Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Tawffeek A. S. Mohammed

 This conceptual study explores the potential application of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) tools in teaching Arabic as a foreign language (AFL) in South Africa, with a particular emphasis on inclusion and bridging the digital divide. Drawing on the author's ongoing work on a forthcoming book, this paper surveys a range of technological tools, from traditional desktop-based applications to more recent innovations including Web 2.0 platforms, gamification environments, and emerging artificial intelligence (AI) tools. The study argues that while technological advancements in language education offer exciting possibilities, especially for enhancing engagement and self-directed learning, it is essential to adopt a balanced approach that accounts for the socio-economic and infrastructural realities of underprivileged communities in South Africa. Rather than advocating for the wholesale replacement of traditional tools, the study promotes a hybrid model that integrates both established and emerging technologies in a pedagogically sound and context-sensitive manner. By mapping the landscape of available tools and considering their potential for inclusivity and accessibility, this study contributes to ongoing discussions around equitable digital transformation in language education. It also sets the stage for future empirical research that could assess how these tools are adopted and adapted in real classroom settings.

Christine Melkonyan

Due to its strategic geographical position, before and during the World War II Turkey became an object of rivalry between the three centers of power - Germany, UK and France, as well as the USSR. Balancing between the powers of the Axis and Allies, Turkey showed that it was not inclined to openly support any of the sides, adhering to neutrality. Turkey ledК anti-Soviet policy, receiving military and technical assistance from both sides of the conflict. Only on February 23, 1945 Turkey abandoned its position of neutrality and entered the World War II on the winning side. The article examines the main trends in the presentation and assessment of Turkey’s foreign policy in the initial period of World War II. After the death of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Turkish government in the late 30s of the XX century no longer needed good relations with the Soviet Union. It began to pursue a pro-Western course. His active supporter was Minister of Foreign Affairs Sh. Saradjoğlu, who replaced T. Aras on this post. At the beginning of the war, Turkey supported Britain, France, and then openly sided with Germany. At the same time, throughout the war, both Britain and Germany, though unsuccessfully, tried to drag Turkey into the war. Turkey persistently did not go to rapprochement with their northern neighbor USSR, finding various reasons for this. Eventually, Turkey signed an agreement with Nazi Germany shortly before its attack on the USSR. Some Turkish historians call Turkey's foreign policy "defensive." Britain and the United States called it a "bad example of loyalty." And to be more precise, Turkey was trying to "raise its price" in that way, that is, to "sell its loyalty as expensive as possible." In addition, in spite of the fact that Turkey remained neutral in World War II, however in 1941 the Turkish foreign policy was obviously pro-German.

عائدة بنت سعيد البصلة

 سعى هذا البحث إلى دراسة "اللحن" ومرادفاته في لسان العرب؛ لمعرفة مدى صحة تلحين اللغويين تلك النصوص التي حكموا بمخالفتها لقواعد اللغة الفصحى، بعرضها على كتب اللغة، ومعرفة المعايير التي اتكأوا عليها، ومواطن تلك الأخطاء، سواء أكانت في كلام العامة أم الخاصة، وتم تقسيم البحث إلى مقدمة، وتمهيد، ومبحثين، يتضمنان عددًا من المطالب، ثم خاتمة، تعرَّض التمهيد لتعريف مصطلحات البحث، أما المبحث الأول، فهو: اللحن في كلام العامة، وفيه مطلبان: مسائل عامة، ومسائل الهمزة، في حين درس المبحث الثاني: اللحن في كلام الخاصة، وفيه ثلاثة مطالب: اللحن في الحديث النبوي، واللحن في الشعر، واللحن في كلام اللغويين والفقهاء، وأخيرًا الخاتمة، وفيها نتائج البحث، ومنها: أن اللحن ظاهرة قديمة في العربية، ظهرت منذ العصر الجاهلي، فما كان من اللحن قديمًا أو من الشاذ، قبلت جله مجامع اللغة واستعمله العرب حديثًا، بعد وجود وجه له في العربية بلغاتها ولهجاتها. أن أغلب المسائل التي حُكم عليها باللحن في (لسان العرب) كانت مما نقله ابن منظور عمن سبقه من اللغويين، ولم يكن له إلا النقل، وكان أحيانا يبدي رأيه فيها، وأحيانا ينقل تلك الآراء دون ترجيح.

Vyacheslav A. Akhmadullin

Introduction. Analysis of Soviet religious policies essentially represented by government-Muslim relations is most important to the history of our motherland. An indicator to characterize the quality of these relations is efforts of authorities in organizing Hajj trips, including multifaceted interaction with leaders of Soviet Muslims. Goals. The article examines archival documents — some to be newly introduced into scientific circulation — and attempts an analysis of the actual conditions, scope of related work, and conclusions articulated by officials who were to arrange comprehensive interaction with Muslims and Hajj participants. The study seeks to answer a number of questions pertaining to Hajj-related activities of the Council for Religious Affairs (under the USSR Council of Ministers) and Muslim spiritual directorates in 1966–1967. Materials and methods. The paper focuses on documents stored at the State Archive of the Russian Federation (coll. Р-6991 ‘Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR’) covering the period from 1943 to 1991, with special emphasis be laid on analyses of files contained in Catalogue 6 ‘Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR: 1966–1991’. It is in 1966 that the Soviet government agency created by way of merger (Council for the Russian Orthodox Church and Council for Religious Cults) and established by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers began its actual work with all registered religious organizations. Methods and tools of analysis, synthesis, and that of historical reconstruction proved most instrumental in investigating efforts of the Council. Results. The work introduces into scientific circulation some archival documents that have remained unknown both to experts and the public at large, provides a historiographic review of the problem on the basis of publications authored by famous foreign and domestic researchers. Conclusions. The study shows certain peculiarities of government-Muslim relations during the period under consideration, namely: the Hajj was being prepared when the key body supposed to facilitate such constructive relations (Council for Religious Cults) had ceased its work, and the new one (Council for Religious Affairs) was not yet completely staffed.

Ruben Manaseryan

The Parthian king Vononès (8-12), being full of benevolence and courtesy towards his subjects, was however driven out by his nobility. This fact was the consequence of the opposites of thepolitical mentality of the Roman and Parthian societies. Vononès, who returned to the Parthian throne after a long stay as a hostage in Rome, tried to transfer the way of leadership of republican Rome to a tribal society based on the principles of collectivism and personal leveling. In the ideas of the Parthians, the king (vir magnus - Just XLI,6.1) is the embodiment of physical masculinity and exercises power by means of readiness for violence, threats and, accordingly, stimulating fear in his subjects. The fear of the monarch is an incentive to implement his will. The “courtesy” (comitas) of Vononès, which Tacitus speaks of, being a characteristic feature of the political communication in republican Rome, was introduced by him into relations with the subjects. It denied the traditional principles of exercising power by the Arsacids on interpersonal level, and destroyed traditional ideas about the king-lord. We could presume that Vononès practically abolished fear as a means of exercising supreme power. Emperor Claudius, who pursued a policy of terror against the Senate and equites, urged the pretender to the Parthian throne the prince Meherdat to follow the official ideological setting of the principate - an ideal relationship between the ruler (rector) and citizens and not rule as a despot of slaves. These words to Meherdat expose a calculation that the pursuit of these political precepts will only lead to further unrest within the Parthian Empire identical to that which overthrew Vononès.

Gunilla Gren-Eklund

Some scholars of Indology in the 2010s came across one since long hidden manuscript, with a title page in Devanāgarī script dated to 1703, in the Historical Archive of Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in Rome. The manuscript, despite being entitled as Thesaurus Linguæ Indianæ, does not contain a dictionary, but its main part is a complete grammar of the Hindustani language, dated 1704 and written by a Capuchin friar and missionary to India, François Marie de Tours. The finding later led to a rediscovery in Paris of two manuscripts, dated 1703, of the Thesaurus missing in the Rome manuscript by the same author. One of them is supposedly the original and the other one a later copy, produced in 1784. These three manuscripts in Rome and Paris have a common but by scholars in the field forgotten history. Their relation and history will in this article be revealed in detail and contextualized, firstly in a section in which the manuscripts are closely described, secondly in a section about the author as much as is known. A third section will follow the history of the Thesaurus manuscripts in Paris up to the present day.

V. Pyrogov

The paper focuses on the problem of translation and translatability of poetic texts with regard to genetically different languages that have dichotomically opposed writing systems, particularly alphabetic and character based ones. On the one hand these are the languages that belong to the Indo-European family, namely, English, Ukrainian and Russian and, on the other, the East Asian languages, particularly, Japanese and Chinese. The core of the study is Robert Burns' poem "A Red, Red Rose" translated into the above-mentioned languages. When translating this poem from English (phonetic) into Japanese (character-syllabic), or Chinese (ideographic) languages, an attempt to convey poet's feelings embodied in the original context with the help of characters, the structural and semantic properties of which are dichotomously opposite to the alphabetic graphemes of the English writing, it is necessary to make substantial lexical and grammatical transformations that do not allow to preserve the identity of the original. In a sense, such translation can be viewed as an attempt to use characters as phonetic signs that correspond to certain lexemes of the original. At the same time, replacing words written in the phonemic way (letters) by whole graph-semantic units (characters), leads, on the one hand, to the loss of specific connotations of the original, and on the other, to the emergence of semantic interference due to multiple meanings of the most characters, therefore preventing adequate perception of the original content by native speakers of the Japanese or Chinese languages. Characters are intended, first of all, to directly fix thoughts as ready-made word forms. Consequently, when translating, or more precisely, interpreting the mental code of the English written tradition, and accordingly poetry, using Japanese / Chinese language, you need to find a way to translate it into the mental code of the Japanese or Chinese poetic tradition. Only by getting more or less successful result one can consider the goal of the adequate translation accomplished. So, this paper suggests an approach to translating a poetic text from a phonetic into a character language on the basis of semantic and linguocultural analysis of the dichotomically opposed cultural concepts.

M. Velychko, O. Bratel

In the review article the theories of the Arabic origin of West European chivalrous poetry were analyzed. The article deals with the problem of the direct interaction between Arabic and European literary traditions, in particular, the probability of the impact of the Arab-Spanish strophic poetry on Provencal troubadour's lyrics and the possibility of the influence of Andalusian poetry on Spanish and Provencal. So that it is established that al-Andalus was a multilingual society in which the Andalusi Romance dialects were spoken and written alongside Arabic. In Europe, and from scholars working in departments of modern national languages, this usually means the discussion of what it means to write in Middle English, or German, or French instead of Latin. The Andalusian poets could easily convey in Romance the motives and themes inherent in Arabic classical literature, and with the help of the Arabic language they expressed elements of Roman folk poetry. The analysis of various researches showed that the issue of the historical and geographical formation and development of Arab-Spanish poetry during the Middle Ages were studied by Arab and European sceintists of past centuries, as well as by the modern literary scientists. Modern studies of the Arab-Spanish medieval stanza do not deny the existence of an interaction between European and Arabic lyrics, but the role of this interaction on the scale of the history of world literature remains unclear. Lyrics of the troubadours of the 11th–14th centuries was a unique synthesis of many literary elements of church Latin poetry, folk poetry and Arab influences, and strongly influenced on the history of Italian, Spanish, English, Portuguese, German literature.

Muhammad Masrur Irsyadi

The purpose of this research is to learn about translation in general, knowledge of the translation rule and the reasons for the mistake of understanding the Qur'an by means of translation, and to identify the appropriate method for translating the verses of jihad in the Holy Quran

Muhammad Amin Qodri Syahnaidi, R. Umi Baroroh

This study aimed to determine the planning of character education integration in Arabic learning, the implementation of the integration and the implications of character education on the students’ character in Muhammadiyah Middle School 10 Yogyakarta. This was a qualitative research. Data were collected by observation, interviews and documentation. Data was analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed: (1) Planning for the integration was included into syllabus and lesson plans. The integration of character education was carried out in the philosophical, material and strategic domains. (2) The implementation of character education integration in Arabic language learning was done through learning activities, giving advice, and the teacher’s role model in Arabic teaching. At the stage of implementation, the integration  had been carried out in the philosophy, material and strategy domains. (3) The implications of character education on students’ character were the development of religiousity, obedience, discipline, communicativeness and responsibility.

Adil Elshiekh Abdalla

The Arabic language that Malay learns as a second language belongs to a language group other than that of the Malay language, which is the mother tongue of the Arabic language learners in the Malay archipelago. It is well known that the Linguistic Library was filled with many studies comparing the two languages at the linguistic level, and no study compares them to the cultural level. Therefore, this pioneering study was concerned with a comparison between the two cultural languages. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach; comparing the Malay and Arabic cultures and describing the differences between them in this field. The method of interviewing Malay students who represented the archipelago region and Arab Arabic teachers was also used to identify the most important problems arising from the different cultures that confront the two parties in Arabic teaching. The findings show that the Malay culture was greatly influenced by the Arab-Islamic culture. But there are differences between cultural manifestation in Arabic and Malay languages that, in turn, give some problems in Arabic teaching and learning in the Malay Archipelago.

N. Zhukovskaya

The article presents the history of three sacral objects of culture of Buryatia (an architectural complex of Tamchinsky datsan, a Buddhist sculpture made by outstanding master Sanzhi-Tsybik Tsybikov and also Sandal wood statue of Buddha which was stored since 1901 in Egitujsky datsan and saved for descendants in the years of the atheistic policy).

Li Chen

The article analyzes the semantic and stylistic patterns of functioning of prefi xed verbs of vernacular origin in the artistic text of the XIXth century; sets the dynamic character of the relationship between the semantics of derivative verbal form and its stylistic status in a language system.

Azkia Muharom Albantani

In the age of technological advancement, gadget has an important role in the various activities of a person, no exception in learning. With a variety of applications offered by platform providers, both android and iOS. Now one can learn something independently. Busuu is an application developed to help a person in learning foreign languages independently, such as learning Arabic independently. Learning paths used in this application have been using international standards, ranging from beginner level (A1), basic level (A2), intermediate level (B1), and advanced (B2). This application provides learning materials in the form of audio visual that can improve the four skills of Arabic language. Optimizing the usage of Busuu applications is very likely to prepare someone to be able to communicate in Arabic.

E. Mandzhikov

An important step in strengthening the military-political alliance and legal basis of relations between the two countries became to be the Gentleman›s Agreement on mutual assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Mongolian People›s Republic dated November 27, 1934. It provided that the two parties would assist each other in the case of external military attack on one of the two sides. Its provisions had been supplemented and elaborated in the Protocol on mutual assistance, signed in Ulaanbaatar on March 12, 1936, which contributed to the failure of the aggressive plans of the Japanese militarists against the MPR in 1939. In accordance with the Protocol on mutual assistance between the USSR and the MPR, Soviet military troops were brought into Mongolia and quartered along the South-Eastern boundary of the republic in September 1939. At the same time, the Soviet Union built a number of critical facilities necessary for the development of the Mongolian economy, and strengthening the defense power of the republic. The military-political alliance of the USSR and the MPR in the 1930s proved to be stable enough to defeat Japan at Khalkin-Gol in 1939. The Soviet-Mongolian troops under the leadership of the corps commander G.K. Zhukov who had developed a brilliant strategy for defeating the Japanese armed forces, managed to implement a successful offensive operation. So, the victory at Khalkin-Gol in 1939 showed the relevance and timeliness of creating the military-political alliance of the USSR and the MPR.

Abdurochman Abdurochman

أن تعليم اللغات الأجنبية تختلف عن تعليم اللغة الأم في أغراض تعليمها. وتعليم المفرادان من الأمور الأساسية  في تعليم اللغة الأجنبية ( اللغة العربية) وركن من الأركان إجابتها. و من المعاير الموجدة في تعليم المفردات للناطقين بغيرها أن يكون الدارس ماهر في النطق أحروف العربية، أو مهم معانها متعددة، أو معرفة طريقة الاشتقاق منها، أواستخدام الكلمات بالتراكيب اللغوية الصحيحة، أو استخدام الكلمات المناسب في أغراض المناسبة والأماكن المناسبة.

Andi Ardyansyah

This study tries to examine the story of the two sons of Adam, which is in the version of israiliyat called as Qabil and Habil. The story is contained in the QS Al-Maidah /5: 27-31. The aim of this study is to observe the story and to learn what kind of educational values reflected from the story. In this thesis, the writer uses tafseer tahlili method. After analyzing the whole story, a lot of education values can be quoted in it, such as: (1) Allah will only accept sacrifices of those who are fear to Him, (2) a quiet soul will be able to control behaviors of crime, and (3) behavior of animals can be a lesson for humanity. If the values above are able to transfer in the process of human life, it will certainly bring a positive influence in increasing faith and devotion to Allah, and also can lead to peace in the life of society. Therefore, the values are very relevant to be developed in the age of information and globalization nowadays.

Paolo Lorusso

In this paper we will analyse the production and interpretation of the forms of the present perfect (passato prossimo) in children’s Italian. Young children use past or perfective forms mainly to refer to telic predicates and present or imperfective forms mainly to refer to atelic predicates: the Aspect First Hypothesis (Antonucci and Miller 1976). We will focus on the distribution of auxiliaries in the first forms of the present perfect. First, since in Italian there are two auxiliaries, be for unaccusatives and have for transitives, we will show that be is mastered earlier than have: children properly assign be to unaccusatives which are inherently telic predicates and have to transitives and unergatives which are atelic. Second, we will test the validity of the Aspect First Hypothesis by presenting the results of two experimental tasks: the production and the comprehension of the perfective forms of have with telic and atelic predicates. The results will show that the aktionsart of verbs is relevant to account for the production of early auxiliaries till the age of 5. Furthermore, the perfective reading is not interpreted properly with atelic unergatives till later stages (7 years). We propose that telicity is not matched with the perfective morphology, but the presence of an overt direct object, that measures out the event denoted by the verb, triggers the production of the present perfect in child Italian. The syntax of verb classes influences the early aspectual interpretation.