Hasil untuk "Philosophy"

Munadhil A. Muqsith, Valerii L. Muzykant, Bekti S. Istiyanto

Western philosophy has profoundly shaped global civilization, influencing understanding of the world. This dominance, however, presents both opportunities and challenges. This paper argues that the current paradigm of Western philosophy, rooted in modern philosophy’s emphasis on rationality, has become dogmatic and ultimately self-defeating. The pursuit of scientific knowledge, while valuable, has been driven by a narrow conception of rationality that prioritizes logic and empirical evidence while neglecting other crucial dimensions of human experience. This overemphasis on scientification, as Nietzsche argued, has led to a dehumanization of existence by reducing human life to mere rationality, disregarding the importance of narrative, historical memory, and contextual understanding. This paper will critically examine the limitations of this dominant paradigm through a review of Western philosophical thought. By highlighting internal contradictions within modern philosophy itself, we aim to demonstrate how the current emphasis on scientification has stifled the diversity and richness of philosophical inquiry. Ultimately, we argue for a more nuanced and inclusive approach to philosophy that recognizes the multifaceted nature of human experience and embraces a broader range of perspectives.

Ramona Schweitzer, Stephan Schlögl, Marco Schweitzer

Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of global deaths. The risk of their development and progression is increased by modifiable behavioral risk factors. Yet, despite the known benefits of primary and secondary prevention, people often do not follow recommendations for a healthier lifestyle. To this end, mobile health (mHealth) applications offer features for behavioral interventions. Yet, reported user engagement is often low. The objective of the work presented in this article is thus to evaluate the suitability of Design Thinking (DT) as a means to inform the development of an mHealth application that helps increase long-term engagement, and consequently supports individuals in sustainably changing their lifestyle. Applying the DT approach, key user needs and challenges were investigated and used to design a first low-fidelity mHealth application prototype. Think-Aloud analysis, task completion, and post-test interviews were then used to evaluate the prototype and generate early-stage insights. Subsequently, a structured, retrospective analysis of this process, evaluating the insight-generation potential of each step in the DT process cycle, was used to reflect on its suitability to inform mHealth application development. The respective results highlight (1) the distinct value of the DT method, particularly in the early stages of a development project; (2) the strong need for interdisciplinary collaboration in such projects, so as to capture realistic end-user requirements and improve the overall effectiveness of the application design; and (3) the significance of integrating behavioral change theories into the design of mHealth applications, in order to promote long-term engagement.

Charel D. du Toit

The parable of the Prodigal Son is traditionally viewed from an androcentric perspective, focusing on the male characters, such as the father and brothers. However, this article suggests that the original listeners may have perceived female characters as present and significant. It briefly explores the roles of the Prodigal’s mother and the father’s mother, proposing an alternative interpretation. Evidence indicates that a 1st-century audience might have envisioned a parallel narrative, termed ‘the Parable of the Two Mothers’, within the story. This imagined parallel parable could reflect the high-context understanding of the original hearers. The article aims to reconstruct this proposed parallel parable not only as a potentially imagined narrative within the Prodigal Son but also as a counter-narrative tool. This tool seeks to aid faith communities in addressing gender-based violence (GBV) by offering a narrative device that brings women’s voices to the forefront in congregational and social contexts. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The interdisciplinary nature of this article contributes to the debate on the roles and importance of women in the church by investigating the value that women had in the parables of Jesus. Furthermore, this article promotes an inclusive reading of biblical texts aiming to combat the pandemic of GBV in South African communities. By reading women as present in the text, emphasis is given to the voices of women in the Bible and the importance of their representation today. This research is also in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender equality and women empowerment.

Ricardo Miranda Nachmanowicz

O presente trabalho aborda a filosofia estética de Eduard Hanslick, no intuito de demarcá-la enquanto abordagem epistemológica da música e um caso paradigmático para a autonomia musical. Foram analisadas as premissas epistemológicas que guiaram a obra Do belo musical, bem como as suas mais prováveis influências. Conclui-se, apresentando o conceito de ideia musical como formulação epistemológica fortemente influenciada pelo positivismo e princípio qualificador da percepção musical autônoma. Adiciona-se a essa conclusão uma desambiguação, com o conceito de ideia estética de Kant.esente trabalho aborda a filosofia estética de Eduard Hanslick no intuito de demarca-la enquanto abordagem epistemológica da música e um caso paradigmático para a autonomia musical. Foram analisadas as premissas epistemológicas que guiaram a obra Do belo musical, bem como as suas mais prováveis influências. Concluímos apresentando o conceito de ideia musical enquanto formulação epistemológica fortemente influenciada pelo positivismo e enquanto princípio qualificador da percepção musical autônoma. Adicionamos a essa conclusão uma desambiguação com o conceito de ideia estética de Kant.

Sharli Paphitis, Fatima Akilu, Natasha Chilambo et al.

Background Despite theoretical support for including mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) with peacebuilding, few programmes in conflict-affected regions fully integrate these approaches. Aims To describe and assess preliminary outcomes of the Counselling on Wheels programme delivered by the NEEM Foundation in the Borno State of North-East Nigeria. Method We first describe the components of the Counselling on Wheels programme, including education and advocacy for peace and social cohesion through community peacebuilding partnerships and activities, and an MHPSS intervention open to all adults, delivered in groups of eight to ten people. We then conducted secondary analysis of data from 1550 adults who took part in the MHPSS intervention, who provided data at baseline and 1–2 weeks after the final group session. Vulnerability to violent extremism was assessed with a locally developed 80-item scale. Symptoms of common mental disorders were assessed with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PTSD-8). Data were analysed through a mixed-effect linear regression model, accounting for clustering by community and adjusted for age and gender. Results After taking part in group MHPSS, scores fell for depression (−5.8, 95% CI −6.7 to −5.0), stress (−5.5, 95% CI −6.3 to −4.6), post-traumatic stress disorder (−2.9, 95% CI −3.4 to −2.4) and vulnerability to violent extremism (−44.6, 95% CI −50.6 to −38.6). Conclusions The Counselling on Wheels programme shows promise as a model for integrating MHPSS with community peacebuilding activities in this conflict-affected region of Africa.

Baginda Sitompul, Afriani Manalu, Grace Metaria Sihombing et al.

In the Bible there is a lot of information that writes down the teachings that Jesus did. The fruit of Jesus' teaching is proof that He is a teacher who has a personality, broad insight, role model, both from His words and deeds. The works of Jesus are inseparable from the culture of learning that has been carried out since he was young. This is one factor that makes Him appear as the Great Teacher. After finishing studying from school, Jesus taught with creative and effective methods for His followers. For this reason, in the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK) which is taught in formal schools, it is necessary to refer to Christian Religious Education at the time of Jesus, so that the principles of Christian Religious Education in schools can be specifically maintained from time to time. The researcher will explain how Christian Religious Education was when Jesus was a Jewish boy, starting with His education in the midst of the family, education at Beit Safar, education at Beit Talmud, education at the Beit Midrash stage, to the implementation of Christian Religious Education in schools today. The purpose of writing is to study Christian Religious Education at the time of Jesus in schools and the implementation of Christian Religious Education in formal schools. The method used in writing is a qualitative research method with literature as the main source.

Juliana Veras, Maria da Luz Vale Dias

Introdução: Embora exista vasta pesquisa em torno dos conceitos de sentido de vida, bem-estar psicológico e saúde/doença mental, a literatura revela uma quase inexistência de estudos focados na análise destes conceitos quetenham em conta comparações entre adultos em etapas específicas, nomeadamente na etapa da adultez emergente e na meia idade. Objetivos: Pretende-se com esta apresentação proceder à revisão de estudos das variáveis em análise, salientando a sua pertinência e atualidade. No âmbito desta apresentação, visa-se compreender as especificidades deste campo de análise para as duas etapas de desenvolvimento, adultos emergentes e adultos de meia idade. Método: Com base em critérios devidamente delineados, a metodologia adotada é a revisão bibliográfica dos estudos mais relevantes. Resultados: Com base na revisão bibliográfica, foi possível não só analisar a evolução dos conceitos em estudo, mas também perceber as relações existentes entre os mesmos. Foi ainda possível entender o quanto o sentido de vida é estruturante para o ser humano, podendo apresentar-se como muito relevante para etapas de grande mudança como a da adultez emergente. A revisão efetuada permitiu ainda analisar a evolução do conceito de bem-estar psicológico e saber o que se entende por saúde mental nos dias de hoje. Conclusões: O sentido da vida tem sido positivamente associado à saúde/bem-estar físico/psicológico e à psicopatologia e parece servir como fator mediador na saúde psicológica. Estes três pilares revelam-se como indispensáveis para uma vida saudável e feliz. Finalmente, dado que são escassos os estudos que contrastam etapas da idade adulta que incluam a adultez emergente, concluiu-se pela necessidade de projetos que respondam a esta lacuna, fazendo-se uma proposta de investigação futura.

Christian Habeck, Yunglin Gazes, Yaakov Stern

Cognitive Reserve (CR), according to a recent consensus definition of the NIH-funded Reserve and Resilience collaboratory,1 is constituted by any mechanism contributing to cognitive performance beyond, or interacting with, brain structure in the widest sense. To identity multivariate activation patterns fulfilling this postulate, we investigated a verbal Sternberg fMRI task and imaged 181 people with age coverage in the ranges 20–30 (44 participants) and 55–70 (137 participants). Beyond task performance, participants were characterized in terms of demographics, and neuropsychological assessments of vocabulary, episodic memory, perceptual speed, and abstract fluid reasoning. Participants studied an array of either one, three, or six upper-case letters for 3 s (=encoding phase), then a blank fixation screen was presented for 7 s (=maintenance phase), to be probed with a lower-case letter to which they responded with a differential button press whether the letter was part of the studied array or not (=retrieval phase). We focused on identifying maintenance-related activation patterns showing memory load increases in pattern score on an individual participant level for both age groups. We found such a pattern that increased with memory load for all but one person in the young participants (p < 0.001), and such a pattern for all participants in the older group (p < 0.001). Both patterns showed broad topographic similarities; however, relationships to task performance and neuropsychological characteristics were markedly different and point to individual differences in Cognitive Reserve. Beyond the derivation of group-level activation patterns, we also investigated the inter-subject spatial similarity of individual working memory rehearsal patterns in the older participants’ group as a function of neuropsychological and task performance, education, and mean cortical thickness. Higher task accuracy and neuropsychological function was reliably associated with higher inter-subject similarity of individual-level activation patterns in older participants.

Girum Tareke Zewude, Sisay Demissew Beyene, Belayneh Taye et al.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many professions with short-, medium-, and long-term consequences. Hence, this study examined the mediating role of sense of coherence (SOC) and resilience in the relation to COVID-19 stress and teachers’ well-being (TWB). It recruited 836 teachers from Ethiopia’s higher-education institutions, of which 630 (75.4%) were men and 206 (24.6%) were women, with a mean age of 32.81 years and a standard deviation of 6.42. Findings showed that COVID-19 stress negatively predicted SOC, resilience, and TWB and that SOC and resilience positively predicted TWB. It was concluded that SOC and resilience, both together and separately, mediated the relation between COVID-19 stress and TWB. These results were discussed alongside relevant literature, and the study is found to be valuable for practitioners and researchers who seek to improve well-being using SOC and resilience as resources across teaching professions.

I.A. Yakoba

Statement a problem of discourse technologization is one of relevant topics of a race for power and communication management for social control. This paper researches the discourse from position of technological effectiveness of addresser and addressee interaction, discourse power parameterization that defines discourse action quality. "Smart tuning" technology reveals smart power potential that is used for effective communication in a technological discourse.

David Winkler-Ebner

Frederick II: “Enlightened Absolutism“ This paper is about the governance of the Prussian king Frederick II. It will examine how far Frederick’s governance was influenced by the philosophy of Enlightenment. As will be shown, Frederick ruled rather as a strategic monarch than as a philosopher of Enlightenment. His governance followed some of the ideas of Enlightenment only to consolidate his sovereignity. Thus Frederick’s governance cannot be called “enlightened” per se.

Francisca R. Quiroga

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Grażyna Bilik

The main topic of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s philosophical consideration is the problem of carnality: the status of the human body, understanding (in this context) of consciousness and placing a human being in the background of everlasting conflict concerning the relation between the body and the soul. A man is perceived here as embodied  consciousness and this is the statement which breaks the above mentioned dichotomy. Marleau Ponty emphasizes the meaning of the human body, which becomes a basic tool of perceiving reality, and the contact with it. Owing to the body, a human being can get to know the universe, make a relationship with it, create. This relation has primary, direct, pre-reflective character. The body is able to read and process a large variety of relations and meanings present in the world of things. Nevertheless, in perceiving them the body meets barriers which result from physical limitations. There are areas inaccessible for senses, and consequently some aspects of reality remain invisible. This gap in the access to the world is completed by the art. This is what plays a huge role in experiencing human existence, according to Maurice Marleau Ponty. In his book Eye and Mind he states that painting can show what is invisible, and at the same time complete dynamic and ambiguous structure of Being, which consists of: both a man perceived as emboddied consciousness and all what surround them. Within reality understood in this way there is a constant permeation of levels and areas of interaction, and as a result interpretation and creation of new sense.

Hamidreza Motahhari, Mahdi Rafi’aa

The preference and tradition of fast on Ashura has been constantly considered and emphasized by Sunnites. In one hand, this day is of great importance to Shiites and to them fasting in this day is considered as innovation and disapproved issue not a traditional and preferred one. According to the historical investigations, fasting on Ashura has not been in Muharram but on the 10th day of Tishri month being concurrent with the fasting of Jewish in the name of “kipur” or “Asur”. The reason of making mistake about this day and the 10th day of Muharram has to do with the similarity of pronunciation by Arabs who pronounce both days as Ashura. On the other hand, fasting on that day has been abrogated through the necessity of the fast in Ramadan. The renovation of this abrogated decree is not considered as tradition but an innovation being propagated by people in line with Umayyad policies. In this regard, the scientific statement of this issue can be effectual in lessening the sectional and religious challenges. Considering the jurisprudential Points of view and narrations of this event in the sources of the two sects and through a historical approach, this writing is to answer the question concerning the origin of fasting on Ashura of early Islam and its decree in Prophetic time.

Martin S. Banks

We communicate increasingly with visual imagery such as realistic pictures (e.g., photographs, computer graphic images, perspective drawings and paintings). People are readily able to interpret pictures, but the means by which they do so is poorly understood. Photographers utilize many guidelines for creating natural-looking pictures. One guideline concerns the lens focal length required to produce pictures that are not spatially distorted. Photography texts recommend choosing a focal length of 50mm. There are two phenomena related to this guideline. One is perceived spatial distortions in wide-angle (short focal length) pictures. I will argue that the perceived distortions are caused by the perceptual mechanisms people employ to take into account oblique viewing positions. The second phenomenon is perceived depth in pictures taken with different focal lengths. The textbooks argue that pictures taken with short focal lengths expand perceived depth and those taken with long focal lengths compress it. I will argue that these effects are due to a combination of the viewing geometry and peoples' viewing. Another guideline concerns the camera aperture and depth-of-field blur. Photography textbooks do not describe a quantitative rule and treat the magnitude of depth-of-field blur as arbitrary. I examine apertures, lenses, and image formation. From that examination, I argue that there is a natural relationship between depth-of-field blur and the 3D layout of the photographed scene. Human viewers are sensitive to this relationship. In particular, depicted scenes are perceived differently depending on the relationship between blur and 3D layout. Understanding the perceptual basis of these guidelines provides insight into how to construct photographs, perspective paintings, and computer graphic images for more effective visual communication.

Zenobio Saldivia M.

Se analiza el aporte de la filosofía positivista a la ciencia nacional de fines del siglo xix en Chile, especialmente la contribución de sus principales exponentes: José Victorino Lastarria, los Hnos. Lagarrigue y Valentín Letelier entre otros; así como la posterior influencia de tales ideas en el marco sociocultural y político del período, en especial, en relación al manejo de las categorías de liberalismo, progreso y desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Finalmente, a partir de la fuerza de tales inquietudes, se extrapola cómo estas ideas están presentes en la filosofía de la época del Bicentenario de la Independencia de Chile.

José María Vigil

Sempre dissemos que a Opção pelos Pobres fundamenta-se em Deus mesmo, no ser de Deus, e tem, portanto, natureza “teocêntrica”: De certa maneira, podemos dizer que Deus mesmo faz opção pelos pobres, Deus “é” opção pelos pobres. Era um consenso universalmente sentido que esta Opção pelos Pobres baseava-se precisamente no Amor-Justiça do Deus bíblico e cristão.

H.P.P. Lótter

Can a man be a feminist? If so, what would it mean? I want to participate in a dialogue between women and men on how to accommodate women's moral concerns. I propose that the fundamental values of justice embodied in the South African constitutional democracy require men to be feminist. These values provide the best safeguard of the important interests and values of both women and men. Men who accept these values can support the main concerns of feminism. The implications of the argument in this article range from public issues to the most private aspects of marriage.

Daniel P. Bailey