Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

Tianmeng Lei, Yefei Wang, Mingchen Ding et al.

To solve the problem whereby an oil reservoir with applicable boundaries of the current sand-inhibiting and water-control agent is unclear, a supramolecular sand-inhibiting and water-control agent PDKM was prepared using acrylamide (AM), methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), styrene (SM), and γ-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) as comonomers. The molecular structure of PDKM was verified by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. On the basis of establishing an evaluation method that can screen the performance of sand-inhibiting agent at a flow rate of 100 mL/min, the oil reservoir applicable boundaries of PDKM were obtained through the evaluation of sand-inhibiting and water-control performance. The experimental results show that when the concentration of PDKM is 5000 mg/L, the oil reservoir conditions are temperature ≤90 °C, formation water salinity ≤21,249 mg/L, the degree of sand production corresponding to slight sand production and particle migration, crude oil viscosity ≤50 mPa·s, primary water flooding water cut ≥75%, and formation permeability contrast ≤2. The performance with respect to sand inhibiting and water control can all reach an excellent level. Therefore, the PDKM solves the problem whereby the applicability of the current sand-inhibiting and water-control agent is unclear, and provides direction for the selection of suitable products in the oilfield production site.

Ahsan Leisi, Navid Shad Manaman

Abstract Understanding the distribution of shear wave velocity (V S ) in hydrocarbon reservoirs is a crucial concern in reservoir geophysics. This geophysical parameter is utilized for reservoir characterization, calculating elastic properties, assessing fractures, and evaluating reservoir quality. Unfortunately, not all wells have available V S data due to the expensive nature of its measurements. Hence, it is crucial to calculate this parameter using other relevant features. Therefore, over the past few decades, numerous techniques have been introduced to calculate the V S data using petrophysical logs in wells with limited information. Unfortunately, the majority of these methods have a drawback they only offer insight into the location of the wells and do not provide any details regarding the distribution of V S in the space between the wells. In this article, we employed three-dimensional post-stack seismic attributes and well-logging data integration to predict the distribution of V S in the Asmari formation in an Iranian oil field. To accomplish this objective, the model-based seismic inversion algorithm was utilized to convert the seismic section into the acoustic impedance (AI) section. Then, AI and seismic data were utilized in the cross-validation method to determine the relevant attributes for predicting the spatial distribution of V S throughout the entire reservoir area, using an artificial neural network. The proposed method was shown to provide 94% correlation and 109 m/s error between the actual and estimated V S . Also, the calculated V S section has a high correlation with the actual logs at the location of the wells.

Qun LEI, Dingwei WENG, Baoshan GUAN et al.

The shale oil and gas exploitation in China is technically benchmarked with the United States in terms of development philosophy, reservoir stimulation treatment, fracturing parameters, fracturing equipment and materials, oil/gas production technology, and data/achievements sharing. It is recognized that the shale oil and gas exploitation in China is weak in seven aspects: understanding of flow regimes, producing of oil/gas reserves, monitoring of complex fractures, repeated stimulation technology, oil/gas production technology, casing deformation prevention technology, and wellbore maintenance technology. Combined with the geological and engineering factors of shale oil and gas in China, the development suggestions of four projects are proposed from the macro- and micro-perspective, namely, basic innovation project, exploitation technology project, oil/gas production stabilization project, and supporting efficiency-improvement project, so as to promote the rapid, efficient, stable, green and extensive development of shale oil and gas industry chain and innovation chain and ultimately achieve the goal of “oil volume stabilizing and gas volume increasing”.

HE Haiyan, LIU Xianshan, GENG Shaoyang, SUN Junchang, SUN Yanchun, JIA Qian

Peak shaving and supply guarantee are the functions of Underground Gas Storage（UGS）. The accurate prediction of the UGS construction index is related to the number of new wells and investments. When a complex fault block reservoir is transformed into UGS, it encounters three-phase flow（oil, gas, and water） during multi-cycle and high-velocity operations. The petrophysical properties of oil and gas are greatly affected by temperature. Without considering the temperature disturbance after cold gas injection and the additional pressure loss of high-velocity turbulence, the index prediction accuracy of the existing numerical simulation methods for UGS is low. To improve the accuracy of index prediction for a UGS rebuilt from a complex fault block oil reservoir, combined with fluid viscosity-temperature and high-velocity turbulence experiments, a coupled mathematical model of seepage and temperature is established. The model is solved discretely using the Finite Volume Method（FVM）, with a Two-Point Flux Approximation（TPFA） scheme for spatial discretization and a backward （implicit） Euler scheme for temporal discretization. The material balance and pressure of the reservoir and single well in the depletion development stage are matched with high precision. The sensitivity analysis of the UGS operation index is carried out in an example. The results show that the disturbance of the cold gas injection temperature field and high-velocity non-Darcy effect is the main controlling factors of accumulative oil production and gas volume error respectively. The well control temperature range increases logarithmically with the gas injection rate and the water-phase seepage capacity increases when the oil-phase and gas-phase seepage capacity decreases significantly, resulting in the increase of the produced liquid volume and the decrease of formation pressure. The additional pressure drop caused by high-velocity turbulent flow results in some injected natural gas not being produced, leading to an increase in natural gas reserves and pressure over successive cycles.

Xie Wenxian, Su Qingxin, Guo Liqian et al.

In view of the lack of optimization analysis on the friction pair of oil well pump under simulated working conditions, the wear state of liner jacket-plunger friction pair was mainly studied under simulated working conditions, and a liner jacket-plunger model was built, an orthogonal test was designed to study the influence of different factors on the wear state of the friction pair under different fit clearances, and determined the optimal factor combination of wears. The analysis results show that the friction stress and wear volume of friction pair increase obviously with the increase of fit clearance; after the fit clearance decreases, the overall wear volume decreases by 10.05% and the wear state is improved to some extent; when the unilateral clearance is 0.05 mm, the wear volume of coating layer on the liner jacket within 60 s is 0.184 13～0.376 83 mm³; when the liquid pressure is 10 MPa, the hardness of coating layer is 1 150 MPa, the rod stroke is 300 mm, and the friction coefficient of liquid lubrication is 0.11, the wear reduction and resistance effect of the friction pair is the best. The conclusions will provide technical guidance for the rational selection of oil-well pump.

Li Shuangpeng, Liu Youping, Peng Junwei et al.

According to the equipment requirements for shale gas development, and considering the networking control requirements for unit operation in the future, the NC5440TYL electric fracturing truck is developed. The whole vehicle integrates the electric drive device(frequency converter), high-power motor and pumping equipment(fracturing pump)on one heavy-duty chassis, which not only reduces the area of the well site, but also avoids the common mode voltage hazards to the motor stator and bearing. The control system adopts robust theory to achieve precise control of the fracturing pump. The automation of diagnosis and maintenance can shorten the abnormal downtime and reduce the labor intensity of workers. The overall structure of the electric fracturing vehicle, the damping technology, the topological structure of the main circuit of the variable frequency drive, and the cabinet protection design of the electric drive device are studied. The video network monitoring system and automatic disc pump are designed. The results of in-plant tests and field applications show that the NC5440TYL electric fracturing truck can reduce construction costs and well site area, has good transport performance, improves the efficiency of fracturing operations, and has a good application prospect.

Li-Na Cao, Li-Ze Lu, Xiao-Ping Li et al.

Abstract The assumption of constant reservoir permeability is not strictly applicable to reservoirs where rock properties undergo changes, such as stress-sensitive porous media. Most researches on the permeability stress sensitivity mainly concentrated on experimental approach, physical modeling or pressure transient analysis, whereas rate transient analysis does not attract much attention. Based on source/sink function method, this paper develops a seepage model of multi-fractured horizontal well incorporating stress-sensitive permeability. The model is semi-analytically solved by fracture discretization, Pedrosa’s transformation, perturbation theory, and integration transformation method. Not only pressure transient analysis, but also rate transient analysis is separately performed with relevant parameters. The model presented here can provide some insights into well dynamic forecasting during exploiting such reservoirs, and contribute to establish the theoretical basic for transient analysis efficiently.

Zhuo Jigao, Sun Zhongming, Yan Xiaoming

The oil and gas well data collection system has been widely used in the shale gas well testing. In the process of operation and management of data collection equipments, the sorting and recording of field data, reporting of field real-time and staged production reports all required to be operated by professional technicians. This work took a lot of time and was error-prone. Automatic report management was a technology combining the actual production of shale gas with the data collection system. Relay on Python, the computer programming language, we could obtain the field data and records, and on this base, compiled and sent reports. This technology can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of data recording, and reduce the labor intensity of technicians.

Wenjie Xu, Pengcheng Bian, Hongze Gang et al.

Bio-based surfactants have attracted increasing attention due to their renewable resources and excellent surface properties. In this study, a novel bio-based sulfonic zwitterionic surfactant (BSZS) derived from transgenic soybean oil was prepared using a simple reaction route with two steps of the amidation and quaterisation. The bio-based sulfonic zwitterionic surfactant showed a critical micelle concentration (CMC) as low as 33.34 mg/L with a surface tension of 28.50 mN/m. In addition, it also showed good performance in foamability, emulsibility, and wettability. The excellent performances indicated the great potential applications of the bio-based sulfonic surfactant from vegetable oils in both daily life and industrial fields.<br />Bio-based surfactants have attracted increasing attention due to their renewable resources and excellent surface properties. In this study a novel biobased sulfonic zwitterionic surfactant (BSZS) derived from genetically modified(GM) soybean oil was prepared using a simple reaction route with two steps of the amidation and quaterisation. The BSZS showed a critical micelle concentration (CMC) as low as 33.3 mg/L with a surface tension of 28.5 mN/m. In addition, it also showed good performance in foamability, emulsibility and wettability. The excellent performances indicated great potential applications of the bio-based sulfonic surfactant from vegetable oil in both daily life and industrial fields.

Huang Feng, Hao Nan, Ru Dajun et al.

Turbine-powered pulse generators have problems such as insufficient erosion resistance and severe generator RPM overload during drilling ultra-large boreholes exceeding &oslash;444.5 mm. In order to improve the erosion resistance and stability of the tool and prolong the tool’s service life, the following measures are taken:①design optimization of the turbine and guide vane structure; ②design optimization of the mechanical structure and material of the pulse generator. The results of indoor tests and field tests show that, the ratio of turbine RPM and displacement under the same displacement decreases from 84~87 before optimization to 62~64 after optimization. The optimal range of turbine RPM is 3 500~5 000 r/min. When the displacement is 70 L/s, the turbine RPM before optimization is 6 070 r/min, which is beyond the adaptable RPM of the power supply circuit board. The optimized turbine RPM is about 4 500 r/min, which is within the optimal speed range. The improved cross-sectional area of the flow path is 1.62 times larger than that of the previous flow path, leading to a 38% reduced over-current velocity. The optimized turbine-powered pulse generator operates normally under large displacement. The actual turbine RPM is in line with the laboratory prediction data, providing a stable guarantee for the service life.

Chunyan Sun, Mingyi Hu, Zhonggui Hu et al.

Abstract The Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation is an important oil and gas exploration target in the Sichuan Basin. The lithofacies mainly consists of clastic rocks, carbonates, and evaporates, which represents a transition from continental to marine depositional environment. The Jialingjiang Formation of the Sichuan Basin is a typical epeiric carbonate platforms. The study area contains four types of facies, including mixed tidal flat facies, open platform facies, restricted platform facies, and evaporitic platform facies. Based on the analysis of cores and logging data, two types of type II sequence boundaries were identified, which are, respectively, local exposure unconformity boundary and lithology and lithofacies transformation boundary. The Jialingjiang Formation is divided into three third-order sequences and six system tracts. Thus, we establish a connected multi-well sequence stratigraphic framework based on typical single-well sequence stratigraphic division. The sedimentary evolution of the Jialingjiang Formation was divided into three major sedimentary periods and six stages, with rising and falling of the sea level, mixed tidal flat, open platform, and restricted platform prograded first, and then restricted platform and evaporitic platform retrograded. It also shows that the open platform shoal and restricted platform tidal flat have oolitic limestone and algal dolomite with good-quality physical properties and are the favorable reservoir facies belt for hydrocarbon exploration and development.

Dong Xinghua, Zhang Zhiwei, Wei Peijing et al.

The braking energy generated by drilling rig and the redundant energy of the common DC bus cannot be effectively recycled and can only be consumed through energy braking, resulting in energy waste. To address the problem, energy recovery and recycling was proposed. By analyzing the demand of the drilling rig for the energy storage control system and comparison of several energy recovery methods, a braking energy recovery method using dual energy storage control system was proposed. Field application results showed that, the introduction of the dual energy storage control system not only reduces the influence of the impact load and braking energy on the control system during drilling, but also ensures the effective recycling of redundant energy. The method reduced the fuel consumption, maintenance costs and power requirements of the generator, which in turn reduced the procurement costs in previous period, and indirectly reduced the later depreciation and maintenance costs of the equipment. The introduction of this system can save the cost of 432 thousands RMB a year per drilling rig.

Cao Lihu, Han Lu, Cao Yinping et al.

In order to make up the theoretical calculation defect on accurately predicting the fatigue life of coiled tubing, ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis software is used to establish the three-dimensional finite element mechanical model of coiled tubing at working condition. The finite element analysis steps of coiled tubing fatigue life is attained to analyze the fatigue life of coiled tubing under different internal pressures and investigate the influence of wall thickness on the fatigue life of coiled tubing, and the analysis result was compared with the experimental results obtained by the previous paper. The results of the investigation show that, the calculated results have the same trend as the experimental results of the coiled tubing with different wall thickness and under different internal pressure. The maximum error is less than 8.46% and the average error is 5.84%~7.04%, which can meet the requirement of engineering precision, verifying that finite element method could be used for coiled tubing fatigue life analysis. The increase of the wall thickness can not only increase the strength of the coiled tubing but also prolong its fatigue life.

Sugeng S. Surjono, Rahmadi Hidayat, Naryanto Wagimin

Abstract Located in the north-western part of Bonaparte Basin, offshore western Timor presents the opportunity for a distinct exploration concept due to the discovery of the Abadi gas field. A classic Jurassic petroleum play did not develop as a proven reservoir and source rock in the study area due to severe erosion during the Valanginian event. Therefore, the Triassic interval requires assessment to reveal an alternative petroleum system in the study area. A petroleum system analysis utilising 2D seismic lines and three exploration wells was performed to construct a new exploration concept. The study showed that the Scythian Mount Goodwin interval could be considered a primary gas-prone source rock, with type II/III kerogen, a total organic content up to 2.09% and a hydrogen index that could reach 569 mg/g. Based on a study of a pseudo-well conducted here, the Mount Goodwin interval is found to have reached gas generation in the Early Cretaceous and expulsion in the Early Eocene. The potential reservoir rocks are the Carnian–Ladinian Challis and Anisian Pollard intervals. The Challis interval, the primary reservoir, has typical shoreline sandstones and is interbedded with claystones and limestone intercalations. Petrophysical and petrographic studies in this interval indicate good reservoir properties. However, the Pollard interval mainly consists of carbonates with minor claystones and has a low quality of reservoir properties. The intraformational shale of the Challis is considered as the potential regional seal, especially within areas that are not truncated by the Valanginian event. From the perspective of exploration, the Jurassic north-east–south-west-tilted fault blocks are still favourable for new discoveries in the offshore western Timor area.

Li Huaiyin, Dang Xuebo

Subsea Technology is a major development direction of deepwater oil and gas development. With technical progress, more and more subsea technologies and equipment are successfully used for development of offshore oil and gas fields. In-depth analysis has been conducted on eight typical oil and gas fields for application of subsea technologies, including Tordis, Snohvit, BC-10 (Parque das Conchas), Cascade-Chinook, Perdido, King, Ormen Lange and Tyrihans. Great attention has been paid to summarizing subsea technology characteristics and application effects. Groundbreaking technology and application effects of these successfully developed oil and gas fields in subsea technologies have the important enlightenment significance on the offshore engineering technology research and application in China.

Quaid Khan JADOON, Eric ROBERTS, Tom BLENKINSOP et al.

To estimate the resources of Permian Roseneath and Murteree gas shales in the Cooper Basin, Australia, geochemical analysis, log interpretation and core analysis techniques were combined to conduct mineralogical modelling and define petrophysical parameters of both formations. With the sedimentologic, petrographic, SEM and XRD data derived from analysis of cores and cuttings, a mineralogical model was built for target formations. Moreover, based on the results of conventional core analysis, wireline logging, SEM analysis, XRD analysis, and geochemical and petrographic analysis, a petrophysical model was established for key wells. Then, these models were used to analyse the mineral composition and petrophysical properties of Roseneath and Murteree gas shales. The results show that both Roseneath and Murteree gas shales are composed of clay, quartz, carbonate and kerogen, as well as a small quantity of auxiliary minerals (e.g. feldspar and siderite). According to porosity, permeability, TOC, water saturation, mineral composition and other parameters, it is concluded that Murteree shale has higher potential than Roseneath shale within the basin, except for areas in and around Well Encounter 1 where Roseneath exhibit excellent potential. Key words: shale gas, mineralogical modelling, petrophysical properties, Cooper Basin, Permian Roseneath Formation, Permian Murteree Formation

Mohamed M. El Nady

The present work aims to evaluate the nature and origin of the source rock potentiality of subsurface Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks in Melleiha G-1x well. This target was achieved throughout the evaluation of total organic carbon, rock Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance for fifteen cutting samples and three extract samples collected from Khatatba, Alam El Bueib and Kharita formations in the studied well. The result revealed that the main hydrocarbon of source rocks, for the Middle Jurassic (Khatatba Fm.) is mainly mature, and has good capability of producing oil and minor gas. Lower Cretaceous source rocks (Alam El Bueib Fm.) are mature, derived from mixed organic sources and have fair to good capability to generate gas and oil. Kharita Formation of immature source rocks originated from terrestrial origin and has poor to fair potential to produce gas. This indicates that Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations take the direction of increasing maturity far away from the direction of biodegradation and can be considered as effective source potential in the Melleiha G-1x well.

贾江鸿, 闫振来, 窦玉玲 et al.

桩129-1HF井是目前胜利油田浅海水平位移最大的一口非常规水平井。为了解决该井钻井过程中存在的摩阻与扭矩大、井壁易坍塌、井下温度高和固完井难度大等问题，通过分析地质特点和邻井实钻资料，结合软件模拟计算，优选七段制剖面类型，确定三开次井身结构，三开优化单弯双稳钻具组合，二开斜井段及三开优选聚合物有机胺钻井液体系。优化设计后该井平均机械钻速7.07 m/h，摩阻控制在300 kN以内，水平段复合钻比例高达83.55%，电测及下筛管作业均一次成功。实钻效果表明，较小的全角变化率、减摩降扭工具和优良的钻井液润滑性能是大位移井减摩降扭的关键；合理的底部钻具组合可以增大复合钻比例，提高机械钻速；聚合物有机胺钻井液具有较强的防塌抗高温性能，能够满足深层大位移水平井的携岩护壁要求。

周舰, 罗懿, 刘岳龙 et al.