experts. With that the process of public speaking learning is more in practical way without theoretical-conceptual background. This results in public speaking theoretical concepts is rarely mastered, whereas pesantren is well known for its rich oral speech tradition.
It is not very well known that the philosopher Karl Popper has been one of the foremost critics of the orthodox interpretation of quantum physics for about six decades. This paper reconstructs in detail most of Popper's activities on foundations of quantum mechanics (FQM) in the period of 1950s and 1960s, when his involvement in the community of quantum physicists became extensive and quite influential. Thanks to unpublished documents and correspondence, it is now possible to shed new light on Popper's central - though neglected - role in this "thought collective" of physicists concerned with FQM, and on the intellectual relationships that Popper established in this context with some of the protagonists of the debate over quantum physics (such as David Bohm, Alfed Landé and Henry Margenau, among many others). Foundations of quantum mechanics represented in those years also the initial ground for the embittering controversy between Popper and perhaps his most notable former student, Paul Feyerabend. I present here novel elements to further understand the origin of their troubled relationship.